The voiced palatal plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɟ⟩, a barred dotless ⟨j⟩ that was initially created by turning the type for a lowercase letter ⟨f⟩. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is J\.
| Voiced palatal plosive | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɟ | |||
| IPA number | 108 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɟ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+025F | ||
| X-SAMPA | J\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
| Voiced alveolo-palatal plosive | |
|---|---|
| ɟ̟ | |
| d̠ʲ |
If the distinction is necessary, the voiced alveolo-palatal plosive may be transcribed ⟨ɟ̟⟩, ⟨ɟ˖⟩ (both symbols denote an advanced ⟨ɟ⟩) or ⟨d̠ʲ⟩ (retracted and palatalized ⟨d⟩), but they are essentially equivalent since the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are J\_+ and d_-' or d_-_j, respectively. There is also a non-IPA letter U+0221 ȡ LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH CURL; ⟨ȡ⟩ ("d" with the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ⟨ɕ, ʑ⟩) that is used especially in Sinological circles.
[ɟ] is a less common sound worldwide than the voiced postalveolar affricate [d͡ʒ] because it is difficult to get the tongue to touch just the hard palate without also touching the back part of the alveolar ridge.[1] It is also common for the symbol ⟨ɟ⟩ to be used to represent a palatalized voiced velar plosive or palato-alveolar/alveolo-palatal affricates, as in Indic languages. That may be considered appropriate when the place of articulation needs to be specified, and the distinction between plosive and affricate is not contrastive.
There is also the voiced post-palatal plosive[2] in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back than the place of articulation of the prototypical palatal consonant but not as back as the prototypical velar consonant. The IPA does not have a separate symbol, which can be transcribed as ⟨ɟ̠⟩, ⟨ɟ˗⟩ (both symbols denote a retracted ⟨ɟ⟩), ⟨ɡ̟⟩ or ⟨ɡ˖⟩ (both symbols denote an advanced ⟨ɡ⟩). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are J\_- and g_+, respectively.
Especially in broad transcription, the voiced post-palatal plosive may be transcribed as a palatalized voiced velar plosive (⟨ɡʲ⟩ in the IPA, g' or g_j in X-SAMPA).
Features
edit
Features of the voiced palatal stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
- The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound closer to the velar [ɡ].
- Alveolo-palatal variant is articulated also with the blade of the tongue at or behind the alveolar ridge.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
editPalatal or alveolo-palatal
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian[3] | gjuha | [ˈɟuha] | 'tongue' | Merged with [d͡ʒ] in Gheg Albanian and some speakers of Tosk Albanian.[4] | |
| Arabic | Some Northern Yemeni dialects[5] | جمل | [ˈɟamal] | 'camel' | Corresponds to [d͡ʒ ~ ʒ ~ ɡ ~ j] in other varieties. See Arabic phonology |
| Some Sudanese speakers[5] | |||||
| Upper Egypt[5] | |||||
| Aramaic | some Urmian & Koine speakers | ܓܒ̣ܪܐ/gavrɑ | [ɟoːrɑ] | 'husband' or 'man' lit. (male) person | Corresponds to /ɡ/ or /d͡ʒ/ in other dialects. |
| some Northern speakers | [ɟaʊrɑ] | ||||
| Azerbaijani | گۆنش/günəş | [ɟyˈnæʃ] | 'sun' | ||
| Basque | anddere | [äɲɟe̞ɾe̞] | 'doll' | ||
| Breton | Gwenedeg | gwenn | [ɟɥɛ̃n] | 'white' | Realization of /g/ before front vowels. |
| Bulgarian | гьол | [ɟoɫ] | 'swamp' | Palatalized [g] in Standard Bulgarian, may also be realized as [gj] by some speakers. See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Catalan | Majorcan[6][7] | guix | [ˈɟi̞ɕ] | 'chalk' | Corresponds to /ɡ/ in other varieties. See Catalan phonology |
| Corsican | fighjulà | [viɟɟuˈla] | 'to watch' | ||
| Czech | dělám | [ˈɟ̟ɛlaːm] | 'I do' | Alveolo-palatal.[8] See Czech phonology | |
| Dinka | jir | [ɟir] | 'blunt' | ||
| Ega[9] | [ɟé] | 'become numerous' | |||
| Friulian | gjat | [ɟat] | 'cat' | ||
| Ganda | jjajja | [ɟːaɟːa] | 'grandfather' | ||
| Hungarian[10] | gyám | [ɟäːm] | 'guardian' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Irish | Gaeilge | [ˈɡeːlʲɟə] | 'Irish language' | See Irish phonology | |
| Latvian | ģimene | [ˈɟime̞ne̞] | 'family' | See Latvian phonology | |
| Macedonian | раѓање | [ˈraɟaɲɛ] | 'birth' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Malay | Kelantan-Pattani | تراجڠ/terajang | [tə.ɣa.ɟɛ̃ː] | 'kick' | See Kelantan-Pattani Malay |
| Munji | ڱب | [ɟɪb] | 'lost' | ||
| Norwegian | Central[11] | fadder | [fɑɟːeɾ] | 'godparent' | See Norwegian phonology |
| Northern[11] | |||||
| Occitan | Auvergnat | diguèt | [ɟiˈɡɛ] | 'said' (3rd pers. sing.) | See Occitan phonology |
| Limousin | dissèt | [ɟiˈʃɛ] | |||
| Pitjantjatjara | Pitjantjatjara | [ˈpɪɟanɟaɟaɾa] | See Pitjantjatjara dialect | ||
| Portuguese | Some Brazilian speakers | pedinte | [piˈɟ̟ĩc̟i̥] | 'beggar' | Corresponds to affricate allophone of /d/ before /i/ that is common in Brazil.[12] See Portuguese phonology |
| Sicilian | travagghju | [ʈɽɑ̝ˈväɟ.ɟʊ̠] or [ʈ͡ʂɑ̝ˈväɟ.ɟʊ̠] | 'job, task' | ||
| Slovak | ďaleký | [ˈɟ̟äɫe̞kiː] | 'far' | Alveolo-palatal.[13][14] See Slovak phonology | |
| Turkish | güneş | [ɟyˈne̞ʃ] | 'sun' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Vietnamese | North-central dialect | da | [ɟa˧] | 'skin' | See Vietnamese phonology |
| Wu | Taizhou dialect | 共/gion6 | [ɟyoŋ] | 'together' | |
Post-palatal
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan[15] | guix | [ˈɡ̟i̞ɕ] | 'chalk' | Allophone of /ɡ/ before front vowels when not preceded by a vowel.[15] See Catalan phonology | |
| English[16][17] | geese | 'geese' | Allophone of /ɡ/ before front vowels and /j/.[16][17] See English phonology | ||
| Greek[18] | μετάγγιση/metággisi | [me̞ˈtɐŋ̟ɟ̠is̠i] | 'transfusion' | Post-palatal.[18] See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Italian | Standard[19] | ghianda | [ˈɡ̟jän̪ːd̪ä] | 'acorn' | Post-palatal; allophone of /ɡ/ before /i, e, ɛ, j/.[19] See Italian phonology |
| Portuguese | amiguinho | [ɐmiˈɡ̟ĩɲu] | 'little buddy' | Allophone of /ɡ/ before front vowels. See Portuguese phonology | |
| Romanian[20] | ghimpe | [ˈɡ̟impe̞] | 'thorn' | Both an allophone of /ɡ/ before /i, e, j/ and the phonetic realization of /ɡʲ/.[20] See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian | Standard[21] | герб/gerb | [ɡ̟e̞rp] | 'coat of arms' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɡʲ⟩. See Russian phonology |
| Spanish[22] | guía | [ˈɡ̟i.ä] | 'guidebook' | Allophone of /ɡ/ before front vowels when not preceded by a vowel.[22] See Spanish phonology | |
| Yanyuwa[23] | [ɡ̠uɡ̟uɭu] | 'sacred' | Post-palatal.[23] Contrasts plain and prenasalized versions. | ||
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 162.
- ^ Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "post-palatal".
- ^ Newmark, Hubbard & Prifti (1982), p. 10.
- ^ Kolgjini (2004).
- ^ a b c Watson (2002), p. 16.
- ^ Recasens & Espinosa (2005), p. 1.
- ^ Recasens (2013), pp. 11–13.
- ^ Skarnitzl, Radek; Bartošová, Petra. "Výzkum lingvální artikulace pomocí elektropalatografie na příkladu českých palatálních exploziv" (PDF). Retrieved 25 October 2021.
- ^ Connell, Ahoua & Gibbon (2002), p. 100.
- ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 164.
- ^ a b Skjekkeland (1997), pp. 105–107.
- ^ "Palatalization in Brazilian Portuguese revisited". Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-04-06.
- ^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374.
- ^ Pavlík (2004), pp. 104.
- ^ a b Rafel (1999), p. 14.
- ^ a b Cruttenden (2014), p. 181.
- ^ a b Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
- ^ a b Arvaniti (2007), p. 20.
- ^ a b Canepari (1992), p. 62.
- ^ a b Sarlin (2014), p. 17.
- ^ Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015), p. 223.
- ^ a b Canellada & Madsen (1987), p. 20.
- ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 34–35.
References
edit- Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97–208, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.1365, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11
- Canellada, María Josefa; Madsen, John Kuhlmann (1987), Pronunciación del español: lengua hablada y literaria [Pronunciation of Spanish: spoken and literary language] (in Spanish), Madrid: Castalia, ISBN 978-8470394836
- Canepari, Luciano (1992), Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian pronunciation] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, ISBN 978-88-08-24624-0
- Connell, Bruce; Ahoua, Firmin; Gibbon, Dafydd (2002), "Ega", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 32 (1): 99–104, doi:10.1017/S002510030200018X
- Cruttenden, Alan (2014), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
- Kolgjini, Julie M. (2004), Palatalization in Albanian: An acoustic investigation of stops and affricates (Ph.D.), The University of Texas at Arlington
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
- Newmark, Leonard; Hubbard, Philip; Prifti, Peter R. (1982), Standard Albanian: A Reference Grammar for Students, Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-0-8047-1129-6
- Rafel, Joaquim (1999), Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional (PDF) (3rd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, ISBN 978-84-7283-446-0
- Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005), "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 1–25, doi:10.1017/S0025100305001878 (inactive 1 November 2024), S2CID 14140079
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) - Sarlin, Mika (2014) [First published 2013], "Sounds of Romanian and their spelling", Romanian Grammar (2nd ed.), Helsinki: Books on Demand GmbH, pp. 16–37, ISBN 978-952-286-898-5
- Skjekkeland, Martin (1997), Dei norske dialektane: Tradisjonelle særdrag i jamføring med skriftmåla (in Norwegian Nynorsk), Høyskoleforlaget (Norwegian Academic Press)
- Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
- Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (2): 221–228, doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395