This article is missing information about Xi Jinping's fifth addition (governing system and ability modernization). (October 2021) |
The Four Modernizations (simplified Chinese: 四个现代化; traditional Chinese: 四個現代化) were goals formally announced by China's first Premier Zhou Enlai to strengthen the fields of agriculture, industry, defense, science, and technology in China.[1][2][3] The Four Modernizations were adopted as a means of rejuvenating China's economy in 1977, following the death of Mao Zedong, and later were among the defining features of Deng Xiaoping's tenure as the paramount leader of China. At the beginning of "Reform and Opening-up", Deng further proposed the idea of "xiaokang" or "Moderately prosperous society" in 1979.[4][5]
| Four Modernizations | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 四個現代化 | ||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 四个现代化 | ||||||||||
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Summary
editThey were introduced as early as January 1963 at the Conference on Scientific and Technological Work held in Shanghai, Zhou Enlai called for professionals in the sciences to realize "the Four Modernizations."[2] In February 1963, at the National Conference on Agricultural Science and Technology Work, Nie Rongzhen specifically referred to the Four Modernizations as comprising agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology.[6] The Cultural Revolution prevented and delayed implementation of the Four Modernizations for years. In 1975, in one of his last public acts, Zhou Enlai made another pitch for the Four Modernizations at the 4th National People's Congress.[citation needed]
After Zhou's death and Mao's soon thereafter, Hua Guofeng assumed control of the party in 1976. Hua had the leadership of the Cultural Revolution arrested. Known as the Gang of Four, their arrest marked the end of the Cultural Revolution. This event enabled the enactment of the Four Modernizations. By 1977 all entities in every sector and at every level of society were focused on implementing the Four Modernizations. One core tenet was the rejection of the previously long-held concept known as the "iron rice bowl".[citation needed]
The new idea was that all workers should not be paid the same, but rather, paid according to their productivity. The thinking was that in order to be a consumer society, China would need to be a producing society. In December 1978 at the 3rd plenary session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, Deng Xiaoping announced the official launch of the Four Modernizations, formally marking the beginning of the reform.[citation needed]
The science and technology modernization, although understood by Chinese leaders as being key to the transformation of industry and the economy, proved to be more of a theoretical goal than an achievable objective. This was primarily due to decades-long isolation of Chinese scientists from the international community, outmoded and outdated universities, and an overall lack of access to advanced scientific equipment, information technology, and management know-how.[citation needed]
Deng described a xiaokang society as a goal of the Four Modernizations.[7]: 65 In a 1979 discussion with Japanese Prime Minister Masayoshi Ōhira, Deng used the concept to distinguish China's path of development from other approaches, stating, "The Four Modernizations we hope to realize are a Chinese Four Modernizations. Our conceptualization of the Four Modernizations is not like your conception of modernization, but it is a xiaokang family."[7]: 65
Recognizing the need for technical assistance to spur this most important modernization, the Chinese Government elicited the support of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in the fall of 1978 to scope out and provide financial resources for the implementation of an initial complement of targeted projects. The initial projects from 1979 to 1984 included the establishment of overseas on-the-job training and academic programs, set-up of information processing centers at key government units, and the development of methods to make informed decisions within the Chinese context based on market principles. The key advisor to the Chinese government on behalf of the UNDP was Jack Fensterstock of the United States. This first technical assistance effort (CPR/79-001) by the UNDP led to the entry of large-scale multilateral funding agencies including the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank.[citation needed]
As part of the effort to pursue the Four Modernizations, the Chinese government revived plans for the Three Gorges Dam, emphasizing the need to develop hydroelectric power.[8]: 204
Controversy
editOn December 5, 1978, former Red Guard Wei Jingsheng posted "democracy" as the Fifth Modernization on the Democracy Wall in Beijing. He was arrested a few months later and jailed for 15 years until 1993.[9]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ Ogden, Chris (March 21, 2019). "'Four Modernizations'". A Dictionary of Politics and International Relations in China. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-184812-4. Archived from the original on August 22, 2024. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
- ^ a b 人民日报 (January 31, 1963). 在上海举行的科学技术工作会议上周恩来阐述科学技术现代化的重大意义 [Science and Technology in Shanghai at the conference on Zhou Enlai explained the significance of modern science and technology]. People's Daily (in Chinese). Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. p. 1. Archived from the original on February 14, 2016. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
- ^ Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. "Four Modernizations Era". A Visual Sourcebook of Chinese Civilization. University of Washington. Archived from the original on October 7, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2012.
- ^ "从"小康"到"全面小康"——邓小平小康社会理论形成和发展述论--邓小平纪念网--人民网". People's Daily. Archived from the original on March 30, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
- ^ "Meet "moderately prosperous" China". worldin.economist.com. November 21, 2019. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
- ^ 人民日报 (February 22, 1963). 阐明农业科学技术工作任务 [Clarify the tasks of agricultural science and technology]. People's Daily (in Chinese). Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. p. 1. Archived from the original on February 15, 2016. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
- ^ a b Smith, Craig A. (2019). "Datong and Xiaokang". In Sorace, Christian; Franceschini, Ivan; Loubere, Nicholas (eds.). Afterlives of Chinese Communism: Political Concepts from Mao to Xi. Acton, Australia: Australian National University Press. doi:10.22459/ACC.2019. hdl:loc.gdc/gdcebookspublic.2020718247. ISBN 9781760462499. JSTOR j.ctvk3gng9. LCCN 2020718247.
- ^ Harrell, Stevan (2023). An Ecological History of Modern China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295751719.
- ^ Brook, Daniel (2005). Modern revolution: social change and cultural continuity in Czechoslovakia and China. University Press of America. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-7618-3193-8. Archived from the original on August 22, 2024. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
Further reading
edit- Hsü, Immanuel C. Y. (2000). The Rise of Modern China (6th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512503-7.
- Evans, Richard (1995). Deng Xiaoping and the Making of Modern China (2nd ed.). London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-013945-1. - Read online, registration required