Wikipedia

Collaboration with the Islamic State

Collaboration with the Islamic State refers to the cooperation and assistance given by governments, non-state actors, and private individuals to the Islamic State (IS) during the Syrian Civil War, Iraqi Civil War, and Libyan Civil War.

Allegations of state support

edit

Israel

edit
See also: Israel and state-sponsored terrorism

The Syrian government and Iranian officials have accused Israel and the United States government of supporting ISIS by attacking Hezbollah and the Syrian Arab Army as well as arming and giving medical attention to the Islamic State.[1][2] In 2017, the Syrian Army reportedly found Israeli made artillery pieces at ISIL hideouts.[3] Israel strongly denied accusations of providing arms and medical support to ISIS.[4]

Moshe Ya’alon, former defense minister of Israel, has stated that ISIS apologized for a clash in November 2016. Communication with IS is illegal under Israeli law, and is considered to be contact with an enemy agent.[5]The IDF refused to comment further on the issue.[5]

According to Israeli daily Yedioth Ahronoth, Knesset member Aida Touma-Suleiman made the assertion – which, she said, were based on UN documents – that Israel purchased oil for IS: “These links have been well documented, with reports surfacing of oil purchases from the Islamic State, which the Israeli government headed by Benjamin Netanyahu has done".[6][better source needed]

Pakistan

edit
Main article: Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism

Former President of Afghanistan, Hamid Karzai accused Pakistan for supporting ISIS during interview with ANI that Afghanistan has evidence of Pakistan's support to ISIS. He added that there is no doubt to the above statement.[7]

Pakistan has strenuously denied accusations of providing arms and medical support to Islamic State fighters,[citation needed] despite medical ethics and international law supporting the provision of medical care for all wounded, including irregular combatants.[8]

Palestine

edit
See also: Hamas government in the Gaza Strip, Sinai insurgency § In the Gaza Strip, Public diplomacy of Israel, and Israeli public diplomacy in the Israel–Hamas war

Israeli public officials often accused the Palestinian government in Gaza (led by the Islamic Resistance Movement, Hamas) of collaborating with, or resembling ISIS. "Hamas is ISIS" was first asserted by Benjamin Netanyahu near the end of the 2014 Gaza War.[9] The comparison was criticized and mocked by some Israeli journalists.[10][9] Neyanyahu followed this by saying, “Hamas is ISIS and ISIS is Hamas”, in a 2014 speech at the United Nations.[11] In reference to this, the head of the Department of Political Science at Hebron University,[12] said it was "dangerous" to conflate Hamas and ISIS.[11] Israeli journalists pointed out that Hamas more closely resemble the Irgun and Lehi[13][14] more closely than Hamas resemble ISIS.[15]

Occasionally Egyptian public officials have accused Hamas of assisting ISIS in the Sinai, but in public the two groups had a violently hostile relationship.[16][17][18] Israeli Major General Yoav “Polly” Mordechai also accused people in Gaza of helping ISIS by providing medical care to people wounded in the Sinai conflict.[19] However, medical ethics and international law supports providing treatment for all wounded, including irregular combatants.[20]

In the first days of the Israeli attack on the Gaza Strip in 2023, The Jerusalem Post quoted Benjamin Netanyahu saying, “They are savages. Hamas is ISIS”, the article then highlighted some alleged similarities in the groups' influences identified by Dr. Harel Chorev (from the Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Tel Aviv University).[21] Netanyahu included this assertion in a public addresses in the United States made alongside Secretary Antony J. Blinken, in the first week of the Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip.[22] Netanyahu said, "Hamas is ISIS, and just as ISIS was crushed, so too will Hamas be crushed".[23]

International military experts and mainstream international media pointed out major differences, particularly relating to nationalism, Shia Islam, Christianity, democracy, and destruction of cultural heritage.[24][25][26][27] ISIS want a purely theocratic system of government without any element of democracy, and ISIS violently attack Christians, whereas Hamas participated in the 2006 Palestinian legislative election and the Hamas-led electoral list that won the election included a Palestinian Christian running for the Christian reserved seat in Gaza City.[28][29] Talal Abu Zarifa, a leader from the DFLP (a secular faction allied to Hamas), said Israel was using the comparison to "justify its annihilation of Palestinian people and bloodshed".[30]

A few commentators pointed out some commonalities, such as that both are on the list of designated terrorist groups in the United States,[31] and United Kingdom,[32] but still stressed the groups' very different ideological goals.[31] Only a few pro-government Israeli sources agreed that Hamas and ISIS are comparable.[33]

Qatar

edit
See also: Qatar and state-sponsored terrorism

Qatar has long been accused of acting as a conduit for the flow of funds to ISIL. While there is no proof that the Qatari government is involved in this movement of funds, it has been criticised for not doing enough to stem money sent by private donors in the country.[34][35] According to some reports, US officials believe that the largest portion of private donations supporting ISIS and al Qaeda-linked groups now comes from Qatar rather than Saudi Arabia.[36]

In August 2014, German minister Gerd Müller accused Qatar of having links to ISIL, stating: "You have to ask who is arming, who is financing ISIS troops. The keyword there is Qatar." Qatari Foreign Minister Khalid bin Mohammad Al Attiyah rejected this statement, saying: "Qatar does not support extremist groups, including [ISIL], in any way. We are repelled by their views, their violent methods and their ambitions."[37][38][39][40]

Saudi Arabia

edit
Main article: State-sponsored terrorism § Saudi Arabia
See also: Response of Saudi Arabia to the Islamic State, Salafi movement, and Wahhabism

In June 2014, former Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki accused the government of Saudi Arabia of funding ISIL.[41] The Saudi Arabian government rejected the claims.[42]

Some media outlets, such as NBC, the BBC, The New York Times, and the US-based think tank Washington Institute for Near East Policy have written about individual Saudi donations to the group and the Saudi state's decade-long sponsorship of Salafism and Wahhabism around the world, but concluded in 2014 that there was no evidence of direct Saudi state support for ISIL.[43][44]

In an August 2014 email leaked in the Podesta emails, apparently from former US Secretary of the United State Hillary Clinton to then counselor John Podesta, a memo states that the governments of both Saudi Arabia and Qatar "are providing clandestine financial and logistic support to ISIL and other radical Sunni groups in the region."[45][46][47]

Lebanese former minister Charbel Wehbe also accused Saudi Arabia of supporting ISIL.[48]

Syria

edit

Proportion of attacks by ISIL on other groups in Syria, during the period from March 2016 – April 2017 according to IHS Markit.[49]

  Syrian army (43%)
  Sunni rebels (40%)
  Syrian Dem. Forces (17%)

During the ongoing Syrian civil war, the Syrian opposition and some analysts have accused President Bashar al-Assad and the Syrian government of strategically releasing Islamist prisoners during the start of the Syrian crisis in an attempt to strengthen jihadist factions over other rebels.[50][51][52] The Syrian opposition have also accused Assad of having intelligence operatives within the ranks of ISIS,[53] and even directing ISIS attacks.[54][55] However, "despite repeated announcements by opposition figures", there exists "no solid evidence ... that the jihadists as a whole are controlled by the [Syrian] regime.[51]

The Assad government has also been accused of funding ISIL through oil purchases. Western officials stated in 2015 that the Syrian government and ISIS jointly ran a gas plant in Tabqah using intermediates to supply electricity to both government and ISIS-held areas.[56] A report in 2015 suggested that ISIL kept gas flowing to Assad regime-controlled power stations. Furthermore, ISIL allowed grain to pass from Rojava to government-controlled areas at the cost of a 25% levy.[57] ISIL defectors interviewed by academics in 2015 and 2016 reported being "disillusioned by... upsetting alliances that included the sale of wheat stores and oil to Assad, oil some of which later found its way into barrel bombs raining down on Syrian civilians."[58][59] This was confirmed in 2016 in Wall Street Journal reporting of documents extracted by US Special Forces in raids on ISIS operatives.[60][59] In 2017, US and European officials said that oil sales to the Syrian government were ISIL's largest source of revenue.[61][62]

An unpublished IHS Jane's Terrorism and Insurgency Center database analysis showed that only 6% of Syrian government forces attacks were targeted at ISIL from January to November 2014, while in the same period only 13% of all ISIL attacks targeted government forces.[63] Academics who interviewed ISIL defectors in 2015–16 said their interviewees "observed regime forces strangely giving up territory to ISIS without much of a fight, and even leaving their weapons for ISIS rather than destroying them."[58] Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi had disputed such assertions in 2014, arguing that "ISIS has a record of fighting the regime on multiple fronts", many rebel factions have engaged in oil sales to the Syrian regime because it is "now largely dependent on Iraqi oil imports via Lebanese and Egyptian third-party intermediaries", and while "the regime is focusing its airstrikes [on areas] where it has some real expectations of advancing" claims that it "has not hit ISIS strongholds" are "untrue". He concluded: "Attempting to prove an ISIS-regime conspiracy without any conclusive evidence is unhelpful, because it draws attention away from the real reasons why ISIS grew and gained such prominence: namely, rebel groups tolerated ISIS."[64] Similarly, Max Abrahms and John Glaser stated in the Los Angeles Times in December 2017 that "The evidence of Assad sponsoring Islamic State... was about as strong as for Saddam Hussein sponsoring Al Qaeda".[65] According to an April 2017 IHS Markit report, ISIS fought Syrian government forces more than any other opponent between April 1, 2016, and March 31, 2017: "43 percent of all Islamic State fighting in Syria was directed against President Assad's forces, 17 against the U.S.-backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) and the remaining 40 percent involved fighting rival Sunni opposition groups".[49]

Turkey

edit

The Turkish government has been criticised for allowing ISIL to use Turkish territory for logistics and channelling recruits.[66][67][68] It has also been accused of selling arms and intelligence to ISIL, as part of its campaign against the People's Protection Units (YPG).[69][70][71][72] That ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi's Syrian hideout was found just a few kilometers away from Turkey also raised suspicions whether Turkey was doing enough against ISIL.[73] Iraqi intelligence officers also claimed that they have observed several journeys by relatives of Al Baghdadi between Syria and Turkey.[74][75] Turkey denies the allegations of assisting ISIL, pointing to multiple terrorist attacks ISIL has committed against civilians in Turkey, as well as multiple military confrontations between ISIL and the Turkish government.[70] The Kurdistan Democratic Party in Iraq similarly deny the claim that Turkey is providing aid to ISIL.[69] According to an intelligence adviser quoted by Seymour Hersh, a "highly classified assessment" carried out by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) and the Joint Chiefs of Staff in 2013 concluded that Turkey had effectively transformed the secret U.S. arms program in support of moderate rebels, who no longer existed, into an indiscriminate program to provide technical and logistical support for al-Nusra Front and ISIL.[76]

United States

edit
Main article: United States and state-sponsored terrorism

Rand Paul, a junior U.S. Senator from Kentucky, has accused the U.S. government of indirectly supporting ISIL in the Syrian Civil War, by arming their allies and fighting their enemies in that country.[77] After the September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid in which U.S led coalition air strikes reportedly killed at least 62 Syrian Arab army soldiers fighting against ISIS, Russia and Syria accused the U.S government of intentionally providing ISIS with air support. The U.S government denied the accusations and called the air strikes an accident caused by misidentification of SAA ground forces as ISIL fighters.[78][79] Donald Trump has claimed that Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton "[were] the founder[s] of ISIS".[80] The White House did not comment on Trump's accusation.[81] Former president of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai also claimed ISIS is a tool of the United States. He also asserted he can't differentiate the US and ISIS.[82][83] On June 13, 2024, Robert F. Kennedy Jr., the 2024 independent presidential candidate of the US presidential election, said during his foreign policy program speech: "We created ISIS".[84]

Medical care

edit
See also: First Geneva Convention

Medical ethics and international law supports providing treatment for all wounded, including irregular combatants.[85]

Serious concerns have been raised about the implications of penalizing medical workers or organizations for providing medical care to people who have been categorized as terrorists, "...counterterrorism policies reject the fundamental premises on which the IHL protections for the wounded and sick are based".[86]

In Islamic State territory

edit

Iraq

edit

"Do I regret it? I don't know if I'd use that word. They had become the government and we now worked for them. We wanted to work so we could get paid."

Suleiman al-Afari, Iraqi scientist who helped ISIL in producing chemical weapons (sentenced to death at the time of the interview)[87]

Sunni Arabs in Iraq have been accused of collaborating with ISIL against Assyrians, and Yazidis, and Shias. ISIL marked Christian homes with the letter nūn for Naṣārā[88][89] and Shia homes with the letter rāʾ for Rāfiḍa, a derogatory term used to describe Shias by some Sunni Muslims. Properties were confiscated and given to local ISIL supporters or foreign fighters.[90] Local Sunnis were reported to have betrayed Yazidis once ISIL arrived, or colluded in advance to lure them into staying put until the ISIL invaded.[91]

57 members of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region participated in the massacre of at least 1,566 Shia cadets from the Iraqi Air Force on June 12, 2014.[92][93]

Syria

edit

In response to the effort to take Raqqa by the Syrian Democratic Forces, whose main component is the Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG), some Syrian Arabs in Raqqa sided with the Islamic State.[94]

Groups expressing support for ISIL

edit

The Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium (TRAC) has identified 60 jihadist groups in 30 countries that have pledged allegiance to or support for ISIL as of mid-November 2014. That many of these groups were previously affiliated with al-Qaeda suggests a shift in global jihadist leadership towards ISIL.[95]

Members of the following groups have declared support for ISIL, either fully or in part:

Foreign nationals

edit
See also: Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars

A United Nations report from May 2015 showed that 25,000 "foreign terrorist fighters" from 100 countries had joined "Islamist" groups, many of them working for ISIL or al-Qaeda.[115] The US-trained commander of Tajikistan's Interior Ministry OMON police special forces, Gulmurod Khalimov, has been raised to the rank of "Minister of War" within the Islamic State.[116][117]

One of the most prominent commanders of ISIL in Syria, Abu Omar al-Shishani, served previously as a sergeant in the Georgian Army before being medically discharged, later imprisoned, becoming radicalized, then fleeing the country.[118]

A 2015 report by the Program on Extremism at George Washington University found 71 individuals charged in the United States with supporting ISIL, 250 travelling or attempting to travel to Syria or Iraq from the United States to join ISIL, and about 900 active domestic ISIL-related investigations.[119]

An October 2016 World Bank study found that "ISIL's foreign fighters are surprisingly well-educated."[120] Using the fighters' self-reported educational levels, the study concluded that "69% of recruits reported at least a secondary-level education"[120] of which "a large fraction have gone on to study at university"[121] and also that "only 15% of recruits left school before high school; less than 2% are illiterate."[120][121] The study also found that foreign fighters are often more educated than their countrymen where those "from Europe and in Central Asia have similar levels of education to their countrymen" while those "from the Middle East, North Africa, and South and East Asia are significantly more educated than what is typical in their home nations."[120] The report notes that its conclusions that terrorism is not driven by poverty and low levels of education which conforms with previous research.[120] However, the report did find a strong correlation "between a country's male unemployment rate and the propensity of the country to supply foreign fighters".[120] Many European countries have allowed their citizens that joined ISIL to be prosecuted by Iraq.[122]

Australia

edit

In August 2018, Australia stripped the Australian citizenship from five terrorists who had travelled to fight with the Islamic State and barred them from entering Australia again.[123] This was only possible because they had double citizenships because international law stops the measure from being used on individuals with only one citizenship. The five brought the total to six.[124]

Belgium

edit

Up to 2018, an estimated 450 individuals had travelled from Belgium to join the civil war in Syria and Iraq.[125] Of those, 75 were linked to the Sharia4Belgium network.[126] In July 2018, courts announced that Belgium had no obligation to bring children of Islamic State members to Belgium.[127]

Denmark

edit

In November 2017, Denmark stripped a Turkish man of his Danish citizenship after having been sentenced for terror offenses related to the Islamic State, which left him with a citizenship of Turkey.[128]

France

edit

Up to 2018, an estimated 1700 individuals had travelled from France to join the civil war in Syria and Iraq.[125]

French nationals who were involved in the Yazidi genocide were prosecuted in France.[129]

Germany

edit

Up to 2018, an estimated 940 individuals had travelled from Germany to join the civil war in Syria and Iraq.[125]

India

edit
See also: Foreign fighters in the Syrian Civil War and War in Iraq § India, and Territory of the Islamic State § India

Up to 2019, about a 100 Indian nationals had joined the IS in Syria and Afghanistan while 155 individuals had been arrested for IS-related connections. Many of these came from the southern Indian state of Kerala and also from Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra. These numbers are considered relatively low despite India having the third-largest population of Muslims [as of 2020]. The limited involvement of Indian Muslim fighters in calls for global jihad was also observed during the Soviet–Afghan War, and various reasons have been given for this. These include the limited influence of Salafi-Wahabbism in India, inability of IS sympathizers in India to travel to IS controlled territories due to logistical factors and poverty among Indian Muslims, the existing presence of Pakistani militant groups such as Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Muhammad with which the IS is in open strife, and the opposition of Indian Islamic leadership to such groups (with 70,000 Barelvi clerics issuing a fatwa condemning IS and similar organisations in 2015).[130][131]

Netherlands

edit

The Parliament of Netherlands voted in 2016 for legislation to strip Dutch citizens who join ISIL or al Qaeda abroad of their citizenship, also if they have not been convicted of any crime.[132] The law can only be applied to individuals with double citizenship. Justice Minister Ard van der Steur stated the legal changes were necessary to stop jihadists from returning to the Netherlands.[133] In September 2017, four jihadists were stripped of their citizenship.[134]

In the 2012 to November 2018 period, more than 310 individuals had travelled from the Netherlands to the conflict in Syria and Iraq. Of those 85 had been killed and 55 returned to the Netherlands. Of the surviving Dutch foreign fighters in the region, 135 are fighters in the conflict zone and three-quarters are members of ISIL. The remaining quarter have joined Al-Qaeda affiliated groups such as Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham or Tanzim Hurras al-Deen.[135]

Palestine

edit
See also: Sinai insurgency § In the Gaza Strip

Men from the Gaza Strip who joined ISIS during the Sinai insurgency were shunned by the community and disowned by their families.[136]

Sweden

edit
Main article: Swedish foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi civil wars

Up to 2018, an estimated 300 individuals had travelled from Sweden to join the civil war in Syria.[125] In March 2018 Kurdish authorities reported they had captured 41 IS supporters with either Swedish citizenship or residence permit in Sweden, of which 5 had key positions in the organisation and one was the head of the ISIL propaganda efforts.[137]

United Kingdom

edit

Cabinet minister William Hague stated in 2014 that up to 400 British citizens had joined ISIL.[138] The government instituted a practice where if those who had joined had double citizenships were stripped of their British citizenship to prevent them from arriving back in the UK. By 2017, 150 individuals had been stripped of citizenship and were thus unable to enter the United Kingdom again.[139] Some relevant cells from UK were The Beatles cell known for having carried out beheadings of journalists and aid workers in Iraq and Syria. The "Britani Brigade Bangladeshi Bad Boys" were a group of five British Bangladeshis from Portsmouth, who moved to Syria in September 2013. The CCTV of the Gatwick airport watched the five men walking towards their flight.[140] The cell was led by Ifthekar Jaman, (a.k.a. Abu Abdurrahman al-Britani) who was killed in December 2013 in an encounter against loyalist forces to the Syrian government.[140][141][142] With the pass of the war the other members were dying in combat, and it was not until July 26, 2015, the last member of the cell (Azzam Uzzaman) were killed in action confirmed by the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence,[140][143][144]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ "Iran's president says Israel 'undoubtedly' backing Islamic State in Syria". Times of Israel. September 25, 2019.
  2. ^ Baker, Aryn (July 19, 2014). "Why Iran Believes the Militant Group ISIS Is an American Plot". Time. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  3. ^ "Syrian army claims to find Israeli-made weapons in IS hideouts". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. October 17, 2017. Retrieved October 8, 2024.
  4. ^ Ahronheim, Anna (April 13, 2017). "Syrian representative to the UN: Israel has directly supported ISIS". The Jerusalem Post.
  5. ^ a b Gross, Judah Ari (April 24, 2017). "Ex-defense minister says IS 'apologized' to Israel for November clash". The Times of Israel.
  6. ^ Raouf Arnaout, Abdel (February 14, 2018). "Israel 'collaborating' with Daesh: Arab Knesset member". Anadolu Ajansı. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  7. ^ "No doubt on Pakistan's role in supporting ISIS: Hamid Karzai – ANI News – YouTube". www.youtube.com. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
  8. ^ Davis, Michael (October 13, 2009). "Terrorists are Just Patients". The American Journal of Bioethics. 9 (10): 56–57. doi:10.1080/15265160903167138. ISSN 1526-5161. PMID 19998092. There is nothing in the Convention that forbids governments from so treating them. One advantage of so treating terrorists is being able to hold them until the end of hostilities.
  9. ^ a b Larry Derfner (August 24, 2014). "No, Hamas isn't ISIS, ISIS isn't Hamas". +972 Magazine. Retrieved October 9, 2024. … if anybody accuses me of defending Hamas in what I'm about to write, I accuse them in turn of supporting the war in Gaza because they enjoy seeing Palestinian children killed. One claim is as fair as the other.
  10. ^ Reider, Dimi (August 21, 2014). "Netanyahu tweets Foley execution shot to score points against Hamas". +972 Magazine. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  11. ^ a b https://al-shabaka.org/briefs/why-its-dangerous-to-conflate-hamas-and-daesh/
  12. ^ "Belal Shobaki". Al-Shabaka. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  13. ^ https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2016-05-02/ty-article/.premium/hamas-and-the-irgun-how-dare-i-compare-the-two/0000017f-f73b-d318-afff-f77bf9ca0000
  14. ^ Derfner, Larry (August 24, 2014). "No, Hamas isn't ISIS, ISIS isn't Hamas". +972 Magazine. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  15. ^ Derfner, Larry (August 24, 2014). "No, Hamas isn't ISIS, ISIS isn't Hamas". +972 Magazine. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  16. ^ https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-guard-killed-in-suicide-bombing-at-gaza-border/
  17. ^ "Islamic State in Sinai declares war on Hamas in gruesome execution video". The Times of Israel. January 4, 2018. Archived from the original on October 9, 2024.
  18. ^ "Gaza explosions: 'Suicide bombers' kill three police officers". August 28, 2019. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  19. ^ Omer-Man, Michael Schaeffer (July 5, 2015). "Why is Israel concocting ties between Hamas and ISIS?". +972 Magazine. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  20. ^ Davis, Michael (October 13, 2009). "Terrorists are Just Patients". The American Journal of Bioethics. 9 (10): 56–57. doi:10.1080/15265160903167138. ISSN 1526-5161. PMID 19998092. There is nothing in the Convention that forbids governments from so treating them. One advantage of so treating terrorists is being able to hold them until the end of hostilities.
  21. ^ "'Hamas is ISIS': Here's how we know". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. October 10, 2023. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  22. ^ "Secretary Antony J. Blinken and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu After Their Meeting". United States Department of State. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  23. ^ "Secretary Antony J. Blinken and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu After Their Meeting". United States Department of State. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  24. ^ Christopher Anzalone (December 2023). "Excommunicating Hamas Why Differences between Globalist and Nationalist Armed Islamist Groups Matter". MES Insights. 14 (6). www.usmcu.edu Marine Corps University - Middle East Studies. ISSN 2831-2872. Retrieved November 25, 2024.
  25. ^ "Israel likens Hamas to the Islamic State group. But the comparison misses the mark in key ways". AP News. November 29, 2023. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  26. ^ Marks, Monica (October 30, 2023). "Hamas Is Not ISIS. Here's Why That Matters". TIME. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  27. ^ https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2023/11/21/hamas-isis-are-not-the-same-00128107
  28. ^ "Christian candidate on Hamas ticket". Al Jazeera. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  29. ^ "Hamas boosts image by backing Christian candidate". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. January 24, 2006. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  30. ^ "Israel likens Hamas to Daesh/ISIS to justify its crimes: Left-wing Palestinian leader". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  31. ^ a b Williams, Brian Glyn (December 14, 2023). "Is Hamas the same as ISIS, the Islamic State group? No − and yes". The Conversation. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  32. ^ "#HamasisISIS?: Assessing the campaign comparing proscribed groups". ISD. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  33. ^ Zinman, Dr Galit Truman (October 31, 2023). "Hamas Is ISIS". Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  34. ^ Boghardt, Lori Plotkin (August 31, 2014). "Qatar and ISIS Funding: The U.S. Approach". The Washington Institute. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
  35. ^ "Islamic State: Where does jihadist group get its support?". BBC. September 1, 2014. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
  36. ^ Boghardt, Lori Plotkin (October 6, 2014). "Qatar Is a U.S. Ally. They Also Knowingly Abet Terrorism. What's Going On?". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
  37. ^ Martin, Michelle; McDowall, Angus; Bakr, Amena (August 20, 2014). Heinrich, Mark (ed.). "German minister accuses Qatar of funding Islamic State fighters". Reuters. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
  38. ^ Taylor, Guy (December 10, 2014). "Qatar allows money to flow to Islamic State, other terrorists: report". The Washington Times. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
  39. ^ "Who funds ISIS? Qatar and state-sponsoring allegations". Security Observer. December 23, 2014. Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
  40. ^ "Qatar denies backing Islamic State group". Al Jazeera. August 24, 2014. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
  41. ^ Parker, Ned; Ireland, Louise (March 9, 2014). "Iraqi PM Maliki says Saudi, Qatar openly funding violence in Anbar". Reuters.
  42. ^ Black, Ian (June 19, 2014). "Saudi Arabia rejects Iraqi accusations of Isis support". The Guardian. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
  43. ^ Husain, Ed (August 22, 2014). "ISIS Atrocities Started With Saudi Support For Salafi Hate". The New York Times.
  44. ^ Boghardt, Lori Plotkin (June 23, 2014). "Saudi Funding of ISIS". Washington Institute.
  45. ^ Schwartz, Mattathias (October 13, 2016). "Hillary Clinton acknowledges Saudi terror financing in hacked email, hinting at tougher approach". The Intercept.
  46. ^ McKernan, Bethan (October 11, 2016). "Hillary Clinton 'thinks Saudi Arabia funds Isis', leaked document claims". The Independent. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
  47. ^ "Boris Johnson's Saudi Arabia comments slapped down by PM but Hillary Clinton, German intelligence and the UN expressed similar views". BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. December 8, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
  48. ^ Bassam, Laila; El Dahan, Maha (May 18, 2021). Birsel, Robert (ed.). "Lebanese president seeks to avert crisis with Gulf over minister's comments". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
  49. ^ a b "Study Shows Islamic State's Primary Opponent in Syria Is Government Forces, IHS Markit Says". IHS Markit. April 19, 2017.
  50. ^ Speakwell Cordall, Simon (June 21, 2014). "How Syria's Assad Helped Forge ISIS". Newsweek.
  51. ^ a b Neumann, Peter (April 3, 2014). "LRB · Peter Neumann · Suspects into Collaborators: Assad and the Jihadists". London Review of Books. 36 (7). Retrieved October 29, 2018.
  52. ^ Salloum, Raniah (October 10, 2013). "From Jail to Jihad: Former Prisoners Fight in Syrian Insurgency – International". Spiegel. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
  53. ^ "Has Assad infiltrated rebel forces inside Syria?". Channel Four News. April 24, 2014. Retrieved March 8, 2015.
  54. ^ Bar'el, Zvi (June 3, 2015). "Assad's cooperation with ISIS could push U.S. into Syria conflict". Haaretz. Retrieved June 4, 2015. Salim Idris, defense minister in the rebels' provisional government, said approximately 180 Syrian Army officers are currently serving with ISIS and coordinating the group's military operations with the army.
  55. ^ Barnard, Anne (June 2, 2015). "Assad's Forces May Be Aiding New ISIS Surge". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 16, 2023. Retrieved June 5, 2015.
  56. ^ Blair, David (March 7, 2015). "Oil middleman between Syria and Isil is new target for EU sanctions". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
  57. ^ Philps, Alan (June 25, 2015). "Rebels are close to Raqqa – but what happens next?". The National. Abu Dhabi, UAE. Retrieved August 20, 2015.
  58. ^ a b Speckhard, Anne; Yayla, Ahmet S. (2017). "The ISIS Emni: Origins and Inner Workings of ISIS's Intelligence Apparatus". Perspectives on Terrorism. 11 (1). Terrorism Research Institute: 2–16. ISSN 2334-3745. JSTOR 26297733. Retrieved September 22, 2023.
  59. ^ a b "ISIS's Revenues include Sales of Oil to the al-Assad Regime – Icsve". Icsve. April 27, 2016. Retrieved September 22, 2023.
  60. ^ Faucon, Benoit; Coker, Margaret (April 24, 2016). "The Rise and Deadly Fall of Islamic State's Oil Tycoon". WSJ. Retrieved September 22, 2023.
  61. ^ Solomon, Feliz (January 20, 2017). "Oil and Gas Sales to Assad Are Now ISIS' Largest Source of Funds". Fortune. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
  62. ^ Faucon, Benoit; Omran, Ahmed Al (January 19, 2017). "Islamic State Steps Up Oil and Gas Sales to Assad Regime". WSJ. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
  63. ^ Vinograd, Cassandra; Omar, Ammar Cheikh (December 11, 2014). "Syria, ISIS Have Been 'Ignoring' Each Other on Battlefield, Data Suggests". NBC. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
  64. ^ Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad (February 11, 2014). "The Assad Regime and Jihadis: Collaborators and Allies?". Middle East Forum. Retrieved March 8, 2015.
  65. ^ Abrahms, Max; Glaser, John (December 10, 2017). "The pundits were wrong about Assad and the Islamic State. As usual, they're not willing to admit it". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
  66. ^ Phillips, David L. (September 11, 2014). "Research Paper: ISIS-Turkey Links". Huffington Post. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
  67. ^ Bodette, Meghan (September 9, 2018). "ISIS intelligence figure captured by YPG: "things were facilitated by Turkish intelligence"". The Region. Archived from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
  68. ^ Graeber, David (November 18, 2015). "Turkey could cut off Islamic State's supply lines. So why doesn't it?". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media Limited. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
  69. ^ a b Zaman, Amberin (June 10, 2014). "Syrian Kurds continue to blame Turkey for backing ISIS militants". Al-Monitor. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
  70. ^ a b Wilgenburg, Wladimir van (August 6, 2014). "Kurdish security chief: Turkey must end support for jihadists". Al-Monitor. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
  71. ^ Cockburn, Patrick (November 6, 2014). "Whose side is Turkey on?". London Review of Books. 36 (21): 8–10. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
  72. ^ Norton, Ben (June 30, 2016). "Turkey's "double game" on ISIS and support for extremist groups highlighted after horrific Istanbul attack". Salon.com. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
  73. ^ Ünker, Pelin; Bellut, Daniel (November 5, 2019). "Turkey and 'Islamic State' — is Ankara doing enough?". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
  74. ^ Moore, Jack (November 6, 2019). "Abu Bakr Al Baghdadi's brother travelled in and out of Istanbul as his courier for months". The National. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
  75. ^ Chulov, Martin (October 27, 2019). "Nowhere left to run: how the US finally caught up with Isis leader Baghdadi". the Guardian. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
  76. ^ Hersh, Seymour Hersh (January 7, 2016). "Military to Military". London Review of Books. 38 (1): 11–14. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
  77. ^ Shabad, Rebeca (June 22, 2014). "Paul: ISIS emboldened after US armed its allies in Syria". The Hill.
  78. ^ Almasy, Steve; Starr, Barbara; Roth, Richard (September 17, 2016). "Russia: Coalition strike kills Syrian forces". CNN. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
  79. ^ "Syria conflict: US air strikes 'kill dozens of government troops'". BBC News. September 18, 2016. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
  80. ^ Pager, Tyler (October 8, 2016). "Trump: Obama 'is the founder of ISIS'". POLITICO. Retrieved December 15, 2020.
  81. ^ "Donald Trump accuses Obama of being 'founder of ISIL'". aljazeera. August 11, 2016.
  82. ^ "War in Afghanistan: Former President Hamid Karzai Claims There Is No Difference Between ISIS and America". Newsweek. April 21, 2017. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
  83. ^ "US aids ISIS, says Afghanistan's former president | Fox News". Fox News. January 4, 2019. Archived from the original on January 4, 2019. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
  84. ^ Novelo, Allison. "RFK Jr. offers foreign policy views on Ukraine, Israel, vows to halve military spending". CBS News. Retrieved June 13, 2024.
  85. ^ Davis, Michael (October 13, 2009). "Terrorists are Just Patients". The American Journal of Bioethics. 9 (10): 56–57. doi:10.1080/15265160903167138. ISSN 1526-5161. PMID 19998092. There is nothing in the Convention that forbids governments from so treating them. One advantage of so treating terrorists is being able to hold them until the end of hostilities.
  86. ^ "6 – Conclusion". HLS PILAC. Harvard University, United States. August 24, 2015. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
  87. ^ Joby Warrick (January 21, 2019). "Exclusive: Iraqi scientist says he helped ISIS make chemical weapons". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 14, 2019.
  88. ^ "Iraqi Christians flee after Isis issue Mosul ultimatum". BBC News. August 7, 2014. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
  89. ^ Loveluck, Louisa (August 7, 2014). "Christians flee Iraq's Mosul after Islamists tell them: convert, pay or die". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on July 30, 2014. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
  90. ^ "Iraq: ISIS Abducting, Killing, Expelling Minorities". Human Rights Watch. July 19, 2014. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
  91. ^ Ahmed, Azam (August 27, 2014). "For Yazidis Betrayed by Arab Neighbors, 'It Will Never Be the Same'". New York Times. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
  92. ^ "ISIS, Saddam's men or a third party who killed 1700 soldiers in camp Speicher in Iraq?" (in Arabic). CNN Arabic. September 10, 2014. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
  93. ^ "New Secrets are revealed about the Speicher massacre in Iraq". Al Fajr (in Arabic). Archived from the original on September 13, 2014. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
  94. ^ Wedeman, Ben (May 25, 2016). "ISIS or Kurds? Arabs wonder which is worse". CNN. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
  95. ^ Mohammed, Riyadh (November 16, 2014). "ISIS Beheads Another American As 60 New Terror Groups Join". The Fiscal Times. Retrieved November 28, 2014.
  96. ^ "ISIS accepts Boko Haram pledge, says would-be recruits can go to Nigeria". CBC News. Associated Press. March 13, 2015.
  97. ^ Arfaoui, Jamel (July 8, 2014). "Tunisia: Ansar Al-Sharia Tunisia Spokesman Backs Isis". Tunis, Tunisia: AllAfrica. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
  98. ^ Abdallah Suleiman Ali (July 3, 2014). "Global jihadists recognize Islamic State". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on February 23, 2015. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
  99. ^ Chikhi, Lamine (September 14, 2014). "Splinter group breaks from al Qaeda in North Africa". Reuters. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
  100. ^ al-Ghoul, Asmaa (February 27, 2014). "Gaza Salafists pledge allegiance to ISIS". Al-Monitor. Gaza City, Gaza Strip. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
  101. ^ a b Witular, Rendi A. (August 13, 2014). "Sons, top aides abandon Ba'asyir over ISIL, form new jihadist group". The Jakarta Post.
  102. ^ Rottenberg, Chris (2012). "Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid, The Perpetual threat" (PDF). Osgood Center for International Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
  103. ^ "Uzbek militants declare support for Islamic State". Dawn. Agence France-Presse. October 7, 2014. Retrieved May 25, 2015. 'Hereby, on behalf of all members of our movement, in line with our sacred duties, I declare that we are in the same ranks with the Islamic State in this continued war between Islam and [non-Muslims],' Usman Gazi wrote in an online statement on Sept 26.
  104. ^ "IMU Declares It Is Now Part Of The Islamic State". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. August 6, 2015. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
  105. ^ "Pakistan Taliban splinter group vows allegiance to Islamic State". Reuters. November 18, 2014.
  106. ^ Vatchagaev, Mairbek (February 13, 2015). "Caucasus Emirate and Islamic State Split Slows Militant Activities in North Caucasus". Eurasia Daily Monitor. Vol. 12, no. 29. The Jamestown Foundation.
  107. ^ Fuller, Liz (January 2, 2015). "Six North Caucasus Insurgency Commanders Transfer Allegiance To Islamic State". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
  108. ^ "What Caused the Demise of the Caucasus Emirate?". Jamestown. Jamestown Foundation. June 18, 2015.
  109. ^ Levy, Rachael (June 9, 2014). "ISIS: We Are Operating in Gaza". Vocative. Archived from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
  110. ^ "Terror acts could occur in Australia: Abbott". The Australian. August 21, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2019.
  111. ^ Zavadski, Katie (November 23, 2014). "ISIS Now Has a Network of Military Affiliates in 11 Countries Around the World". New York. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
  112. ^ Emasquel II, Paterno (September 17, 2014). "Philippines condemns, vows to 'thwart' ISIS". Rappler. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  113. ^ "BIFF, Abu Sayyaf pledge allegiance to Islamic State jihadists". GMA News Online. Quezon City, Philippines: GMA Network. Agence France-Presse. August 16, 2014. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
  114. ^ "Ini Video Dukungan FPI ke ISIS". Detik.com (in Indonesian). December 30, 2020.
  115. ^ Burke, Jason (May 26, 2015). "Islamist fighters drawn from half the world's countries, says UN". The Guardian. Archived from the original on May 26, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  116. ^ "Isis: US-trained Tajik special forces chief Gulmurod Khalimov becomes Isis 'war minister'". International Business Times. September 6, 2016.
  117. ^ Solovyov, Dmitry (May 28, 2015). "Commander of elite Tajik police force defects to Islamic State". Reuters.
  118. ^ Mroue, Bassem (July 2, 2014). "Chechen in Syria a rising star in extremist group". Washington Examiner. Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014.
  119. ^ "ISIS in America". Center for Cyber & Homeland Security. George Washington University. Archived from the original on December 27, 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
  120. ^ a b c d e f Mohdin, Aamna (October 6, 2016). "ISIL's foreign fighters are surprisingly well-educated, according to the World Bank". Quartz. Retrieved October 18, 2016.
  121. ^ a b Economic and Social Inclusion to Prevent Violent Extremism (PDF). MENA Economic Monitor (Report). World Bank Middle East and North Africa Region. October 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 7, 2016.
  122. ^ Magid, Pesha (June 15, 2019). "How Europe Is Handing Off Its ISIS Militants to Iraq". Foreign Policy.
  123. ^ Borys, Stephanie; Yaxley, Louise (August 9, 2018). "Islamic State involvement sees five Australian terrorists stripped of citizenship". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
  124. ^ "Five Islamic State terrorists stripped of Australian citizenship". The Sydney Morning Herald. August 9, 2018. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
  125. ^ a b c d Vidino, Lorenzo (2018). Lorenzo Vidino (ed.). De-Radicalization in the Mediterranean – Comparing Challenges and Approaches (PDF). Milan, Italy: ISPI. p. 14. ISBN 978-8-8670-5819-8.
  126. ^ Van Ostaeyen, Pieter (June 16, 2016). "Belgian Radical Networks and the Road to the Brussels Attacks". CTC Sentinel. 9 (6). Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. Archived from the original on September 8, 2018. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
  127. ^ "België hoeft kinderen IS-strijders niet te repatriëren" [Belgium does not have to repatriate children IS fighters]. De Standaard (in Flemish). July 19, 2018.
  128. ^ Toft, Emma (November 14, 2017). "Højesteret: Danskfødt syrienkriger mister statsborgerskabet" [Supreme Court: Danish-born Syrian warrior loses citizenship]. DR (in Danish).
  129. ^ "القضاء الفرنسي يحاكم داعشي بتهمة ارتكاب جرائم بحق 11 طفلاً و إمرأة ايزيدية". Zewa News – وكالة زيوا الاخبارية (in Arabic). Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  130. ^ Rasheed, Adil (September 7, 2020). "Why fewer Indians have joined ISIS". ThePrint.
  131. ^ Agarwall, Priyangi (December 9, 2015). "70,000 clerics issue fatwa against terrorism, 15 lakh Muslims support it". The Times of India. TNN.
     • Jackson, Molly (December 10, 2015). "70,000 Indian clerics issue fatwa against terrorists". The Christian Science Monitor.
     • Mortimer, Caroline (December 10, 2015). "70,000 Muslim clerics just issued a fatwa against terrorism". Independent.
  132. ^ "Dutch MPs vote to strip Islamic militants of dual nationality". Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. AFP. May 25, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
  133. ^ Sheva, Arutz. "Dutch Jihadists to be stripped of dual citizenship". Israel National News. AFP.
  134. ^ "Netherlands strip four jihadists of citizenship". The New Indian Express. AFP. September 13, 2017.
  135. ^ Syria's Legacy – Global jihadism remains a threat to Europe (PDF). General Intelligence and Security Service. November 2018. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 27, 2021. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
  136. ^ "ISIS Declares War on Hamas, and Gaza Families Disown Sons in Sinai". The New York Times. January 12, 2024. Archived from the original on January 12, 2024.
  137. ^ "Kurdisk källa: 41 IS-svenskar fängslade i Syrien" [Kurdish source: 41 IS-Swedes imprisoned in Syria]. Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). March 24, 2018.
  138. ^ Wintour, Patrick; Watt, Nicholas (June 16, 2014). "Up to 400 British citizens may be fighting in Syria, says William Hague". The Guardian. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
  139. ^ "UK 'has stripped 150 jihadists and criminals of citizenship'". The Guardian. Press Association. July 30, 2017.
  140. ^ a b c Burke, Jason (July 27, 2015). "Who were the al-Britani Brigade Bangladeshi Bad Boys?". The Guardian. Retrieved May 27, 2023.
  141. ^ "Briton Ifthekar Jaman 'killed fighting in Syria', family says". BBC News. December 17, 2013. Retrieved May 27, 2023.
  142. ^ Malnick, Edward; Spencer, Richard (December 17, 2013). "British 'celebrity jihadi' and chef dies in Syria". The Telegraph. Retrieved May 27, 2023.
  143. ^ "Last of Islamic State's 'Britani Brigade' believed dead". The Guardian. July 26, 2015. Retrieved May 27, 2023.
  144. ^ Harris, Dominic (July 26, 2015). "Last of 'Britani Brigade Bangladeshi Bad Boys' who joined ISIS in Syria dies". The Mirror.uk. Retrieved May 27, 2023.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collaboration_with_the_Islamic_State&oldid=1260395862"