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Horst Ademeit

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Horst Ademeit (8 February 1912 – 7 August 1944) was a German Luftwaffe fighter ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (German: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) during World War II.[1] Ademeit fought in the Battle of Britain and the Eastern Front where he was officially credited with 166 aerial victories before his disappearance during a mission over Latvia on 7 August 1944.

Horst Ademeit
Born(1912-02-08)8 February 1912
Breslau, German Empire
Died7 August 1944(1944-08-07) (aged 32)  (MIA)
disappeared near Dünaburg
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service / branchLuftwaffe
Years of service1936–44
RankMajor (majr)
UnitJG 54
CommandsI./JG 54
Battles / wars
See battles

World War II

AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves

Early life

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Horst Ademeit was born on 8 February 1912 in Breslau in the Kingdom of Prussia of the German Empire (present-day Wrocław, Poland) the son of Walter Ademeit, a Regierungsbaurat (government building officer). He studied chemistry at the Königsberg Albertina University and was a member of the Corps Masovia Königsberg. In 1933, he transferred to the Technische Hochschulen in Charlottenburg, Berlin (now Technische Universität Berlin) while his family had moved to nearby Potsdam, where his father was leading the construction of the Niederfinow Boat Lift.

On 1 August 1936, Ademeit joined the Luftwaffe as a reservist.[2] He graduated as Diplom Ingenieur from the Technische Hochschulen in Braunschweig (now Technische Universität Braunschweig) in 1938. On 9 December 1938, Ademeit was made an officer cadet of the reserves and received flight training.[2]

World War II

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In the spring of 1940, Unteroffizier Ademeit was transferred to 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing) Grünherz and participated in the Battle of Britain.[Note 1] He claimed his first aerial victory during the Battle of Britain on 18 September 1940. However, shortly afterwards he was shot down over the English Channel, bailing out and rescued by the Seenotdienst unharmed.

In June 1941, after the German invasion of Soviet Union, Ademeit accompanied I./JG 54 to the Eastern Front. In quick succession he achieved aerial victories, promotions and awards. On 7 March 1943, Ademeit was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 6. Staffel of JG 54, replacing Oberleutnant Hans Beißwenger who was killed in action the day before.[3] In October 1943, Ademeit was credited with his 100th aerial victory. He was the 61st Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.[4]

On 4 February 1944, Ademeit succeeded Hauptmann Walter Nowotny as Gruppenkommandeur (group commander of I. Gruppe of JG 54.[5] On 14 February, I. Gruppe moved to an airfield named Wesenberg near Rakvere, located approximately 60 kilometers (37 miles) north of Lake Peipus and 105 kilometers (65 miles) west of Narva. Here the Gruppe was subordinated to the 3. Flieger-Division (3rd Air Division) and fought in the Battle of Narva.[6]

Disappearance

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On 7 August 1944, Ademeit, flying a Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-5 (Werksnummer 5960 — factory number) led a flight of four Fw 190s to the combat area near Kreutzburg on the right bank of the Daugava, where they intecepted a flight of ten Ilyushin Il-2s and Yakovlev Yak-9 fighters at 15:17. His wingman, Gefreiter Biebrichter, later reported that Ademeit was last seen in pursuit of an Il-2 into a thick cloud of smoke.[7] He pursued the Il-2 eastwards near Dünaburg across the front line, but failed to return from this mission and was considered missing in action.[8]

Ademeit was succeeded by Hauptmann Franz Eisenach as commander of I. Gruppe.[9] Berlin radio announced his loss on 29 September 1944.[10] Ademeit was officially credited with 166 victories in over 600 missions over the Eastern Front. He was posthumously promoted to Major.[8]

Summary of career

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Aerial victory claims

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According to American historian David T. Zabecki, Ademeit was credited with 166 aerial victories.[11] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found documentation for 160 aerial victory claims, all of which confirmed and claimed on the Eastern Front.[12] The authors Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock list six further victories, aerial victories numbered 99–104, which were not documented by Mathews and Foreman, in the timeframe 18 September to 3 October 1943.[13]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 2525". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[14]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Ademeit an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Balke, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[15]
Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 5 December 1941
1 23 June 1941 10:13 SB-2 PQ 2525[16] 8 24 September 1941 10:11 I-15[17]?[Note 2]
2 6 July 1941 17:35 SB-3[16] 9 7 October 1941 16:25 MBR-2[18]
3 7 August 1941 18:13 I-16[19] 10 9 October 1941 07:47 I-26 (Yak-1)[18]
4 27 August 1941 19:00 I-16[17] 11 12 October 1941 09:57 U-2[18]
5 5 September 1941 17:35 I-26 (Yak-1)[17] 12 25 October 1941 13:27 I-18 (MiG-1)[18]
6 5 September 1941 18:04 R-5[17] 13 6 November 1941 12:42 Pe-2[20]
7 23 September 1941 13:17 I-153[17] 14 3 December 1941 12:11 I-16[20]
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[15]
Eastern Front — 6 December 1941 – 30 April 1942
15 8 January 1942 09:55 I-26 (Yak-1)[21] 18 7 February 1942 08:33 I-18 (MiG-1)[22]
16 8 January 1942 13:14 SB-2 Guijka[21] 19 16 February 1942 07:45 Il-2[22]
17 20 January 1942 11:23 I-26 (Yak-1)[21] 20 18 February 1942 13:15 I-16[22]
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[15]
Eastern Front — 1 May 1942 – 3 February 1943
21 5 May 1942 18:42 Yak-1 Leningrad[23] 29 9 September 1942 18:10?[Note 3] MiG-3 PQ 11802[24]
35 km (22 mi) northwest of Volkhov
22 10 May 1942 06:50 P-40 PQ 10621[23] 30 22 October 1942 07:35 I-153 PQ 11762[25]
over Lake Ladoga
23 12 May 1942 11:10 Yak-1 east of Possademkowo[23] 31 6 November 1942 08:22 P-40 northern Leningrad[25]
24 12 May 1942 11:15 Yak-1 PQ 10463[23] 32 16 December 1942 09:35 Pe-2 PQ 11852[26]
40 km (25 mi) northwest of Volkhov
25 29 May 1942 10:20 SB-3[27] 33 12 January 1943 09:20 Il-2 PQ 10151[28]
southeast of Shlisselburg
26 30 May 1942 05:32 MiG-3[27] 34 12 January 1943 14:08 Yak-1 PQ 10182[28]
vicinity of Shlisselburg
27 30 May 1942 18:34 P-40[27] 35 27 January 1943 09:30 Il-2 PQ 00294[29]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Mga
28 8 June 1942 15:25 P-40[27] 36 27 January 1943 14:40 LaGG-3 PQ 10123[29]
east of Shlisselburg
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[15]
Eastern Front — February 1943
37 11 February 1943 09:58 Il-2 PQ 36 Ost 00454[30]
15 km (9.3 mi) east-southeast of Sluzk 		42 22 February 1943 15:05 Il-2 PQ 36 Ost 10123[31]
east of Shlisselburg
38 11 February 1943 10:00 Il-2 PQ 36 Ost 00424[30]
Pushkin-Mga 		43 23 February 1943 07:05 Il-2 PQ 36 Ost 10151[31]
southeast of Shlisselburg
39 15 February 1943 07:50 LaGG-3 PQ 36 Ost 10483[30]
35 km (22 mi) northeast of Lyuban 		44 23 February 1943 11:15 La-5 PQ 36 Ost 10172[31]
25 km (16 mi) northeast of Leningrad
40 18 February 1943 09:35 La-5 PQ 36 Ost 10444[30]
30 km (19 mi) southeast of Mga 		45 27 February 1943 08:35 LaGG-3 PQ 36 Ost 10254[31]
30 km (19 mi) west-southwest of Shlisselburg
41 21 February 1943 13:25 La-5 PQ 36 Ost 10454[31]
40 km (25 mi) northeast of Lyuban
– 6. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[32]
Eastern Front — March – 31 December 1943
46 13 March 1943 15:16 R-5 PQ 36 Ost 20122, north of Wolchowstroj[33]
west of Volkhov 		73 2 August 1943 08:51 Yak-7 PQ 36 Ost 10184[34]
east of Mga
47 15 March 1943 15:55 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 18284[33]
30 km (19 mi) southeast of Staraya Russa 		74 2 August 1943 13:19 Yak-7 PQ 36 Ost 10161[34]
southeast of Shlisselburg
48 16 March 1943 15:20 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 18342[33]
20 km (12 mi) southeast of Staraya Russa 		75 2 August 1943 19:22 La-5 PQ 36 Ost 10354[34]
20 km (12 mi) southeast of Mga
49 19 March 1943 10:00 Il-2 PQ 36 Ost 00411[33]
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Pushkin 		76 7 August 1943 11:05 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 54818[34]
35 km (22 mi) west-southwest of Bolkhov
50 21 March 1943 12:03 La-5 PQ 36 Ost 00271[33]
15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Pushkin 		77 7 August 1943 14:02 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 54684[34]
20 km (12 mi) southwest of Bolkhov
51 23 March 1943 17:10 P-40 PQ 36 Ost 00412[33]
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Pushkin 		78 14 August 1943 05:00 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 45772[35]
15 km (9.3 mi) west-southwest of Kirov
52 25 March 1943 07:50 Yak-1 PQ 36 Ost 00283[33]
20 km (12 mi) west of Mga 		79 16 August 1943 13:28 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 45752, northwest of Kirov[35]
5 km (3.1 mi) northwest of Kirov
53 3 April 1943 18:15 Yak-1 PQ 36 Ost RD 57[33] 80 17 August 1943 08:52 Yak-9 PQ 35 Ost 44583[35]
20 km (12 mi) west of Karachev
54 1 June 1943 16:17 LaGG-3 PQ 36 Ost 21774[36]
30 km (19 mi) north of Volkhov 		81 17 August 1943 09:27 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 43663[35]
20 km (12 mi) southwest of Dmitrowsk
55 5 June 1943 12:13 LaGG-3 PQ 36 Ost 21752[36]
30 km (19 mi) north of Volkhov 		82 20 August 1943 06:22 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 43824[35]
15 km (9.3 mi) east-northeast of Sevsk
56 12 June 1943 11:25 La-5 PQ 26 Ost 90131[36]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Lomonossow 		83 21 August 1943 16:42 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 43853[35]
15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Sevsk
57 18 June 1943 17:15 LaGG-3 PQ 36 Ost 20174[37]
south of Volchov 		84 22 August 1943 06:22 P-39 PQ 35 Ost 4382[35]
58 18 June 1943 17:17 La-5 PQ 36 Ost 20421[37]
30 km (19 mi) southeast of Volkhov 		85 23 August 1943 10:00 P-39 PQ 35 Ost 43893[38]
30 km (19 mi) southeast of Sevsk
59 22 June 1943 19:22?[Note 4] LaGG-3 PQ 36 Ost 01751[37]
20 km (12 mi) north of Leningrad 		86 23 August 1943 18:35 P-39 PQ 35 Ost 43851[38]
15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Sevsk
60 12 July 1943 18:27?[Note 5] La-5 PQ 35 Ost 64863[37]
30 km (19 mi) southeast of Mtsensk 		87 24 August 1943 14:55 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 44472[38]
15 km (9.3 mi) east-southeast of Datkovo
61 13 July 1943 06:53 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 63293[37]
55 km (34 mi) southeast of Oryol 		88 28 August 1943 11:47 Yak-9 PQ 35 Ost 43674[38]
15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Sevsk
62 13 July 1943 06:54 Yak-7 PQ 35 Ost 63261[37]
55 km (34 mi) east-southeast of Oryol 		89 30 August 1943 14:21 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 35611[38]
25 km (16 mi) southeast of Yelnya
63 13 July 1943 06:56 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 63234[37]
40 km (25 mi) southeast of Mtsensk 		90 31 August 1943 06:47 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 35624[38]
20 km (12 mi) west-northwest of Spas-Demensk
64 13 July 1943 11:06 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 63283[37]
25 km (16 mi) southeast of Mtsensk 		91 31 August 1943 15:28 Yak-9 PQ 35 Ost 35582[38]
30 km (19 mi) south of Yelnya
65 14 July 1943 14:10 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 54353[40]
30 km (19 mi) southeast of Zhizdra 		92 31 August 1943 15:38 Yak-9 PQ 35 Ost 35384, southwest of Jelnja[38]
5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Yelnya
66 16 July 1943 18:45 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 63524[40]
15 km (9.3 mi) west-northwest of Maloarkhangelsk 		93 2 September 1943 12:30 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 35381[38]
5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Yelnya
67 17 July 1943 06:42 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 54474[40]
25 km (16 mi) west-northwest of Bolkhov 		94 4 September 1943 17:02 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 35374[41]
5 km (3.1 mi) southwest of Yelnya
68 21 July 1943 17:18 Pe-2 PQ 35 Ost 53462[40]
40 km (25 mi) south-southwest of Oryol 		95 4 September 1943 17:06 Yak-9 PQ 35 Ost 35371, west of Jelnja[41]
5 km (3.1 mi) southwest of Yelnya
69 28 July 1943 09:14 La-5 PQ 36 Ost 10154[34]
southeast of Shlisselburg 		96 5 September 1943 11:13 P-39 PQ 35 Ost 25631[41]
20 km (12 mi) southwest of Yelnya
70 28 July 1943 09:17 Yak-7 PQ 36 Ost 10331[34]
20 km (12 mi) east-southeast of Mga 		97 5 September 1943 13:28 Yak-9 PQ 35 Ost 26814[41]
20 km (12 mi) north-northwest of Yartsevo
71 28 July 1943 09:25 La-5 PQ 36 Ost 10334[34]
20 km (12 mi) east-southeast of Mga 		98 10 September 1943 10:50 Hurricane PQ 35 Ost 35372, northwest of Yelnya[41]
5 km (3.1 mi) southwest of Yelnya
72 31 July 1943 18:15 La-5 PQ 36 Ost 10243[34]
25 km (16 mi) east-southeast of Shlisselburg
According to Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock, Ademeit claimed aerial victories 99–104, which were not documented, in the timeframe 18 September to 3 October 1943.[13] These six claims are not listed by Mathews and Foreman.[12]
105 7 October 1943 16:12 La-5 southeast of Kotitschi[13]
southeast of Ashitka 		118♠ 12 October 1943 16:08 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 10131[42]
east of Shlisselburg
106 7 October 1943 16:14 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 01214[13]
Lake Ladoga 		119 13 October 1943 15:40 Yak-9 PQ 35 Ost 01334[42]
70 km (43 mi) northeast of Zelenogorsk
107 7 October 1943 16:19 La-5 west of Tchernin[13]
west of Tschermin 		120 14 October 1943 07:40 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 11512[42]
over Lake Ladoga
108 9 October 1943 11:32 Yak-9 PQ 35 Ost 01334[13]
70 km (43 mi) northeast of Zelenogorsk 		121 20 October 1943 14:11 Yak-9 PQ 35 Ost 01191[42]
109 10 October 1943 15:55 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 11781[13]
over Lake Ladoga 		122 20 October 1943 15:42 Yak-9 PQ 35 Ost 01391[42]
60 km (37 mi) northeast of Zelenogorsk
110 10 October 1943 16:15 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 10121[13]
east of Shlisselburg 		123 21 October 1943 07:12 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 11793[42]
25 km (16 mi) northeast of Shlisselburg
111 11 October 1943 10:12 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 01122[13] 124 21 October 1943 07:29 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 10111[42]
vicinity of Shlisselburg
112 11 October 1943 15:51 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 10121[42]
east of Shlisselburg 		125 21 October 1943 07:30 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 11773[42]
over Lake Ladoga
113♠ 12 October 1943 08:25 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 10122[42]
east of Shlisselburg 		126 21 October 1943 09:52 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 10124[42]
east of Shlisselburg
114♠ 12 October 1943 08:30 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 11784[42]
over Lake Ladoga 		127 12 December 1943 07:28 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 00154[43]
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Leningrad
115♠ 12 October 1943 10:43 Pe-2 PQ 35 Ost 11791[42]
over Lake Ladoga 		128 12 December 1943 07:30 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 01783[43]
10 km (6.2 mi) north of Leningrad
116♠ 12 October 1943 10:43 Pe-2 PQ 35 Ost 11791[42]
over Lake Ladoga 		129 15 December 1943 07:20 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 91393[43]
40 km (25 mi) southeast of Vyborg
117♠ 12 October 1943 11:22 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 11763[42]
over Lake Ladoga 		130 17 December 1943 08:08 Yak-9 PQ 35 Ost 00161[43]
– 6. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[44]
Eastern Front — 1 January – 3 February 1944
131 11 January 1944 14:00 Pe-2 PQ 26 Ost 80874[45]
40 km (25 mi) south-southeast of Narva 		135 15 January 1944 09:15 La-5?[Note 6] PQ 26 Ost 80821[45]
30 km (19 mi) southeast of Narva
132 14 January 1944 11:12?[Note 7] Il-2 PQ 26 Ost 80691[45]
35 km (22 mi) east-southeast of Narva 		136 15 January 1944 09:20 La-5 PQ 26 Ost 80824[45]
30 km (19 mi) southeast of Narva
133 15 January 1944 09:10 La-5 PQ 26 Ost 80831[45]
40 km (25 mi) southeast of Narva 		137 24 January 1944 14:14 La-5 PQ 26 Ost 80434[46]
Gulf of Finland, northeast of Hungerburg
134 15 January 1944 09:13 La-5 PQ 26 Ost 80822[45]
30 km (19 mi) southeast of Narva
– Stab I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[44]
Eastern Front — 4 February – 7 August 1944
138 7 February 1944 10:41 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 05132[47] 153 29 June 1944 19:47 P-39 PQ NS-8/1[48]
139 5 March 1944 09:27?[Note 8] La-5 PQ 26 Ost 70821[47]
25 km (16 mi) southwest of Narva 		154 2 July 1944 08:00 Pe-2 PQ OS-8/2[49]
140 5 March 1944 12:20 La-5 PQ 26 Ost 70832[47]
20 km (12 mi) southwest of Narva 		155 2 July 1944 10:48 P-39 PQ OS-6/4[49]
vicinity of Polotsk
141 5 March 1944 12:45 La-5 PQ 26 Ost 80574[47]
southwest of Narva 		156 2 July 1944 17:25 P-39 PQ OT-7/6[49]
northeast of Polotsk
142 9 March 1944 08:46 Il-2?[Note 9] PQ 26 Ost 70524[50]
45 km (28 mi) west of Hungerburg 		157 3 July 1944 12:35 Yak-9 PQ OS-4/3[49]
vicinity of Polotsk
143 9 March 1944 11:40 Il-2 PQ 26 Ost 80682[50]
30 km (19 mi) southwest of Narva 		158 3 July 1944 12:38 Yak-9 PQ OS-7/6[49]
vicinity of Polotsk
144 18 March 1944 15:43 La-5 PQ 26 Ost 70182[50]
50 km (31 mi) northeast of Kunda 		159 21 July 1944 09:21?[Note 10] Il-2 PQ OL-2/3[49]
145 19 March 1944 10:35 Yak-9 PQ 26 Ost 80573[50]
vicinity of Hungerburg 		160 21 July 1944 09:26 P-39 PQ NM-8/6[49]
146 23 March 1944 11:30?[Note 11] Yak-9 PQ 26 Ost 70593[50]
55 km (34 mi) southeast of Kunda 		161 21 July 1944 19:09?[Note 12] La-5 PQ NN-1/8[49]
147 28 March 1944 16:18?[Note 13] LaGG-3?[Note 13] PQ 25 Ost 89231[50]
80 km (50 mi) northeast of Opotschka 		162 22 July 1944 09:26 Yak-9 PQ NM-9/7[51]
148 30 March 1944 08:30 La-5 PQ 26 Ost 6025[50] 163 23 July 1944 14:17 Il-2 PQ NN-7/4[51]
vicinity of Daugavpils
149 21 April 1944 14:25 Yak-9 15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Narva[50] 164 23 July 1944 14:20 Yak-9 PQ NN-7/5[51]
vicinity of Daugavpils
150 28 May 1944 08:32 LaGG-3 PQ 26 Ost 70691[48]
15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Narva 		165 25 July 1944 13:58 P-39 PQ ON-6/6[51]
151 28 June 1944 08:12?[Note 14] P-39[48] 166 27 July 1944 15:50 Pe-2 PQ NN-7/5[51]
vicinity of Mitau
152 29 June 1944 04:18 Yak-9 PQ NR-5/3[48]

Awards

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ For an explanation of the meaning of Luftwaffe unit designation see Luftwaffe Organization
  2. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Polikarpov I-153.[15]
  3. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 18:30.[15]
  4. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 19:20.[39]
  5. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 18:20.[39]
  6. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Petlyakov Pe-2.[44]
  7. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 11:02.[44]
  8. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 09:07.[44]
  9. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Lavochkin La-5.[44]
  10. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 09:31.[44]
  11. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 11:26.[44]
  12. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 19:00.[44]
  13. ^ a b According to Mathews and Foreman claimed over a Lavochkin La-5 at 16:19.[44]
  14. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 08:52.[44]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Spick 1996, pp. 3–4.
  2. ^ a b Stockert 2007, p. 29.
  3. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 264.
  4. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 243.
  5. ^ Weal 2001, p. 118.
  6. ^ Prien et al. 2022, p. 315.
  7. ^ Bergström 2008, p. 81.
  8. ^ a b c Obermaier 1989, p. 60.
  9. ^ Prien et al. 2022, p. 375.
  10. ^ Associated Press, "Nazi Air Ace Lost", The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Saturday 30 September 1944, Volume 51, page 1.
  11. ^ Zabecki 2019, p. 329.
  12. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 5–7.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2012, p. 278.
  14. ^ Planquadrat.
  15. ^ a b c d e f Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 5.
  16. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003, p. 199.
  17. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2003, p. 202.
  18. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2003, p. 203.
  19. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 201.
  20. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003, p. 204.
  21. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2005, p. 199.
  22. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2005, p. 200.
  23. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2006, p. 85.
  24. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 93.
  25. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 94.
  26. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 95.
  27. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2006, p. 86.
  28. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 96.
  29. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 100.
  30. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2012, p. 169.
  31. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2012, p. 170.
  32. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 5–6.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2012, p. 270.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2012, p. 274.
  35. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2012, p. 275.
  36. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2012, p. 271.
  37. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2012, p. 272.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2012, p. 276.
  39. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 6.
  40. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2012, p. 273.
  41. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2012, p. 277.
  42. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Prien et al. 2012, p. 279.
  43. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2012, p. 282.
  44. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 7.
  45. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2022, p. 475.
  46. ^ Prien et al. 2022, p. 476.
  47. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2022, p. 380.
  48. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2022, p. 383.
  49. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2022, p. 384.
  50. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2022, p. 381.
  51. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2022, p. 385.
  52. ^ a b Thomas 1997, p. 2.
  53. ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 40.
  54. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 11.
  55. ^ a b Scherzer 2007, p. 188.
  56. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 113.
  57. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 79.

Bibliography

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