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Call and response is a form of interaction between a speaker and an audience in which the speaker's statements ("calls") are punctuated by responses from the listeners.[1] This form is also used in music, where it falls under the general category of antiphony.
African cultures
editIn some African cultures, call-and-response is a widespread pattern of democratic participation—in public gatherings, in the discussion of civic affairs, in religious rituals, as well as in vocal and instrumental musical expression (see call and response in music). African bondsmen and bondswomen in the Americas continued this practice over the centuries in various forms of expression—in religious observance; public gatherings; even in children's rhymes; and, most notably, in music in its multiple forms: blues, gospel, rhythm and blues, soul, jazz, hip-hop and go-go.[2] Many work songs sung on plantations by enslaved men and women also incorporate the call and response format. African-American women work songs incorporate the call and response format, a format that fosters dialogue. In contemporary African-American worship services, where call and response is pervasive, a pastor will call out to his congregants to engage an enthusiastic response. For example "Can I get an Amen?" or "Raise your hands and give Him praise!"
Call and response is derived from the historical African roots that served as the foundation for African American cultural traditions. The call and response format became a diasporic tradition, and it was part of Africans and African Americans creating a new, unique tradition in the United States.[3]
While slave masters encouraged conversion of slaves to Christianity, African slaves still practiced their own form of religious celebration, which was called Slave Christianity. But antiphony, a kind of call and response in Anglican worship, was also part of formal services in the South for centuries. African Americans put that tradition to their own use, as well as picking themes from Christianity that meant the most to them. It can be used throughout life.
Exploring call and response in Black Girls Game Song
editBlack Girls Game Song is a form of musical expression and cultural tradition that emerged from the African diaspora and continues to evolve in modern society.
Rooted in the experiences of Black girls and women, their game songs encompass a diverse range of practices, including hand clapping, cheers, double-dutch jump rope chants, and other forms of music making. In their playful pursuits, African-American girls demonstrate a fundamental complement of Black music-making: syncopated rhythms and intricate percussion ignite hand-clapping and foot stomping; call-and-response patterns that define the interplay of linguistic and musical doing between their voices and bodies during group play; and a strong emphasis on percussive elements permeates their singing or chanting[4].Through their playful activities, girls engage in a form of embodied storytelling. This play acts as a practice and performance, akin to mnemonic rituals, that contribute to the ongoing development of African American and Black musical identities.
Furthermore, the characteristics of Black Girls Play can broaden the definition of how call-and-response can be expressed. This includes its manifestation across various mediums, such as linguistic, musical, verbal, nonverbal, and dance.[5] This diverse range of expressions, empowered by Black Girls Play, provides the Black community with a potent avenue for voicing frustrations and embodies the enduring spirit of resistance and resilience in the face of historical and ongoing racial injustices.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Foster, Michèle (2001), "Pay Leon, Pay Leon, Pay Leon, Paleontologist: Using call-and-response to facilitate language mastery and literacy acquisition among African American Students", in Lanehart, Sonja (ed.), Sociocultural and Historical Contexts of African American English, Varieties of English Around the World, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, archived from the original on 2007-12-14
- ^ Stuckey, Sterling (2013). Slave Culture Nationalist Theory and the Foundations of Black America. Oxford University Press. pp. IX, XI, XX, 44, 106–107. ISBN 978-0-19-993167-5.
- ^ Epstein, Dena J, Sinful Tunes and Spirituals: Black Folk Music to the Civil War. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1977.
- ^ Gaunt, Kyra (2006). The Games Black Girls Play: Learning the Ropes from Double-Dutch to Hip-Hop. New York: NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-3273-1.
- ^ "CAL: Digests: Using Call-and-Response to Facilitate Language Mastery and Literacy Acquisition Among African American Students". 2007-12-14. Archived from the original on 2007-12-14. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
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