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For many years, Lewis's novels have been criticised for their satirical and hostile portrayals of Jews.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} ''Tarr'' was revised and republished in 1928, giving a new Jewish character a key role in making sure a duel is fought. This has been interpreted as an allegorical representation of [[Stab-in-the-back myth|a supposed Zionist conspiracy against the West]].<ref name="ayers">Ayers, David. (1992) ''Wyndham Lewis and Western Man''. Basingstoke and London: Macmillan.</ref> His literary satire ''The Apes of God'' has been interpreted similarly, because many of the characters are Jewish, including the modernist author and editor Julius Ratner, a portrait which blends anti-semitic stereotype with historical literary figures [[John Rodker]] and James Joyce.
A key feature of these interpretations is that Lewis is held to have kept his conspiracy theories hidden and marginalized{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}. Since the publication of [[Anthony Julius]]'s ''T. S. Eliot, Anti-Semitism, and Literary Form'' (1995), where Lewis's anti-semitism is described as "essentially trivial", this view is no longer taken seriously.{{according to whom|date=March 2020}}
==Books==
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