White Latin Americans: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|People of Latin AmericaAmericans who are considered or considerof themselvesEuropean whitedescent}}

{{For|theEuropean-descended whitepeople of Hispanic/Latino populationheritage ofliving in or native to the United States|White Hispanic and Latino Americans}}

| pop1 = 99M88M<ref name="Igbe Brasil 2010" />

| pop4 = 8.4M–18M4M–13M (10.7M)<ref name=Lizcano/><ref>{{cite nameweb |title="ColombiaRaza/Etnia a countryla study">{{Citeque pertenece web|url=httphttps://lcweb2www.loclatinobarometro.govorg/frd/cs/pdf/CS_ColombialatOnline.pdfjsp |titleaccess-date=Colombia:13 AFebruary Country2024 Study|year=2010|work=FederalLatinobarómetro Research2023 Division of the Library of Congress|publisher=The Library of Congress of the United States of America|pages=86–87Colombia}}</ref>

| region5 = {{flagcountry|VenezuelaChile}}

| region6 = {{flagcountry|ChileVenezuela}}

| region7 = {{flagcountry|CubaPeru}}

| pop8 region9 = 3.3M<ref{{flagcountry|Costa name=Lizcano/>Rica}}

| region9pop9 = {{flagcountry|Uruguay}}3.3M<ref name=Lizcano/>

| pop9region10 = {{flagcountry|Uruguay}}
| pop10 = 2.9M<ref name="UR">{{cite web | title=Uruguay: People and Society| url =https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uruguay/ | work =CIA World Factbook | access-date = 5 February 2014}}</ref>

| pop11 = 1.1M–2.1M (1.6M)<ref name="Pastore 1972 526">{{cite book |title=La lucha por la tierra en el Paraguay: Proceso histórico y legislativo.|last=Pastore|first=Carlos|publisher=Antequera|page=526|year=1972}}</ref>

| region12 = {{flagcountry|PuertoDominican RicoRepublic}}

| pop12 = 01.56M2M–1.6M (1.4M)<ref name=Lizcano/><ref name="2020PRCensusDR">{{cite web | title=D.R.: People; Ethnic groups| url =https://www.censuscia.gov/librarythe-world-factbook/storiescountries/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-revealdominican-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.htmlrepublic/ |title=2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition ofwork the Country |work=[[UnitedCIA StatesWorld Census]]Factbook | access-date =17 August 20212007-11-26}}</ref>

| region13 = {{flagcountry|Dominican RepublicEcuador}}

| pop13 = 1.2M–3M<ref name=Lizcano/>

| region14pop14 = {{flagcountry|Ecuador}}1.2M<ref name=Lizcano/>

| pop14 region15 = 1.3M<ref{{flagcountry|El name=Lizcano/>Salvador}}

| region15pop15 = {{flagcountry|Bolivia}}0.812M

| region16 = {{flagcountry|El SalvadorNicaragua}}

| pop16 = 0.812M71M<ref name=Lizcano/>

| region17 = {{flagcountry|NicaraguaPuerto Rico}}

| languages = '''Major languages'''<br />[[Spanish language in the Americas|Spanish]] and [[American Portuguese language in the Americas|Portuguese]]<br />'''Minor languages'''<br />[[Italian language|Italian]], [[French language|French]], [[American English language|English]], [[German language|German]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], and other languages<ref>More precisely, these are the chief languages of Latin America, as per [https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004519/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2098.html CIA – The World Factbook – Field Listing :: Languages], accessed 2010-02-24.</ref>

| religions = Predominantly [[Christianity|Christian]] (mainly [[Roman CatholicCatholicism]]s, with a minority of [[ProtestantProtestantism]]s),<ref>The religious profile of the Latin American countries can be seen in [https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003300/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html CIA – The World Factbook – Field Listing :: Religions] (accessed 2010-02-24). As such, it is not the religious profile of white Latin Americans in particular, but is a good indication of white religious affiliation in the region's white-majority countries, especially.</ref><br>Minority: [[Judaism]]

'''White Latin Americans''', or '''European Latin Americans''', are(sometimes ''[[Latin AmericansEuro-Latinos]] who are considered [[White people|white]], typically due to [[European diaspora|European]] descent. Latin American countries have often tolerated [[interethnic marriage]] since the beginning of the colonial period.''<ref>{{cite book|editor=Schaefer, Richard T. |year=2008|title=Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity and Societyweb |url=https://archivedlcl.org/details/encyclopediarace00scha|url-access=limited|page=[https://archivestanford.orgedu/detailspublications/encyclopediarace00scha/page/n952 900]|publisher=Sage|isbn=978latins-1world-4129system-2694decolonization-struggles-21st-century-2us-empire |quotetitle=InLatin@s Newin Spain,the thereWorld-System: wasDecolonization noStruggles strictin idea of race (somethingthe that21st continuedCentury in Mexico)U.S. TheEmpire Indians|author=Ramón thatGrosfoguel, hadNelson lostMaldonado-Torres, theirJosé connectionsDavid withSaldívar their|date=April communities and had15, adopted2006 different cultural elements could "pass" and be considered mestizos|website=dlcl.stanford.edu The|publisher= same|language= applied|quote=Latino/as toare blacksmultiracial and(Afro-Latinos, castas.Indo-Latinos, RatherAsian-Latinos, theand factorEuro-Latinos)}}</ref><ref>{{cite thatbook|author=Various|year=2001|chapter=Introduction|title=Mambo distinguishedMontage: theThe variousLatinization socialof groupsNew wasYork theirCity|editor=Agustín ''calidad''Laó-Montes ("quality");and thisArlene conceptDávila|publisher=Columbia wasUniversity relatedPress|quote=For to an idea of blood as conferring statusinstance, butin therethe wereglobal alsochain otherof elementsotherness, suchupper-class asEuro-Latinos occupationcan andbe marriage,located... that(p. could10)}}</ref>) haveare the[[Latin effectAmericans]] ofwho blanqueamientoclaim (whitening)or onbeing peopleclassified andwith influencea theirdominant upward[[European socialdiaspora|European]] mobilityancestry.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Chambers, Sarah C.|year=2003|chapter=Little Middle Ground The Instability of a Mestizo Identity in the Andes, 18th and 19th centuries|title=Race and Nation in Modern Latin American|editor=Nancy P. Appelbaum|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|quote=This blending of culture and genealogy is also reflected in the use of the terms "Spanish" and "white". For most of the colonial period, Americans of European descent were simply referred to as "Spaniards"; beginning in the late 18th century, the term "blanco" (white) came into increasing but not exclusive use. Even those of presumably mixed ancestry may have felt justified in claiming to be Spanish (and later white) if they participated in the dominant culture by, for example, speaking Spanish and wearing European clothing.(p. 33)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Schaefer, Richard T. |year=2008|title=Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity and Society|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediarace00scha|url-access=limited|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediarace00scha/page/n1148 1096]|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-1-4129-2694-2|quote=The variation of racial groupings between nations is at least partially explained by an unstable coupling between historical patterns of colonization and miscegenation. First, divergent patterns of colonization may account for differences in the construction of racial groupings, as evidenced in Latin America, which was colonized primarily by the Spanish. The Spanish colonials had a longer history of tolerance of non-White racial groupings through their interactions with the Moors and North African social groups, as well as a different understanding of the rights of colonized subjects and a different pattern of economic development.}}</ref>

DirectTheoretically, notable or direct descendants of European settlers who arrived in [[Americas|the Americas]] during the colonial and post-colonial periods can be found throughout Latin America. Most immigrants who settled the region for the past five centuries were [[Spanish people|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]; after independence, the most numerous non-[[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian]] immigrants were [[French people|French]], [[Italian people|Italians]], and [[Germans]], followed by other Europeans as well as [[West Asia]]ns (such as Levantine [[Arabs]] and [[Armenian people|Armenians]]).<ref name=britsa/><ref name=Leiden>{{cite web |url=http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/history/migration/chapter53.thml |title=Migration to Latin America |access-date=2010-02-24 |last=Schrover |first=Marlou }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=International migration and development in the Americas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAt3cSt-dEAC&pg=PA122 |author=CELADE (Organization)|isbn = 9789211213287|year = 2001| publisher=Naciones Unidas, CEPAL/ECLAC, Population Division, Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE) }}</ref>

Composing from 33% of the population {{As of|2010|lc=y}}, according to some sources,<ref name="CIAethn">[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] data from [[The World Factbook]]'s [https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003008/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html Field Listing :: Ethnic groups] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003851/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html Field Listing :: Population], retrieved on May 09 2011. They show 191,543,213 whites from a total population of 579,092,570. For a few countries the percentage of white population is not provided as a standalone figure, and thus that datum is considered to be not available; for example, in Chile's case the CIA states "white and white-Amerindian 95.4%". Unequivocal data are given for the following: Argentina 41,769,726 * 97% white = 40,516,634; Bolivia 10,118,683 * 5% white = 505,934; Brazil 203,429,773 * 53.7% white = 109,241,788; Colombia 44,725,543 * 20% white = 8,945,109; Cuba 11,087,330 * 65.1% white = 7,217,852; Dominican Republic 9,956,648 * 16% white = 1,593,064; El Salvador 6,071,774 * 9% white = 546,460; Honduras 8,143,564 * 1% white = 81,436; Mexico 113,724,226 * 9% white = 10,235,180; Nicaragua 5,666,301 * 17% white = 963,272; Panama 3,460,462 * 10% white = 346,046; Peru 29,248,943 * 15% white = 4,387,342; Puerto Rico 3,989,133 * 76.2% white = 3,039,719; Uruguay 3,308,535 * 88% white = 2,911,511. Total white population in these countries: 191,543,213, i.e 33.07% of the region's population.</ref><ref name=Lizcano/><ref>{{cite journal |lastid={{Gale|A466617637}} |last1=Lizcano Fernández |firstfirst1=Francisco |url=https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/128/12891701.pdf |title=Las etnias centroamericanas en la segunda mitad del siglo XX. |journal=Revista Mexicana del Caribe |date=2004 |volume=IX9 |issue=17 |datepages=20047–43 |access-date=2011-05-04}}</ref> White Latin Americans constitute the second largest [[race (classification of humans)|racial]]-[[Ethnic group#"Ethnies" or ethnic categories|ethnic group]] after [[mestizo]] people (Amerindian and European [[mixed race|mixed]]) in the region. Latin American countries have often tolerated [[interracial marriage]] since the beginning of the colonial period.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Schaefer, Richard T. |year=2008|title=Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity and Society |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediarace00scha|url-access=limited|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediarace00scha/page/n952 900]|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-1-4129-2694-2|quote=In New Spain, there was no strict idea of race (something that continued in Mexico). The Indians that had lost their connections with their communities and had adopted different cultural elements could "pass" and be considered mestizos. The same applied to blacks and castas. Rather, the factor that distinguished the various social groups was their ''calidad'' ("quality"); this concept was related to an idea of blood as conferring status, but there were also other elements, such as occupation and marriage, that could have the effect of blanqueamiento (whitening) on people and influence their upward social mobility.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Schaefer, Richard T. |year=2008|title=Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity and Society|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediarace00scha|url-access=limited|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediarace00scha/page/n1148 1096]|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-1-4129-2694-2|quote=The variation of racial groupings between nations is at least partially explained by an unstable coupling between historical patterns of colonization and miscegenation. First, divergent patterns of colonization may account for differences in the regionconstruction of racial groupings, as evidenced in Latin America, which was colonized primarily by the Spanish. The Spanish colonials had a longer history of tolerance of non-White racial groupings through their interactions with the Moors and North African social groups, as well as a different understanding of the rights of colonized subjects and a different pattern of economic development.}}</ref> ''[[White people|White]]'' ({{lang-es|blanco}} or {{lang|es|güero}}; {{lang-pt|branco}}) is the self-identification of many Latin Americans in some national censuses. According to a survey conducted by ''Cohesión Social'' in Latin America, conducted on a sample of 10,000 people from seven countries of the region, 34% of those interviewed identified themselves as white.<ref name= schwartzman/>

<blockquote>...racial categories and racial ideologies are not simply those that elaborate social constructions on the basis of phenotypical variation or ideas about innate difference but those that do so using the particular aspects of phenotypical variation that were worked into vital signifiers of difference during European colonial encounters with others.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wade, |first1=Peter. 1997. |title=Race andAnd Ethnicity inIn Latin America. Critical Studies On Latin America.|date=1997 |publisher=Pluto Press p.|isbn=978-0-7453-0987-3 |page=15 }}</ref></blockquote>

In many parts of Latin America, being white is more a matter of socio-economic status than specific phenotypic traits, and it is often said that in Latin America "money whitens".<ref>Levine-Rasky, Cynthia. 2002. "Working through whiteness: international perspectives. SUNY Press (p. 73) " 'Money whitens' If any phrase encapsulates the association of whiteness and the modern in Latin America, this is it. It is a cliché formulated and reformulated throughout the region, a truism dependent upon the social experience that wealth is associated with whiteness, and that in obtaining the former one may become aligned with the latter (and vice versa)."</ref> Within Latin America there are variations in how racial boundaries have been defined. In Argentina, for example, the notion of mixture has been downplayed. Alternately, in countries like Mexico and Brazil mixture has been emphasized as fundamental for nation-building, resulting in a large group of bi-racial ''mestizos'', in Mexico, or tri-racial ''[[pardo]]s'', in Brazil,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=2170&id_pagina=1|title=IBGE - sala de imprensa - notícias|author=IBGE|work=ibge.gov.br}}</ref><ref name="laboratoriogene">[http://www.laboratoriogene.com.br/geneImprensa/2009/pensamento.pdf Do pensamento racial ao pensamento racional] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522233206/http://www.laboratoriogene.com.br/geneImprensa/2009/pensamento.pdf |date=May 22, 2014 }}, [http://www.laboratoriogene.com.br laboratoriogene.com.br].</ref> who are considered neither fully white nor fully non-white.<ref>{{cite book|author=Wade, Peter|chapter=Race in Latin America|editor=Poole, Deborah|year=2008|title=Companion to Latin American Anthropology|url=https://archive.org/details/companiontolatin00pool|url-access=limited|publisher=Blackwell publishing|page=[https://archive.org/details/companiontolatin00pool/page/n193 182]|isbn=9780631234685|quote=The nature of Latin American societies as mestizo – with the variations that run from Argentina, where the image of mixture is downplayed in favor of whiteness, to Brazil or Mexico, where mixture is foregrounded in discourse on the nation – has powerfully shaped ideas about race in the region.}}</ref>

Unlike in the United States (where ancestry may be used exclusively to define race), by the 1970s, Latin American scholars came to agree that race in Latin America could not be understood as the "genetic composition of individuals" but instead must be "based upon a combination of cultural, social, and [[wiktionary:somatic|somatic]] considerations". In Latin America, a person's ancestry may not be decisive in racial classification. For example, full-blooded siblings can often be classified as belonging to different races (Harris 1964).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s7846.html|title=Sample Chapter for Telles, E.E.: Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil.|work=princeton.edu|access-date=2011-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125201950/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s7846.html|archive-date=2012-01-25|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis|url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/4222t703|title=The Japanese in multiracial Peru, 1899-1942|work=eScholarship|year=2009|publisher=UC San Diego}}</ref>

For these reasons, the distinction between "white" and "mixed", and between "mixed" and "black" and "indigenous", is largely subjective and situational, meaning that any attempt to classify by discrete racial categories is fraught with problems.<ref>{{cite book|author=Wade, Peter|chapter=Race in Latin America|editor=Poole, Deborah|year=2008|title=Companion to Latin American Anthropology|publisher=Blackwell publishing|page=184|quote=However, "black" and "indigenous" are often vaguely defined and there is an indecisive, subjective distinction between them and "mixed" and between the latter and "white" (hence the problems of enumerating these populations).}}</ref>

People of [[Ethnic groups in Europe|European]] origin began to arrive in the Americas in the 15th century since the first voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492. Most early migrants were male, but by the early and mid -16th century, more and more women also began to arrive from Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2012/05/29/inenglish/1338297350_910456.html|title=The women who made America|publisher=El Pais|author=Tereixa Constenla|language=English|date=29 May 2012|accessdate=19 September 2022}}</ref>

After the Wars of Independence, the elites of most of the countries of the region concluded that their underdevelopment was caused by their populations being mostly [[Amerindian]], [[Mestizo]] or [[Mulatto]];<ref name=euram>{{cite web |title=L'emigració dels europeus cap a Amèrica |trans-title=The Emigration of Europeans to America |url=http://www.edualter.org/material/vld/amlat13.pdf |website=EduAlter.org |language=ca |access-date=26 March 2018 |archive-date=8 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108002752/http://www.edualter.org/material/vld/amlat13.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> so a major process of "[[Racial whitening|whitening]]" was required, or at least desirable.<ref name=branqueamento /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Loveman |first1=Mara |title=Whiteness in Latin America: measurement and meaning in national censuses (1850-1950) |journal=Journal de la société des américanistes |date=5 December 2009 |volume=95 |issue=95–2 |pages=207–234 |doi=10.4000/jsa.11085 |s2cid=161642153 |url=http://journals.openedition.org/jsa/pdf/11085 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Most Latin American countries then implemented [[blanqueamiento]] policies to promote European immigration, and some were quite successful, especially Argentina, [[Uruguay]], and Brazil. From the late 19th century to the early 20th century, the number of European immigrants who arrived far surpassed the number of original colonists. Between 1821 and 1932, of a total 15 million immigrants who arrived in Latin America,<ref name=britsa>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-41807/South-America South America: Postindependence overseas immigrants]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Retrieved 26-11-2007</ref> Argentina received 6.4 million, and Brazil 5.5 million.<ref name=WhitakerArgentina />

|{{flagicon|CubaBolivia}} [[Demographics of CubaBolivia|CubaBolivia]]

| 15</ref name=Lizcano/>

| 5246<ref name="LUN.COM Mobilelatinobarometro2023"/>

|{{flagicon|BrazilColombia}} [[Demographics of BrazilColombia|BrazilColombia]]

|{{flagicon|MexicoCosta Rica}} [[Demographics of MexicoCosta Rica|MexicoCosta Rica]]

|{{flagicon|VenezuelaCuba}} [[Demographics of VenezuelaCuba|VenezuelaCuba]]

|{{flagicon|ColombiaEcuador}} [[Demographics of ColombiaEcuador|ColombiaEcuador]]

|{{flagicon|ParaguayEl Salvador}} [[Demographics of ParaguayEl Salvador|ParaguayEl Salvador]]

|{{flagicon|NicaraguaGuatemala}} [[Demographics of NicaraguaGuatemala|NicaraguaGuatemala]]

|{{flagicon|Dominican RepublicHaiti}} [[Demographics of the Dominican RepublicHaiti|Dominican RepublicHaiti]]

|{{flagicon|Puerto RicoHonduras}} [[Demographics of Puerto RicoHonduras|Puerto RicoHonduras]]

|{{flagicon|El SalvadorMexico}} [[Demographics of El SalvadorMexico|El SalvadorMexico]]

|12-12.741<ref name="conapred21Marzo2">{{cite web |url=http://internacionalwww.usconapred.es/uploadsorg.mx/imagesdocumentos_cedoc/EL%20SALVADOR%20201321_Marzo_DiaIntElimDiscRacial_INACCSS.pdf|title=21 de Marzo: Día Internacional de la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial|trans-title=VoluntariadoMarch internacional21: 2013International –Day ELfor SALVADORthe Elimination of Racial Discrimination |language=es|publisher=Solidaridad[[National InternacionalCouncil Andalucíato Prevent Discrimination|urlCONAPRED]]|location=Mexico|page=7|date=2017|access-statusdate=deadAugust 23, 2017 |archive-date=May 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2015122209121020170525133622/http://internacionalwww.usconapred.esorg.mx/uploadsdocumentos_cedoc/images/EL%20SALVADOR%20201321_Marzo_DiaIntElimDiscRacial_INACCSS.pdf |archiveurl-datestatus=2015-12-22 live}}</ref><ref name="2007 El Salvador CensusconapredEncuesta">{{cite web |url=http://www.digestycconapred.goborg.svmx/bibliotecauserfiles/CENSOSfiles/CENAPOVI2007/Tomo_IV_Vol.I_Municipios_Caracteristicas_GeneralesEnadis-2010-RG-Accss-002.pdf#page=336 |title=VIEncuesta CensoNacional deSobre poblaciónDiscriminación yen VMexico de2010|trans-title=National viviendaSurvey 2007on Discrimination in Mexico 2010|pagelanguage=273es |publisher=DirecciónCONAPRED|location=Mexico General de Estadística y|date=June Censos2011|access-date=2021-05-02August 24, 2017|languageurl-status=eslive |archive-date=2019-12-20November 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2019122007153020121108095738/http://www.digestycconapred.goborg.svmx/bibliotecauserfiles/CENSOSfiles/CENAPOVI2007/Tomo_IV_Vol.I_Municipios_Caracteristicas_GeneralesEnadis-2010-RG-Accss-002.pdf#page=336|url-status=dead}}</ref>

|{{flagicon|EcuadorParaguay}} [[Demographics of EcuadorParaguay|EcuadorParaguay]]

| 5.96<ref name="census2017">{{cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |title=Censo 2017 Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |page = 214 |website = Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática|accessdate=22 November 2023}}</ref>

|{{flagicon|BoliviaPuerto Rico}} [[Demographics of BoliviaPuerto Rico|BoliviaPuerto Rico]] (U.S)

| 0.950

|{{flagicon|GuatemalaDominican Republic}} [[Demographics of Guatemalathe Dominican Republic|GuatemalaDominican Republic]]

|{{flagicon|HaitiUruguay}} [[Demographics of HaitiUruguay|HaitiUruguay]]

|{{flagicon|HondurasVenezuela}} [[Demographics of HondurasVenezuela|HondurasVenezuela]]

WhiteThe MexicansEuropean areinfluence forin theMexico mosthas partits descendantsorigin ofon Spanish immigrants who arrived mainly from northern regions of Spain such as [[Cantabria]], [[Navarra]], [[Asturias]], [[Burgos]], [[Galicia Spain|Galicia]] and the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]];<ref name="MinerosYcomerciantes">{{cite book |last1=Brading |first1=David A. |title=Mineros y comerciantes en el México borbónico (1763-1810) |date=1975 |publisher=Fondo de Cultura Economica |isbn=978-607-16-2741-4 |page=150 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LYH_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT150 }}</ref> however in the 19th and 20th century many non-[[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian]] immigrants arrived to the country aswell, either motivated by economic opportunity (Americans, Canadians, English), government programs (Italians, Irish, Germans) or political motives such as the French during the [[Second Mexican Empire]].<ref name="extranjeros">{{cite journal |last1=Palma Mora |first1=Mónica |title=Asociaciones de inmigrantes extranjeros en la ciudad de México: Una mirada a fines del siglo XX |trans-title=Associations of foreign immigrants in Mexico City. A look at the end of the 20th century |language=es |journal=Migraciones Internacionales |date=December 2005 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=29–57 |url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S1665-89062005000200002&script=sci_arttext }}</ref><ref name="religiosa">{{cite journal |last1=Enciso |first1=Fernando Saúl Alanís |title=Los extranjeros en México, la inmigración y el gobierno: ¿tolerancia o intolerancia religiosa?, 1821-1830 |trans-title=Foreigners in Mexico, immigration and the government: tolerance or religious intolerance?, 1821-1830 |language=es |journal=Historia Mexicana |date=1996 |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=539–566 |url=https://historiamexicana.colmex.mx/index.php/RHM/article/view/2316 |jstor=25139003 }}</ref> In the 20th century, international political instability was a key factor to drive immigration to Mexico; in this era Greeks, Armenians, Poles, Russians, Lebanese, Palestinians and Jews,<ref name="religiosa"/> along with many Spanish refugees fleeing the [[Spanish Civil War]], also settled in Mexico<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/espanol/schedule|title=HISTORY TV Schedule|website=HISTORY}}</ref> whereas in the 21st century, due to Mexico's economic growth, immigration from Europe has increased (mainly France and Spain), people from the United States have arrived as well, nowadays making up more than three-quarters of Mexico's roughly one million legal migrants. In that time, more people from the United States have been added to the population of Mexico than Mexicans to that of the United States, according to government data in both nations.<ref name="For Migrants, New Land of Opportunity Is Mexico">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/22/world/americas/for-migrants-new-land-of-opportunity-is-mexico.html|title=For Migrants, New Land of Opportunity Is Mexico|date=22 September 2013|work=The New York Times}}</ref>

Mexico's northern and western regions have the highest percentages of [[Ethnic groups of Europe|European]] population, according to the American historian [[Howard F. Cline]] the majority of Mexicans in these regions have no native admixture andor theirare aspectof resemblepredominantly thatEuropean of [[Spaniards|northern Spaniards]]ancestry.<ref name="UnitedStatesandMexico">{{cite book|author1=Howard F. Cline|title=THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XPl8c4XINgoC&q=northern+spanish|access-date=May 18, 2017|date=1963|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674497061|page=104}}</ref> In the north and west of Mexico, the indigenous tribes were substantially smaller thanand unlike those found in central and southern Mexico, andthey alsowere muchmostly less organizednomadic, thustherefore they remainedremaining isolated from the rest of thecolonial population orcenters, evenwith inhostilities somebetween casesthem were hostile towardsand Mexican colonists. Because of this, Europeans often weretaking theplace.<ref mostname="MesoZac">[https://www.mesoweb.com/es/articulos/sub/Zacatecas.pdf numerous"Nómadas ethnicy groupsedentarios, withinEl colonialpasado citiesprehispánico inde northernZacatecas"], and western''Mesoweb'', Mexico, (albeitpage this10, trendretrieved ison alsoJuly seen7, in2024.</ref> largeThis centraleventually Mexicanled citiesthe suchnortheast asregion Mexicoof City)the andcountry to becamebecome the regionsregion with the highest proportion of whites during the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain|Spanish colonial period]].<ref name="EnsayospoblaciónMéxico">{{citealbeit book|author1=Sherburnerecent Friendmigration Cook|last2=Borah|first2=Woodrow|title=Ensayoswaves sobrehave historiabeen dechanging laits población.demographic México y el Caribe 2|url=https://bookstrends.google.com/books?id=DSCVztyTANcC&pg=PA223|access-date=September<ref 12, 2017|datename=1998|publisher=Siglo XXI|isbn=9789682301063|page=223}}</ref><ref"Transición">[https://fsuparadigmaeconomico.digitaluaemex.flvc.orgmx/islandoraarticle/objectdownload/fsu:18242722617/datastream16871/PDF/view "HouseholdTransición Mobilitymigratoria andy Persistencedemográfica inde Guadalajara,México. Mexico: 1811–1842, pageNuevos 62patrones"], ''fsupage org''17, 8 December 2016. Retrievedretrieved on 9September December12, 20182024.</ref> However, recent immigrants from southern Mexico have been changing, to some degree, its demographic trends.

Estimates of Mexico's white population differ greatly in both, methodology and percentages given, extra-official sources such as the World factbook and Encyclopædia Britannica, which use the 1921 census results as the base of their estimations calculate Mexico's White population as only 9%<ref name=CIA-Factbook>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/|title=The World Factbook: North America: Mexico: People and Society|publisher=The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)|quote=mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 62%, predominantly Amerindian 21%, Amerindian 7%, other 10% (mostly European)|access-date=August 23, 2017}}</ref> or between one tenth to one fifth<ref name=Britannica2>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mexico/Ethnic-groups|title=Mexico: Ethnic groups|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=August 23, 2017}} Ethnic composition (2010): 64.3% mestizo; 15% Mexican white; 10.5% detribalized Amerindian; 7.5% other Amerindian; 1% Arab; 0.5% Mexican black; 1.2% other.</ref> (the results of the 1921 census, however, have been contested by various historians and deemed inaccurate).<ref name="MexicoRacista1">{{cite book|last1=Navarrete|first1=Federico|title=Mexico Racista|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC_4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT86|access-date=February 23, 2018|date=2016|publisher=Penguin Random house Grupo Editorial Mexico|isbn=9786073143646|page=86}}</ref> SurveysOther thatsources accountsugest forhigher phenotypicalpercentages: traitsEncyclopædia andBritannica havedoes performednot actualgive fieldan researchexact suggestpercentage, ratherbut higherestimates percentages:them usingat about 30% of the population,<ref name=BritannicaMex /> field surveys that use the presenceprescence of [[blond hair]] as a reference to classify a Mexican as white,White found that 23% of the [[Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana|Metropolitan Autonomous University of Mexico]] calculatedinstitute's thepopulation percentagecould ofbe saidclassified ethnicas group at 23%.such,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ortiz-Hernández |first1=Luis |last2=Compeán-Dardón |first2=Sandra |last3=Verde-Flota |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Flores-Martínez |first4=Maricela Nanet |title=Racism and mental health among university students in Mexico City |journal=Salud Pública de México |date=April 2011 |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=125–133 |doi=10.1590/s0036-36342011000200005 |pmid=21537803 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Withwith a similar methodology, the [[American Sociological Association]] obtained a percentage of 18.8% having its higher frequency on the North region (22.3%–23.9%) followed by the Center region (18.4%–21.3%) and the South region (11.9%).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Villarreal |first1=Andrés |title=Stratification by Skin Color in Contemporary Mexico |journal=American Sociological Review |date=2010 |volume=75 |issue=5 |pages=652–678 |doi=10.1177/0003122410378232 |jstor=20799484 |s2cid=145295212 }}</ref> Another study made by the [[University College London]] in collaboration with Mexico's [[Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia|National Institute of Anthropology and History]] found that the frequencies of blond hair and light eyes in Mexicans are of 18% and 28% respectively,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruiz-Linares |first1=Andrés |last2=Adhikari |first2=Kaustubh |last3=Acuña-Alonzo |first3=Victor |last4=Quinto-Sanchez |first4=Mirsha |last5=Jaramillo |first5=Claudia |last6=Arias |first6=William |last7=Fuentes |first7=Macarena |last8=Pizarro |first8=María |last9=Everardo |first9=Paola |last10=de Avila |first10=Francisco |last11=Gómez-Valdés |first11=Jorge |last12=León-Mimila |first12=Paola |last13=Hunemeier |first13=Tábita |last14=Ramallo |first14=Virginia |last15=Silva de Cerqueira |first15=Caio C. |last16=Burley |first16=Mari-Wyn |last17=Konca |first17=Esra |last18=de Oliveira |first18=Marcelo Zagonel |last19=Veronez |first19=Mauricio Roberto |last20=Rubio-Codina |first20=Marta |last21=Attanasio |first21=Orazio |last22=Gibbon |first22=Sahra |last23=Ray |first23=Nicolas |last24=Gallo |first24=Carla |last25=Poletti |first25=Giovanni |last26=Rosique |first26=Javier |last27=Schuler-Faccini |first27=Lavinia |last28=Salzano |first28=Francisco M. |last29=Bortolini |first29=Maria-Cátira |last30=Canizales-Quinteros |first30=Samuel |last31=Rothhammer |first31=Francisco |last32=Bedoya |first32=Gabriel |last33=Balding |first33=David |last34=Gonzalez-José |first34=Rolando |display-authors=5 |title=Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals |journal=PLOS Genetics |date=25 September 2014 |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=e1004572 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004572 |pmid=25254375 |pmc=4177621 |doi-access=free }}</ref> surveys that use as reference skin color such as those made by Mexico's [[National Council to Prevent Discrimination]] and Mexico's [[National Institute of Statistics and Geography]] reported areport percentages ofthat 47go from 27%<ref inname=ENADIS2017-1>[http://www.cndh.org.mx/sites/all/doc/OtrosDocumentos/Doc_2018_061.pdf 2010"Encuesta Nacional sobre Discriminación 2017"], ''CNDH'', 6 August 2018, Retrieved on 10 August 2018.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Encuesta Nacional sobre Discriminación (ENADIS) 2022 |url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/enadis/2022/#:~:text=La%20ENADIS%202022%20se%20suma,manera%20estructural%20han%20sido%20discriminados. |access-date=April 2, 2024 |website=www.inegi.org.mx |language=es}}</ref> to around 47%.<ref name="conapred21Marzo">{{cite web|url=http://www.conapred.org.mx/documentos_cedoc/21_Marzo_DiaIntElimDiscRacial_INACCSS.pdf|title=21 de Marzo: Día Internacional de la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial|trans-title=March 21: International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination|language=es|publisher=[[National Council to Prevent Discrimination|CONAPRED]]|location=Mexico|page=7|date=2017|access-date=August 23, 2017|archive-date=May 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525133622/http://www.conapred.org.mx/documentos_cedoc/21_Marzo_DiaIntElimDiscRacial_INACCSS.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> and 49% in 2017<ref name=MMSI2>[http://bibliodigitalibd.senado.gob.mx/bitstream/handle/123456789/3525/JASC%2520IBD%2520MMSI%25202016%2520V1.0.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y " Visión INEGI 2021 Dr. Julio Santaella Castell"], ''INEGI'', 03 July 2017, Retrieved on 30 April 2018.</ref><ref name=MMSI1>[http://www.inegi.org.mx/saladeprensa/boletines/2017/mmsi/mmsi2017_06.pdf "Resultados del Modulo de Movilidad Social Intergeneracional"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709120023/http://www.inegi.org.mx/saladeprensa/boletines/2017/mmsi/mmsi2017_06.pdf |date=2018-07-09 }}, ''INEGI'', 16 June 2017, Retrieved on 30 April 2018.</ref> respectively. Another survey published in 2018 reported a percentage significantly lower at 29%,<ref name=ENADIS2017-1>[http://www.cndh.org.mx/sites/all/doc/OtrosDocumentos/Doc_2018_061.pdf "Encuesta Nacional sobre Discriminación 2017"], ''CNDH'', 6 August 2018, Retrieved on 10 August 2018.</ref> this time however, the surveying of Mexicans from "vulnerable groups" was prioritized, which among other measures meant that states known to have high numbers of people from said groups surveyed more people.<ref name=ENADIS2017-2>[http://www.beta.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/proyectos/enchogares/especiales/enadis/2017/doc/enadis2017_diseno_muestral.pdf "Encuesta Nacional sobre Discriminación 2017. ENADIS. Diseño muestral. 2018"], ''INEGI'', 6 August 2018, Retrieved on 10 August 2018.</ref>

A study performed in hospitals of Mexico City reportedsuggests that ansocioeconomic averagefactors 51.8%influence ofthe Mexicanfrequency newborns presented theof [[CongenitalMongolian disorder|congenitalspot]]s skinamong [[birthmark]] knownnewborns, as theevidenced [[Mongolianby spot]]the whilsthigher itprevalence wasof absent85% in 48.2newborns from a public institution, typically associated with lower socioeconomic status, compared to a 33% ofprevalence thein newborns from private hospitals, which generally cater to families with higher analyzedsocioeconomic babiesstatus.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Magaña |first1=Mario |last2=Valerio |first2=Julia |last3=Mateo |first3=Adriana |last4=Magaña-Lozano |first4=Mario |title=Alteraciones cutáneas del neonato en dos grupos de población de México |trans-title=Skin lesions two cohorts of newborns in Mexico City |language=es |journal=Boletín médico del Hospital Infantil de México |date=April 2005 |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=117–122 |url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1665-11462005000200005 }}</ref> The Mongolian spot appears with a very high frequency (85-95%) in Asian, Native American, and African children, but can be present in some individuals in the Mediterranean populations.<ref>{{cite book|page=90|edition=3, illustrated|year=1999|access-date=May 17, 2014|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|author=Miller|title=Nursing Care of Older Adults: Theory and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJ3pBEh1osMC&q=ines+mongolian+spot|isbn=0781720761}}</ref> The skin lesion reportedly almost always appears on South American<ref name=med>{{cite journal|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1068732-overview#a0199|title=Congenital Dermal Melanocytosis (Mongolian Spot): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology|date=7 January 2017|access-date=8 October 2017|website=EMedicine.medscape.com}}</ref> and Mexican children who are racially [[Mestizo]]s,<ref>{{cite book|page=197|year=2012|access-date=May 17, 2014|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|editor1=Lawrence C. Parish|editor2=Larry E. Millikan|others=M. Amer, R.A.C. Graham-Brown, S.N. Klaus, J.L. Pace|title=Global Dermatology: Diagnosis and Management According to Geography, Climate, and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2JXwBwAAQBAJ&q=spanish+mongolian+spot&pg=PA197|isbn=978-1461226147}}</ref> while having a very low frequency (5–10%) in European children.<ref name=tokyo>{{cite web|url=http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/msp/about.htm|title=About Mongolian Spot|work=tokyo-med.ac.jp|access-date=1 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208184218/http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/msp/about.htm|archive-date=8 December 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the [[Mexican Social Security Institute]] (shortened as IMSS) nationwide, around half of Mexican babies have the Mongolian spot.<ref>[http://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/822893.html "Tienen manchas mongólicas 50% de bebés"], ''El Universal'', January 2012. Retrieved on 3 July 2017.</ref>

===CaribbeanCaribbeans===

WhiteSelf-identified white people in Cuba make up 64.1% of the total population, according to the census of 2012,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.one.cu/ |title=2012 Cuban Census |publisher=One.cu |date=2006-04-28 |access-date=2014-04-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latercera.com/noticia/mundo/2013/11/678-550807-9-censo-en-cuba-concluye-que-la-poblacion-decrece-envejece-y-se-vuelve-cada-vez.shtml|title=Censo en Cuba concluye que la población decrece, envejece y se vuelve cada vez más mestiza|last=Copesa|first=Grupo|date=8 November 2013|work=latercera.com|access-date=22 May 2014|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020219/http://www.latercera.com/noticia/mundo/2013/11/678-550807-9-censo-en-cuba-concluye-que-la-poblacion-decrece-envejece-y-se-vuelve-cada-vez.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> with the majority being of Spanish descent. However, after the mass exodus resulting from the [[Cuban Revolution]] in 1959, Cuba's white population diminished. Today, the various records that claim to show the percentage of whites in Cuba are conflicting and uncertain; some reports (usually coming from Cuba) still report a similar-to-pre-1959 number of 65%, and others (usually from outside observers) report 40–45%. Although most white Cubans are of [[Spanish immigration to Cuba|Spanish descent]], others may have [[French immigration to Cuba|French]], Portuguese, German, [[Italian Cuban|Italian]], or Russian ancestry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cubagenweb.org/french/index.htm#refugees |title=Etat des propriétés rurales appartenant à des Français dans l'île de Cuba}} (from [http://www.cubagenweb.org Cuban Genealogy Center])</ref> During the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries, large waves of [[Canarian people|Canarians]], [[Catalan people|Catalans]], [[Andalusian people|Andalusians]], [[Castilian people|Castilians]], and [[Galician people|Galicians]] immigrated to Cuba. Between 1901 and 1958, more than a million Spaniards arrived in Cuba from Spain; many of these and their descendants left after Castro's Communist [[Cuban Revolution|regime took power]]. The country also saw [[History of the Jews in Cuba|Jewish immigrants]] coming to the country.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/02/04/travel/04journeys.html?em&ex=1170824400&en=254a263b2686376e&ei=5087%0A |title=In Cuba, Finding a Tiny Corner of Jewish Life |access-date=2008-11-19 | work=The New York Times | date=2007-02-04}}</ref> Historically, Chinese descendants in Cuba were classified as white. Though more recent censuses would add a yellow (or amarilla) racial category before its removal in 21st century census results.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/CCC&CISOPTR=1683&REC=5&CISOBOX=foreign|title=Report on the Census of Cuba, Census of Cuba 1899|website=Digital.tcl.sc.edu|access-date=28 April 2022|pages=81}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=El Color de la Piel según el Censo de Población y Viviendas|url=http://www.onei.gob.cu/sites/default/files/publicacion_completa_color_de_la_piel__0.pdf|access-date=8 February 2022|website=Cuba Statistics and Information|pages=8, 17–18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121050600/http://www.onei.gob.cu/sites/default/files/publicacion_completa_color_de_la_piel__0.pdf|archive-date=21 January 2022}}</ref>

An autosomal study from 2014 found the genetic makeup in Cuba to be 72% European, 20% African, and 8% Native American with different proportions depending on the self-reported ancestry (White, Mulatto or Mestizo, and Black). According to this study Whites are on average 86% European, 6.7% African and 7.8% Native American with European ancestry ranging from 65% to 99%. 75% of whites are over 80% European and 50% are over 88% European<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marcheco-Teruel |first1=B |last2=Parra |first2=EJ |last3=Fuentes-Smith |first3=E |last4=Salas |first4=A |last5=Buttenschøn |first5=HN |last6=Demontis |first6=D |last7=Torres-Español |first7=M |last8=Marín-Padrón |first8=LC |last9=Gómez-Cabezas |first9=EJ |last10=Alvarez-Iglesias |first10=V |last11=Mosquera-Miguel |first11=A |last12=Martínez-Fuentes |first12=A |last13=Carracedo |first13=A |last14=Børglum |first14=AD |last15=Mors |first15=O |display-authors=5 |title=Cuba: Exploring the History of Admixture and the Genetic Basis of Pigmentation Using Autosomal and Uniparental Markers |year=2014 |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=10 |issue=7 |pages=e1004488 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004488 |pmid=25058410 |pmc=4109857 |doi-access=free }}</ref> According to a study in 2011 Whites are on average 5.8% African with African ancestry ranging from 0% to 13%. 75% of whites are under 8% African and 50% are under 5% African.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Teruel |first1=Beatriz Marcheco |last2=Rodríguez |first2=Juan J Llibre |last3=McKeigue |first3=Paul |last4=Mesa T |first4=Teresa Collazo |last5=Fuentes |first5=Evelyn |last6=Cepero A |first6=Adolfo Valhuerdi |last7=Hernandez |first7=Milagros A Guerra |last8=Copeland JRM |first8=John RM |last9=Ferri |first9=Cleusa P |last10=Prince |first10=Martin J |title=Interactions between genetic admixture, ethnic identity, APOE genotype and dementia prevalence in an admixed Cuban sample; a cross-sectional population survey and nested case-control study |journal=BMC Medical Genetics |date=December 2011 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=43 |doi=10.1186/1471-2350-12-43 |pmid=21435264 |pmc=3079615 |doi-access=free }}</ref> A study from 2009 analysed the genetic structure of the three principal ethnic groups from [[Havana]] City (209 individuals), and the contribution of parental populations to its genetic pool. A contribution from [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]] was not detectable in the studied sample.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cintado |first1=A. |last2=Companioni |first2=O. |last3=Nazabal |first3=M. |last4=Camacho |first4=H. |last5=Ferrer |first5=A. |last6=De Cossio |first6=M. E. Fernandez |last7=Marrero |first7=A. |last8=Ale |first8=M. |last9=Villarreal |first9=A. |last10=Leal |first10=L. |last11=Casalvilla |first11=R. |last12=Benitez |first12=J. |last13=Novoa |first13=L. |last14=Diaz-Horta |first14=O. |last15=Dueñas |first15=M. |title=Admixture estimates for the population of Havana City |journal=Annals of Human Biology |date=1 January 2009 |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=350–360 |doi=10.1080/03014460902817984 |pmid=19381988 |s2cid=10307820 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 100%; border:1"

|! align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Self-reported ancestry'''

|! align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Native American'''

The white and the [[mulatto]] population of [[Haiti]] makeare upclassified about 5% of its population, while 95% is ofclassified being African descent.<ref name="CIA World Factbook : Haiti"/>

That 5% minority group comprises people of many different ethnic and national backgrounds, who are [[French people|French]], Spanish, Polish and other European ancestry,<ref name="haitimega">{{cite web|url=http://www.haitimega.com/Haiti_Grand_Anse-The_Polish_Influence_in_Casale_Haiti_and_Contribution_to_the_Haitian_Revolution/84117465590726656/article_86845847910949337.jsp |title=The Polish Influence in Casale, Haiti and Contribution to the Haitian Revolution |accessurl=http://www.haitimega.com/Haiti_Grand_Anse-date=7 February 2014The_Polish_Influence_in_Casale_Haiti_and_Contribution_to_the_Haitian_Revolution/84117465590726656/article_86845847910949337.jsp |url-status=deadusurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225201837/http://www.haitimega.com/Haiti_Grand_Anse-The_Polish_Influence_in_Casale_Haiti_and_Contribution_to_the_Haitian_Revolution/84117465590726656/article_86845847910949337.jsp |archive-date=25 February 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zmblackhistorymonth2011.blogspot.com/2011/02/feb-17-polish-haitians-how-they-came-to.html |title=Polish Haitians: How They Came to Be |access-date=6 February 2014|date=2011-02-17 }}</ref> as well as the [[Jewish diaspora]], arriving from the Polish legion and during the Holocaust,<ref name="haitimega"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/haiti.html |title=Haiti |publisher=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |access-date=2014-02-07}}</ref> [[Germanic peoples|Germans]] (18th century and {{no wrap|[[World War I]]}}),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prevalhaiti.com/messages/7983 |title=Haiti And The German Connection |access-date=30 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northeastern.edu/haitinet/foreign-relations/#Germany |title=Haiti Net Foreign Relations |access-date=30 January 2014 |archive-date=16 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016021724/http://www.northeastern.edu/#Germany |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Italian people|Italian]].

| 1530||333{{smallsup|a}}, 426{{smallsup|b}}||8.0-10.0||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sp.rcm.upr.edu/demo/images/CIDEclasico/Pob-politicaPublica/Francisco%20Moscoso-1995-El%20censo%20de%20Lando%201530%20historiografia%20y%20critica.pdf|title=El -Censo de Lando (1530)|website=Sp.rcm.edu|access-date=2 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004121248/http://sp.rcm.upr.edu/demo/images/CIDEclasico/Pob-politicaPublica/Francisco%20Moscoso-1995-El%20censo%20de%20Lando%201530%20historiografia%20y%20critica.pdf|archive-date=4 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://repasopcmasumet.files.wordpress.com/2008/12/hpr_s-xvi1.pdf HISTORIA DE PUERTO RICO] Page 17.</ref>||1887||474,933||59.5||<ref name="archive.org">[{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/reportoncensusof00unitiala#page/58/mode/2up |title=Report on the census of Porto Rico, 1899] Census of "Porto Rico"|page=57|accessdate=10 (OldNovember Spelling) Page 57.2023}}</ref>

| 1787||46,756||45.5||<ref name="soph.md.rcm.upr.edu"/>||1910||732,555||65.5|||<ref name="www2.census.gov">[{{cite web|url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/00476569ch4.pdf |title=Puerto Rico Census of 1910, 1920 & 1930.]|page=136|accessdate=10 (SeeNovember page 136).2023}}</ref>

In 2010, WhiteSelf-identifierd white Puerto Ricans are said to comprise the majority of the island's population, with 75.8% of the population identifying as white.<ref>[http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/ 2010.census.gov] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102032304/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/ |date=January 2, 2011 }}</ref> Though in the 2020 U.S. census, this percentage dropped to 17.1%.<ref name="2020PRCensus"/> People of self-identified multiracial descent are now the largest demographic in the country, at 49.8%.<ref name="2020PRCensus"/>

Geologist [[Robert T. Hill]] published a book titled Cuba and Porto Rico, with the other islands of the West Indies (1899), wrote that the island was "notable among the West Indian group for the reason that its preponderant population is of the white race"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hill |first1=Robert Thomas |author-link1=Robert T. Hill |title=Cuba and Porto Rico: With the Other Islands of the West Indies: Their Topography, Climate, Flora, Products, Industries, Cities, People, Political Conditions, Etc |date=1899 |publisher=Century |page=146 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3eRAAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA146 }}</ref> and "Porto Rico, at least, has not become [[Africanization|Africanized]]".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hill |first1=Robert Thomas |title=Cuba and Porto Rico: With the Other Islands of the West Indies: Their Topography, Climate, Flora, Products, Industries, Cities, People, Political Conditions, Etc |date=1899 |publisher=Century |page=165 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3eRAAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA165 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.loc.gov/item/98001546/|title=Cuba and Porto Rico, with the other islands of the West Indies|date=1899|website=Library of Congress|accessdate=10 November 2023}}</ref>

According to a [[genetic research]] by the [[University of BrasiliaBrasília]], Puerto Rican genetic admixture consists in a 60.3% European, 26.4% African, and 13.2% Amerindian ancestry.<ref name=Godinho2008>{{cite thesis |last1=Godinho |first1=Neide Maria de Oliveira |title=ORepositório impactoInstitucional dasda migraçõesUnB: na constituição genética de populações latino-americanasHome |date=2008 |url=httpshttp://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/5542 }}</ref>

Before the conquest it was the Central American nation with the lowest Amerindian population,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Newson |first1=Linda |translator=Jorge Federico Travieso |title=El Costo de la Conquista |isbn=99926-15-57-5 |location=Tegusigalpa, Honduras |publisher=Editorial Guaymuras |date=1999 |url=https://guaymuras.hn/cienciassocialeslibro.php?idweb=40 |language=es}}</ref> due to diseases and hostility from Europeans, the Amerindian population fell precipitously.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historia de El Salvador |url=https://www.mined.gob.sv/descarga/cipotes/historia_ESA_TomoI_0_.pdf |website=mined.gob.sv |access-date=20 July 2021}}</ref> This was due to the small indigenous population in the area and colonial governors wanting to repopulate the land with Europeans.<ref>{{cite web |title=La Gente Blanca de Chalatenango |url=https://chalatenango.sv/la-gente-blanca-de-chalatenango |website=chalatenango.sv |date=22 November 2011 |access-date=20 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Francois Louis Héctor de Carondelet |url=http://michel.turpain.pagesperso-orange.fr/pages/carondelet.htm |access-date=20 July 2021}}</ref> Spaniards, mainly from Galicia and Asturias emigrated to El Salvador. Later, the country would experience other waves of other European immigrants, mainly Italian and Spaniards.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Colombo |first1=Alessandra |title=La storia degli italiani in El Salvador |date=10 July 2003 |url=https://archive.org/details/la-storia-degli-italiani-in-el-salvador |access-date=20 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jorge |first1=Ferrer |title=Españoles en El Salvador a fines del siglo XIX y principios del Siglo XX |date=6 September 2003 |url=https://archive.org/details/espanoles-en-el-salvador-a-fines-del-siglo-xix-y-principios-del-siglo-xx |access-date=20 July 2021}}</ref> The immigration of the time had a great demographic impact, since by 1880 there were 480,000 inhabitants in El Salvador, 40 years later in 1920, there were 1.2 million Salvadorans.<ref>{{cite web |title=EL SALVADOR:population growth |url=http://populstat.info/Americas/elsalvac.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321153053fw_/http://populstat.info/Americas/elsalvac.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-03-21 |website=Web Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite webjournal |last1=MoisesGómez |first1=GomezMoisés |title=erSer extranjero en Centroamérica. Génesis y evolución de las leyes de extranjería y migración en El Salvador: siglos XIX y XX |urljournal=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315887603Realidad, |website=researchgate.netRevista |publisher=Universidadde CentroamericanaCiencias "JoséSociales Simeóny Cañas"Humanidades |access-date=21March July2013 |issue=135 |pages=117–151 |doi=10.5377/realidad.v0i135.3167 2021}}</ref> During World War II, El Salvador gave documents to Jews from Hungary, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, and Switzerland. It is estimated that they were up to 40,000 immigrants,<ref>{{cite web |title=El Refugio en Latinoamerica |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/es/article/refuge-in-latin-america |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=La historia del diplomático católico que salvó 40 mil judíos del holocausto |url=https://www.aciprensa.com/noticias/la-historia-del-catolico-de-el-salvador-que-salvo-40-mil-judios-del-holocausto-78277 |website=aciprensa |access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref> and even up to 50,000.<ref>{{cite web |title=Salvadoreño Salvo a 50 mil judíos |url=https://www.univision.com/shows/noticiero-univision/salvadoreno-salvo-a-50-mil-judios-de-morir-video |website=Univisión |access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Castellanos, el Schindler salvadoreño, salta a la gran pantalla |url=https://www.efe.com/efe/america/ame-hispanos/castellanos-el-schindler-salvadoreno-salta-a-la-gran-pantalla/20000034-2555134 |website=efe.com |access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref>

White Panamanians are classified as 6.7% of the population,<ref name="PA">{{cite web | title=Panama; People; Ethnic groups | url =https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/panama/ | work =CIA World Factbook | access-date = 2007-11-21}}</ref> with those of Spanish ancestry being in the majority. Other ancestries includes Dutch, English, French, German, Swiss, Danish, Irish, Greek, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Russian, and Ukrainian. There is also a sizable and influential Jewish community.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

White Argentines are dispersed throughout the country, but their greatest concentration is in the east-central region of [[Pampas]], the southern region of [[Patagonia]], and in the west-central region of [[Cuyo (Argentina)|Cuyo]]. Their concentration is smallerand in the north-eastern region of [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Litoral]],. andTheir isconcentration muchis smaller in the [[Argentine Northwest|north-western provinces of [[Salta Province|Saltaregion]], [[Jujuy(mainly Province|Jujuy]],in [[Tucumánthe Province|Tucumán]],provinces [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]],of [[LaJujuy Rioja Province, Argentinaprovince|La RiojaJujuy]], and [[Santiago del EsteroSalta Provinceprovince|Santiago del EsteroSalta]]), which was the most densely populated region of the country (mainly by [[Amerindian]] and [[Mestizo]] people) before the wave of immigration of 1857-1940 and was the area where European newcomers settled the least.<ref name="white argentina myth">{{cite journal |last1=Chamosa |first1=Oscar |title=Indigenous or Criollo: The Myth of White Argentina in Tucumán's Calchaquí Valley |journal=Hispanic American Historical Review |date=1 February 2008 |volume=88 |issue=1 |pages=71–106 |doi=10.1215/00182168-2007-079 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Grasso |first1=Dick Edgar Ibarra |title=Los hombres barbados en la América precolombina: razas indígenas americanas |trans-title=Bearded Men in Pre-Columbian America: Native American Races |language=es |date=1997 |publisher=Editorial Kier |isbn=978-950-17-1703-7 |page=79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oAlSJ5KJ3IUC&pg=PA79 }}</ref> During the last few decades, due to internal migration from thethese northernnorth-western provinces—as well as to immigration from [[Bolivia]], [[Peru]], and [[Paraguay]]—the percentage of white Argentines in certain areas of [[Greater Buenos Aires]] and the provinces of Salta and Jujuy has decreased significantly.<ref name="bolivian settlement in gba">{{Cite web|url=https://www.clarin.com/ediciones-anteriores/bolivianos-argentina-viven-momento-historico-pais_0_rJ77sNIyCtl.html|title=Bolivianos en la Argentina: cómo viven este momento histórico de su país|website=www.clarin.com|date=22 January 2006}}</ref>

In the 1910s, when immigration reached its peak, more than 30% of Argentina's population had been born in Europe, and over half of the population of the city of [[Buenos Aires]] had been born abroad. According to the 1914 national census, 80% out of a total population of 7,903,662 were people who were either European, or the children and grandchildren of same. Among the remaining 20% (the descendants of the population previous to the immigratory wave), about one third were white. That makes for 86.6%, or about 6.8 million whites residing in Argentina.<ref>''History of Argentina'', de Ricardo.Levene. University of North Carolina Press, 1937.</ref> European immigration continued to account for over half the population growth during the 1920s,<ref name=rock>[https://books.google.com/books{{cite ''book |last1=Rock |first1=David |title=Argentina:, 1516-19821987: From Spanish ColonisationColonization to theAlphonsín. Falklands(Updated) War''] escrito por David Rock.|date=1987 |publisher=University of California Press, 1987. {{ISBN|isbn=978-0-520-0518906178-01 }}{{pn|date=October 2024}}</ref> and for smaller percentages after World War II, many Europeans migrating to Argentina after the great conflict to escape hunger and destitution. According to Argentine records, 392,603 people from the Old World entered the country in the 1940s. In the following decade, the flow diminished because the [[Marshall Plan]] improved Europe's economy, and emigration was not such a necessity; but even then, between 1951 and 1970 another 256,252 Europeans entered Argentina.<ref name="immigration post ww2">[http://sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/soc237/papers/cookappendixr.pdf Migration and Nationality Patterns in Argentina.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218231130/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/soc237/papers/cookappendixr.pdf |date=2012-02-18 }} Fuente: ''Dirección Nacional de Migraciones, 1976''.</ref> From the 1960s—when whites were 76.1% of the total—onward, increasing immigration from countries on Argentina's northern border ([[Bolivia]], [[Peru]], and [[Paraguay]])<ref>"Inmigración, Cambio Demográfico y Desarrollo Industrial en la Argentina". Alfredo Lattes and [[María Antonia Ruth Sautu|Ruth Sautu]]. Cuaderno Nº 5 del CENEP (1978). Citado en [https://books.google.com/books{{cite ''book |last1=Rock |first1=David |title=Argentina:, 1516-19821987: From Spanish ColonisationColonization to theAlphonsín. Falklands(Updated) War''] by David Rock.|date=1987 |publisher=University of California Press, 1987. {{ISBN|isbn=978-0-520-0518906178-01 }}{{pn|date=October 2024}}</ref> significantly increased the process of [[Mestizaje]] in certain areas of Argentina, especially [[Greater Buenos Aires]], because those countries have [[Amerindian]] and [[Mestizo]] majorities.<ref name="worldstatesmen bolivia">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Bolivia.html|title=Bolivia|work=worldstatesmen.org}}</ref><ref name="worldstatesmen peru">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Peru.htm|title=Peru|work=worldstatesmen.org}}</ref><ref name="worldstatesmen paraguay">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Paraguay.html|title=Paraguay|work=worldstatesmen.org}}</ref>

In 1992, after the fall of the Communist regimes of the Soviet Union and its allies, the governments of Western Europe were worried about a possible mass exodus from Central Europe and Russia. President [[Carlos Menem]] offered to receive part of that emigratory wave in Argentina. On December&nbsp;19, 1994, Resolution 4632/94 was enacted, allowing "special treatment" for applicants who wished to emigrate from the republics of the ex-Soviet Union. From January 1994 until December 2000, a total 9,399 Central and Eastern Europeans traveled and settled in Argentina. Of the total, 6,720 were [[Ukrainians]] (71.5%), 1,598 [[Russians]] (17%), 526 [[Romanians]], [[Bulgarians]], [[Armenians]], [[Georgians]], [[Moldovans]], and [[Polish people|Poles]], and 555 (5.9%) traveled with a Soviet passport.<ref>[https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/269/26900104.pdf{{cite Recentjournal Migration|last1=Marcogliese from|first1=María CentralJosé and|title=La Easternmigración Europereciente tode Argentina,Europa acentral Specialy Treatment?]oriental {{ina lang|es}}la byArgentina, María¿Un Josétratamiento Marcogliese.especial? ''|journal=Revista Argentinaargentina de Sociología'',sociología |date=2003 |issue=1 |pages=44–58 |url=https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=26900104 |language=es }}</ref> 85% of the newcomers were under age 45 and 51% had tertiary-level education, so most of them integrated quite rapidly into Argentine society, although some had to work for lower wages than expected at the beginning.<ref>[http://www.insumisos.com/diplo/NODE/2132.HTM "Ukrainians, Russians and Armenians, from professionals to security guardians"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915223732/http://www.insumisos.com/diplo/NODE/2132.HTM |date=2011-09-15 }} {{in lang|es}} by Florencia Tateossian. ''Le Monde Diplomatique'', June 2001.</ref>

* HomburguerSeldin et al., 20152006, ''[[PLOSAmerican GeneticsJournal of Physical Anthropology]]'': 6778.0% European, 2819.4% Amerindian, 4and 2.5% African. andUsing 1,4%other Asian.<refmethods name="Genomicit Insightswas intofound thethat Ancestryit andcould Demographicbe: History80.2% ofEuropean, South18.1% America"Amerindian and 1.7% African.<ref name=Seldin>{{cite journal | last1 = HomburgerSeldin |display-authors=et al | year = 20152006 | title = GenomicArgentine InsightsPopulation intoGenetic theStructure: AncestryLarge andVariance Demographicin HistoryAmerindian of South AmericaContribution | journal = PLOSAmerican Journal of Physical GeneticsAnthropology | volume = 11132| issue = 123| page = e1005602455-462| doi = 10.13711002/journalajpa.pgen.100560220534 |pmc=3142769|pmid=2663696217177183 |pmcdoi-access=4670080free }}</ref>

* [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]: 52% European, 27% Amerindian ancestry, 9% African and 9% others.<ref name="Reference Populations: Geno 2.0 Next Generation">{{cite web|title=Reference Populations – Geno 2.0 Next Generation|url=https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations-next-gen/|url-status=livedead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124174946/https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations-next-gen/|archive-date=24 November 2017|access-date=15 January 2018|website=Genographic.nationalgeographic.com|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

{{Main|ImmigrationWhite to BoliviaBolivians}}

White people in Bolivia makeare upclassified as 5% of the nation's population.<ref name="BL"/> The white population consists mostly of ''[[Criollo (people)|criollo]]s'', which consist of families of unmixed Spanish ancestry descended from the [[History of Bolivia|Spanish colonists]] and Spanish refugees fleeing the 1936–1939 Spanish Civil War.{{Citation needed|date=December 2016}} These two groups have constituted much of the aristocracy since independence. Other groups within the white population are Germans, who founded the national airline [[Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano]], as well as Italians, Americans, Basques, Croats, Russians, Polish, English, Irish, and other minorities, many of whose members descend from families that have lived in Bolivia for several generations.{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}}

Brazil is one of the few countries in Latin America that includes racial categories in its censuses: ''Branco'' (White), ''Negro'' (Black), ''Pardo'' (Multiracial), ''Amarelo'' (Yellow) and ''Indígena'' (Amerindian), with categorization being by self-identification. Taking into account the data provided by the last National Household Survey, conducted in 2010, Brazil would possess the most numerous white population in Latin America, given that a 47.7%&nbsp;– 91 million people&nbsp;– of Brazilians self-declared as "Brancos".<ref name="Igbe Brasil 2010" /> Comparing this survey with previous censuses, a slow but constant decrease in the percentage of self-identified white Brazilians can be seen: in the 2000 Census it was 53.7%,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brazil/|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov|date=22 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Brazil.html|title=Brazil|work=worldstatesmen.org}}</ref> in the 2006 Household Survey it was 49.9%,<ref name= "igbe pnad 2006" /> and in the last, 2008, survey it decreased to the current 48.4%.<ref name="igbe 2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=262&i=P&nome=on&notarodape=on&tab=262&unit=0&pov=3&opc1=1&poc2=1&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=2&nivt=0&orc86=3&poc1=1&orp=6&qtu3=27&opv=1&poc86=2&sec1=0&opc2=1&pop=1&opn2=0&orv=2&orc2=5&qtu2=5&sev=93&sev=1000093&opc86=1&sec2=0&opp=1&opn3=0&sec86=0&sec86=2776&sec86=2777&sec86=2779&sec86=2778&sec86=2780&sec86=2781&ascendente=on&sep=43344&orn=1&qtu7=9&orc1=4&qtu1=1&cabec=on&pon=1&OpcCara=44&proc=1&opn7=0&decm=99 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614225239/http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=262&i=P&nome=on&notarodape=on&tab=262&unit=0&pov=3&opc1=1&poc2=1&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=2&nivt=0&orc86=3&poc1=1&orp=6&qtu3=27&opv=1&poc86=2&sec1=0&opc2=1&pop=1&opn2=0&orv=2&orc2=5&qtu2=5&sev=93&sev=1000093&opc86=1&sec2=0&opp=1&opn3=0&sec86=0&sec86=2776&sec86=2777&sec86=2779&sec86=2778&sec86=2780&sec86=2781&ascendente=on&sep=43344&orn=1&qtu7=9&orc1=4&qtu1=1&cabec=on&pon=1&OpcCara=44&proc=1&opn7=0&decm=99 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-06-14 |title=Sistema IBGE de Recuperação Automática - SIDRA |work=ibge.gov.br }}</ref> Some analysts believe that this decrease is evidence that more Brazilians have come to appreciate their mixed ancestry, re-classifying themselves as "Pardos".<ref>{{cite news|last=Duarte|first=Alessandra|title=Censo 2010: população do Brasil deixa de ser predominantemente branca|url=http://oglobo.globo.com/politica/censo-2010-populacao-do-brasil-deixa-de-ser-predominantemente-branca-2789597|access-date=24 January 2014|newspaper=O Globo|agency=Infoglobo Comunicação e Participações S.A.|date=29 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124143702/http://oglobo.globo.com/politica/censo-2010-populacao-do-brasil-deixa-de-ser-predominantemente-branca-2789597|archive-date=24 January 2014|location=Rio de Janeiro|language=pt|quote=(...) A população branca foi, assim, a única que diminuiu. Paula Miranda-Ribeiro, professora de demografia do Centro de Desenvolvimento e Planejamento Regional da UFMG, sublinha essa mudança cultural. <br/> — «O Brasil está mais preto, algo mais próximo da realidade» — diz Paula, para quem a principal razão é a maior identificação de pretos e pardos com sua cor. — «É a chamada desejabilidade social. Historicamente, pretos e pardos eram desvalorizados socialmente, o que fazia com que pretos desejassem ser pardos, e pardos, brancos. Agora, pretos e pardos quiseram se identificar assim. Isso pode ter a ver, ainda, com a afirmação dessa população como forte consumidor atualmente, que se refletiu em afirmação de identidade.» (...)}}</ref> Furthermore, some demographers estimate that a 9% of the self-declared white Brazilians have a certain degree of African and Amerindian ancestry, which, if the "[[one-drop rule]]" were applied, would classify them as "Pardos".<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1077/is_n4_v46/ai_9329550{{cite journal |id={{Gale|A9329550}} |last1=Whitaker |first1=Charles |title=Blacks in Brazil: the myth and the reality.] by|journal=Ebony Charles|date=February Whitaker.1991 Ebony|volume=46 Magazine,|issue=4 1991.|pages=58–62 }}</ref>

!'''Region'''<ref name="ReferenceC"/>

!'''European'''

!'''African'''

!'''Native American'''

<blockquote>Following an increasing North to South gradient, European ancestry was the most prevalent in all urban populations (with values up to 74%). The populations in the North consisted of a significant proportion of Native American ancestry that was about two times higher than the African contribution. Conversely, in the Northeast, Center-West and Southeast, African ancestry was the second most prevalent. At an intrapopulation level, all urban populations were highly admixed, and most of the variation in ancestry proportions was observed between individuals within each population rather than among population.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Revisiting the Genetic Ancestry of Brazilians Using Autosomal AIM-Indels|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=9|pages=e75145|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075145|pmid=24073242|year=2013|last1=Saloum De Neves Manta|first1=Fernanda|last2=Pereira|first2=Rui|last3=Vianna|first3=Romulo|last4=Rodolfo Beuttenmüller De Araújo|first4=Alfredo|last5=Leite Góes Gitaí|first5=Daniel|last6=Aparecida Da Silva|first6=Dayse|last7=De Vargas Wolfgramm|first7=Eldamária|last8=Da Mota Pontes|first8=Isabel|last9=Ivan Aguiar|first9=José|last10=Ozório Moraes|first10=Milton|last11=Fagundes De Carvalho|first11=Elizeu|last12=Gusmão|first12=Leonor|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875145S|pmc=3779230|doi-access=free}}</ref></blockquote>According to a genetic study about Brazilians (based upon about 200 samples), on the [[paternal]] side, 98% of the white Brazilian [[Y Chromosome]] comes from a European male ancestor, only 2% from an African ancestor and there is a complete absence of Amerindian contributions. On the [[maternal]] side, 39% have European [[Mitochondrial DNA]], 33% Amerindian and 28% African female ancestry. This, considering the facts that the slave trade was effectively suppressed in 1850, and that the Amerindian population had been reduced to small numbers even earlier, shows that at least 61% of white Brazilians had at least one ancestor living in Brazil before the beginning of the [[European immigration to Brazil|Great Immigration]]. This analysis, however, only shows a small fraction of a person's ancestry (the Y Chromosome comes from a single male ancestor and the mtDNA from a single female ancestor, while the contributions of the many other ancestors is not specified).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-08-29 |title=Os Genes de Cabral |url=http://web.educom.pt/p-pmndn/genes_cabral.htm |access-date=2023-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829035149/http://web.educom.pt/p-pmndn/genes_cabral.htm |archive-date=2007-08-29 }}</ref>

* 57.2% European; 38.7% amerindian; 2.5% African; 1.7% Asiatic; (Homburger et al., 2015): <small>Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America</small>, fuente: [[PLOS Genetics]].<ref name="Homburger et al., 2015">{{cite journal |last=Homburguer|display-authors=etal |year=2015 |title=Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America |journal= PLOS Genetics|volume=11 |number=12 |pages= e1005602|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1005602 |pmid=26636962 |pmc=4670080 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Studies estimates the white population at 20%,<ref name="BritannicaCL">{{cite encyclopedia | title=Chile | url = http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/article-198552/Chile | encyclopedia =Encyclopædia Britannica | access-date = 2012-09-15 | quote = "Chile's ethnic makeup is largely a product of Spanish colonization. About three fourths of Chileans are mestizo, a mixture of European and Amerindian ancestries. One-fifth of Chileans are of white European (mainly Spanish) descent.}}</ref> to 52.7% of the Chilean population.<ref name="Lizcano"/> According to [[genetic research]] by the [[University of BrasiliaBrasília]], Chilean genetic admixture consists of 51.6% European, 42.1% Amerindian, and 6.3% African ancestry.<ref name=Godinho2008/> According to an autosomal genetic study of 2014 carried out among soldiers in the city of Arica, Northern Chile, the European admixture goes from 56.8% in soldiers born in [[Magallanes Region|Magallanes]] to 41.2% for the ones who were born in [[Tarapacá Region|Tarapacá]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041222075049/http://www.medwave.cl/ciencia/11.act El Gradiente Sociogenético Chileno y sus Implicaciones Etico-Sociales] (2014)</ref> According to a study from 2013, conducted by the ''Candela Project'' in Northern Chile as well, the genetic admixture of Chile is 52% European, 44% Native American, and 4% African.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lun.com/LunMobileIphone//Pages/NewsDetailMobile.aspx?dt=2013-11-23&BodyId=0&PaginaID=18&NewsID=246141&Name=I2&PagNum=0&Return=R&SupplementId=0&Anchor=20131123_18_0_I246141|title=LUN.COM Mobile|work=lun.com}}</ref>

According to a study performed in 2014,<ref name=":0">{{Citecite journal |last1=Ruiz-Linares |first1=Andrés |last2=Adhikari |first2=Kaustubh |last3=Acuña-Alonzo |first3=Victor |last4=Quinto-Sanchez |first4=Mirsha |last5=Jaramillo |first5=Claudia |last6=Arias |first6=William |last7=Fuentes |first7=Macarena |last8=Pizarro |first8=María |last9=Everardo |first9=Paola |datelast10=2014de Avila |first10=Francisco |last11=Gómez-09Valdés |first11=Jorge |last12=León-25Mimila |first12=Paola |last13=Hunemeier |first13=Tábita |last14=Ramallo |first14=Virginia |last15=Silva de Cerqueira |first15=Caio C. |last16=Burley |first16=Mari-Wyn |last17=Konca |first17=Esra |last18=de Oliveira |first18=Marcelo Zagonel |last19=Veronez |first19=Mauricio Roberto |last20=Rubio-Codina |first20=Marta |last21=Attanasio |first21=Orazio |last22=Gibbon |first22=Sahra |last23=Ray |first23=Nicolas |last24=Gallo |first24=Carla |last25=Poletti |first25=Giovanni |last26=Rosique |first26=Javier |last27=Schuler-Faccini |first27=Lavinia |last28=Salzano |first28=Francisco M. |last29=Bortolini |first29=Maria-Cátira |last30=Canizales-Quinteros |first30=Samuel |last31=Rothhammer |first31=Francisco |last32=Bedoya |first32=Gabriel |last33=Balding |first33=David |last34=Gonzalez-José |first34=Rolando |title=Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals|url=https://figshare.com/articles/_Admixture_in_Latin_America_Geographic_Structure_Phenotypic_Diversity_and_Self_Perception_of_Ancestry_Based_on_7_342_Individuals_/1183040 |journal=PLOSPLoS Genetics |languagedate=en-US25 September 2014 |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=e1004572 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004572 |pmc=4177621|pmid=25254375 |pagedoi-access=e1004572free }}</ref> 37.9% of Chileans self-identified as white, a subsequent DNA tests showed that the average self identifying white was genetically 54% European.

According to the 2005 Census 86% of Colombians are considered either White or Mestizo, which are not categorized separately. Though the census does not identify the number of white Colombians, Lizcano and the CIA World Factbook estimates 20% of White population,<ref name=Lizcano/> while Hudson estimates 37%, a figure that also coincides with the research done by Schwartzman,<ref name= schwartzman>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzman |first1=Simon |chapter=Etnia, condiciones de vida y discriminacion |chapter-url=http://www.schwartzman.org.br/simon/coesion_etnia.pdf |editor1-first=Eduardo |editor1-last=Valenzuela |editor2-first=Simón |editor2-last=Schwartzman |editor3-first=Andrés |editor3-last=Biehl |editor4-first=J. Samuel |editor4-last=Valenzuela |year=2008 |title=Vínculos, Creencias e Ilusiones: La cohesión social de los Latinoamericanos |publisher=Uqbar Editores |isbn=978-956-8601-17-1 }}</ref> forming the second largest racial group after [[Mestizo Colombians]] (at 49%).<ref name="Bushnell & Hudson 2010 pp86-87">{{cite book |last1=Bushnell |first1=David |last2=Hudson |first2=Rex A. |lccn=2010009203 |title=Colombia: a country study |editor1-first=Rex A. |editor1-last=Hudson |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |location=Washington, D.C. |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8444-9502-6 |chapter=The Society and Its Environment|pages=86–87 }}</ref> [[Genetic studies]] estimate that the ethnic composition of Colombia varies between 45.9% European, 33.8% Amerindian, and 20.3% African ancestry;<ref name=Godinho2008/> and 62.5% European, 27.4% Amerindian, and 9.2% African ancestry.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Homburger |first1=Julian R. |last2=Moreno-Estrada |first2=Andrés |last3=Gignoux |first3=Christopher R. |last4=Nelson |first4=Dominic |last5=Sanchez |first5=Elena |last6=Ortiz-Tello |first6=Patricia |last7=Pons-Estel |first7=Bernardo A. |last8=Acevedo-Vasquez |first8=Eduardo |last9=Miranda |first9=Pedro |last10=Langefeld |first10=Carl D. |last11=Gravel |first11=Simon |last12=Alarcón-Riquelme |first12=Marta E. |last13=Bustamante |first13=Carlos D. |title=Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America |journal=PLOS Genetics |date=4 December 2015 |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=e1005602 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1005602 |pmid=26636962 |pmc=4670080 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In December 1941 the United States government estimated that there were 4,000 Germans living in Colombia. There were some Nazi agitators in Colombia, such as Barranquilla businessman Emil Prufurt. Colombia invited Germans who were on the U.S. blacklist to leave.<ref name=LB>{{cite book |editor1-last=Leonard |editor1-first=Thomas M. |editor2-last=Bratzel |editor2-first=John F. |title=Latin America During World War II |date=2006 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=978-1-4616-3862-9 |page=117 }}</ref> [[SCADTA]], a Colombian-German air transport corporation, which was established by German expatriates in 1919, was the first commercial airline in the western hemisphere.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stampnotes.com/Notes_from_the_Past/pastnote248.htm|title=SCADTA Joins the Fight|work=stampnotes.com|access-date=2014-08-07|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105620/http://www.stampnotes.com/Notes_from_the_Past/pastnote248.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In recent years, the celebration of Colombian-German heritage has grown increasingly popular in Bogota, Cartagena, and Bucaramanga. There are many annual festivals that focus German cuisine, specially pastry arts and beer. Since 2009, there has been a considerable increase in collaborative research through advanced business and educational exchanges, such as those promoted by [[COLCIENCIAS]] and [[AIESEC]]. There are many Colombian-German companies focused on finance, science, education, technology and innovation, and engineering.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/EN/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/01-Nodes/Kolumbien_node.html|title=Auswärtiges Amt - Colombia|work=Auswärtiges Amt}}</ref>

According to the 2010most recent 2022 National Population Censuscensus, 2.2% of the population identified as white, down from 2010, where <!--Per the census source. Please do NOT change the number.-->6.1%<!--NOT 12%.--> of the population self-identified as [[Whitesuch, people|white]],and down from 10.5% in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.primicias.ec/noticias/sociedad/censo-ecuador/resultados-poblacion-mestizos-afro-indigena/|title= Más mestizos, menos afros y pocos blancos: así se ven los ecuatorianos|website=Primicias|date=22 September 2023|accessdate=14 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eluniverso.com/2011/09/02/1/1356/poblacion-pais-joven-mestiza-dice-censo-inec.html|title=Población del país es joven y mestiza, dice censo del INEC|work=El Universo|date=2011-09-02}}</ref>

In Ecuador, being white is more an indication of social class than of ethnicity. Classifying oneself as white is often done to claim membership to the middle class and to distance oneself from the lower class, which is associated being "Indian". For this reason the status of ''blanco'' is claimed by people who are not primarily of European heritage.<ref>Levinson, David. 1998. Ethnic groups worldwide: a ready reference handbook. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 346. "Blanco or White is more a social-class designation than an ethnic one, as identification as a Blanco is based on a combination of white skin color, European features, speaking Spanish, residence in the western part of the nation (especially in a city), and enough wealth or education to be classified as middle or upper class. However, in some rural regions, Mestizos refer to themselves as Blancos, to distinguish themselves from Native Americans and Quechua speakers. Blancos form the ruling elite in Ecuador, and categorization as a Blanco is considered desirable by people of full or partial European descent.</ref> According to [[genetic research]] done in 2008 by the [[University of BrasiliaBrasília]], the average Ecuadorian genetic admixture is <!--Results can be found on pg. 17 of the study. Do NOT change these numbers-->64.6% Amerindian, 31.0% European, and 4.4% African.<ref name=Godinho2008/> In 2015, another study showed the average Ecuadorian is estimated to be 52.96% Amerindian, 41.77% European, and 5.26% Sub-Saharan African overall.<ref>{{Citecite journal|title=Unravelling the hidden ancestry of American admixed populations|journal=Nature Communications|volume=6|pmc=4374169|doi=10.1038/ncomms7596|pmid=25803618|date=March 24, 2015|at=See [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4374169/bin/ncomms7596-s2.xlsx Supplementary Data]|last1=Montinaro |first1=F.Francesco |last2=Busby |first2=G.George B.J. |last3=Pascali |first3=V.Vincenzo L. |last4=Myers |first4=S.Simon |last5=Hellenthal |first5=G.Garrett |last6=Capelli |first6=C.Cristian |bibcodetitle=Unravelling the hidden ancestry of American admixed populations |journal=Nature Communications |date=24 March 2015 |volume=2015NatCo...6 |issue=1 |doi=10.6596M1038/ncomms7596 |pmid=25803618 |pmc=4374169 }}</ref>

Due to the European migration in the 19th and 20th centuries, the majority of Paraguay's white population are of German descent (including Mennonites), with others being of French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese descent.<ref name=EuroParaguay/> Many are southern and southeastern Brazilians (''[[brasiguayos]]''), as well as Argentines and Uruguayans, and their descendants.<ref name=EuroParaguay/> People from such regions are generally descendants of colonial settlers and/or more recent immigrants.<ref name=EuroParaguay>{{cite webconference |lastlast1=BenítezMartinez Martínez|firstfirst1=María Victoria Benitez |title=Inmigrantes Europeoseuropeos en Paraguay 1818 - 1930 |url=http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/53/06/44/PDF/AT9_Benitez.pdf|workconference=XIV Encuentro de Latinoamericanistas Españoles|publisher=Université de: congreso internacional Paris|access-date=24September January2010 2014|locationpages=Paris,1099-1121 |url=https://hal.science/halshs-00530644/ France|language=es }}</ref>

According to a [[genetic research]] by the [[University of BrasiliaBrasília]], Peruvian genetic admixture indicates 73.0% Amerindian, 15.1% European, and 11.9% African ancestry.<ref name=Godinho2008/>

| style="text-align: left;" |[[Amazonas Region(Peruvian department)|Amazonas]]

In 2006, a new Enhanced National Household Survey touched on the topic again, but this time emphasizing ancestry, not race; the results revealed 5.8% more Uruguayans self-reported stated having total or partial black and/or Amerindian ancestry. This reduction in the percentage of self-declared "pure whites" between surveys could be caused by the phenomenon of the interviewee giving new value to their African heritage, similar to what has happened in Brazil in the last three censuses. Anyway, it is worth noting that 2,897,525 interviewées declared having only white ancestry (87.4%), 302,460 declared having total or partial black ancestry (9.1%), 106,368 total or partial Amerindian ancestry (2.9%) and 6,549 total or partial Yellow ancestry (0.2%).<ref>{{cite conference |url=https://www.ine.gub.uy/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=0d5d2e5d-898c-49f6-8465-c3a5b606a284&groupId=10181 |title=El perfil demográfico y socioeconómico de la población uruguaya según su ascendencia racial |trans-title=The demographic and socioeconomic profile of the Uruguayan population according to their racial ancestry |language=es |first1=Marisa |last1=Bucheli |first2=Wanda |last2=Cabela |conference=Encuesta Nacional de Hogares Ampliada |year=2006 }}</ref> This figure matches external estimates for white population in Uruguay of 87.4%,<ref name="wsm uru">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Uruguay.html|title=Uruguay|work=worldstatesmen.org}}</ref> 88%,<ref name=Lizcano/><ref name="cia uru">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ur.html#People|title=Uruguay: People: Ethnic Groups|website=Cia.gov|access-date=8 October 2017}}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> or 90%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dev.prenhall.com/divisions/hss/worldreference/UY/people.html|title=Higher Education - Pearson|website=Prenhall.com|access-date=8 October 2017}}</ref>

According to the 2011 National Population and Housing Census, 43.6% of the population identified themselves as [[white people]].<ref name="Census2011"/> A [[genome|genomic]] study shows that about 60.6% of the Venezuelan [[gene pool]] has European origin. Among the Latin American countries in the study (Argentina, Bahamas, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Colombia, El Salvador, Ecuador, Jamaica, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela), Colombia, Brazil, Venezuela, and Argentina exhibit the highest European contribution.<ref name=Godinho2008/>

Some media outlets in the United States have criticized Latin American media for allegedly featuring a disproportionate number of [[blond]] and [[eye color#Blue|blue-eyed]] actors and actresses in [[telenovela]]s, relative to the overall population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/58525?tid=relatedcl |title=Y Tu Black Mama Tambien |access-date=2008-05-02 |last=Quinonez |first=Ernesto |website=[[Newsweek]] |date=2003-06-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&node=&contentId=A19009-2000Aug1&notFound=true|title=Washington Post: Breaking News, World, US, DC News & Analysis|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-18|archive-date=2018-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019213510/https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/?pagename=article&node=&contentId=A19009-2000Aug1&notFound=true|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art40221.asp|title=What are Telenovelas?|work=bellaonline.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2000-08-06/news/0008060066_1_spanish-latino-leaders-caste|title=Racial Bias Charged On Spanish-language Tv|work=tribunedigital-sunsentinel|access-date=2011-09-06|archive-date=2012-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915015308/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2000-08-06/news/0008060066_1_spanish-latino-leaders-caste|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/pov/corpus/film_description.php|title=Film Description - Corpus - POV - PBS|work=pbs.org|access-date=2017-09-18|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151037/http://www.pbs.org/pov/corpus/film_description.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Category:EthnicWhite groupsLatin inAmericans| Central America]]