Helohyidae were a group of artiodactyl mammals.[1][2] They were most prominent in the mid-to-upper Eocene (~50 to 39 million years ago).
| Helohyidae Temporal range:
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| Reconstruction of the skull of Achaenodon | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Family: | †Helohyidae Marshall, 1877 |
| Species | |
Description
editHelohyidae share vague similarities to present-day pigs, though were slimmer in build. They possessed prominent canines and molars with bunodont cusps, bulging dental wreaths, and wrinkled enamel. Their upper molars were usually squared, due to the enlargement and displacement of the metaconule, but there was also a small hypocone and hypoconule. The paraconule was reduced and there was no mesostyle. Their lower molars increased in size as they proceeded to the bottom of the jaw, and the paraconid was small or absent. Some forms (e.g. Gobiohyus) possessed small diastemas that separated the premolars from each other. The snout was usually elongated (e.g. in Helohyus), but in some forms ascribed to this family (Achaenodon), it was very short. Compared to other primitive artiodactyls such as dichobunids, they possessed higher sagittal ridges; the genus Achaenodon, in particular, possessed a large sagittal crest and its size was much larger than those of other helohyids.[3]
Classification
editThe family Helohyidae was established by Marshall in 1877 to accommodate some forms of early artiodactyl mammals of the American Eocene. In addition to the genus Helohyus, the North American Parahyus and Achaenodon were later ascribed to this family. Other forms come from the Upper-Middle-East Eocene of Asia: Gobiohyus[4] of Inner Mongolia, and Pakkokuhyus of Myanmar. The latter form may be close to the origin of the family of hippo-like anthracotheres. The artiodactyl Simojovelhyus was once thought to be an unusually late-surviving genus of helohyid from the Upper Oligocene (extending the families temporal range by around 10 million years),[5] however recent studies consider it a peccary.[6]
Helohyids have been variously classified as relatives of archaic dichobunids or as close to the origin of anthracotheres. Some authors consider them close relatives of dichobunids,[7][8][9] while other have considered at least some members of the family as close relatives of the entelodonts as part of Cetancodontamorpha.[10]
References
edit- ^ Ducrocq, Stéphane; Chaimanee, Yaowalak; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Jaeger, Jean-Jacques (September 1997). "First discovery of Helohyidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) in the Late Eocene of Thailand: a possible transitional form for Anthracotheriidae". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series IIA - Earth and Planetary Science. 325 (5): 367–372. Bibcode:1997CRASE.325..367D. doi:10.1016/S1251-8050(97)81385-7.
- ^ "Fossilworks: Helohyidae". fossilworks.org.
- ^ Prothero, Donald R.; Foss, Scott E. (2007). The evolution of artiodactyls. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins university press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8735-2.[page needed]
- ^ Coombs, Margery C.; Coombs, Walter P. (20 August 1977). "Dentition of Gobiohyus and a Reevaluation of the Helohyidae (Artiodactyla)". Journal of Mammalogy. 58 (3): 291–308. doi:10.2307/1379328. JSTOR 1379328.
- ^ Ferrusquía-Villafranca, Ismael (11 December 2006). "The first Paleogene mammal record of Middle America: Simojovelhyus pocitosense (Helohyidae, Artiodactyla)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26 (4): 989–1001. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[989:TFPMRO]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Prothero, Donald R.; Beatty, Brian L.; Stucky, Richard M. (2013). "Simojovelhyus is a Peccary, Not a Helohyid (Mammalia, Artiodactyla)". Journal of Paleontology. 87 (5): 930–933. Bibcode:2013JPal...87..930P. doi:10.1666/12-084.
- ^ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-52853-5.[page needed]
- ^ Stucky, R. K. (1998). "Eocene bunodont and bunoselenodont Artiodactyla ('dichobunids')". In Janis, Christine M.; Scott, Kathleen M.; Jacobs, Louis L. (eds.). Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America: Volume 1, Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate Like Mammals. Cambridge University Press. pp. 358–374. ISBN 978-0-521-35519-3.
- ^ Rose, Kenneth D. (2006). The Beginning of the Age of Mammals. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8472-6.[page needed]
- ^ Yu, Yang; Gao, Hongyan; Li, Qiang; Ni, Xijun (2023-01-01). "A new entelodont (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the late Eocene of China and its phylogenetic implications". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 21 (1). Bibcode:2023JSPal..2189436Y. doi:10.1080/14772019.2023.2189436.