Lesbian literature

(Redirected from Lesbian fiction)

Lesbian literature is a subgenre of literature addressing lesbian themes. It includes poetry, plays, fiction addressing lesbian characters, and non-fiction about lesbian-interest topics. A similar term is sapphic literature, encompassing works that feature love between women that are not necessarily lesbian.[2][3][4]

Sappho by Amanda Brewster Sewell, 1891. Sappho of Lesbos gave the term lesbian the connotation of erotic desire between women.[1]

Fiction that falls into this category may be of any genre, such as historical fiction, science fiction, fantasy, horror, and romance.

Overview

edit

Lesbian literature includes works by lesbian authors, as well as lesbian-themed works by heterosexual authors. Even works by lesbian writers that do not deal with lesbian themes are still often considered lesbian literature. Works by heterosexual writers which treat lesbian themes only in passing, on the other hand, are not often regarded as lesbian literature. [citation needed]

The fundamental work of lesbian literature is the poetry of Sappho of Lesbos. From various ancient writings, historians have gathered that a group of young women were left in Sappho's charge for their instruction or cultural edification.[5] Not much of Sappho's poetry remains, but that which does demonstrates the topics she wrote about: women's daily lives, their relationships, and rituals. She focused on the beauty of women and proclaimed her love for girls.[6]

Certain works have established historical or artistic importance, and the world of lesbian fiction continues to grow and change as time goes on. Until recently, contemporary lesbian literature has been centered around several small, exclusively lesbian presses, as well as online fandoms.[7] However, since the new millennium began, many lesbian presses have branched out to include the works of trans men and women, gay and bisexual voices, and other queer works not represented by the mainstream press. Additionally, novels with lesbian themes and characters have become more accepted in mainstream publishing.[citation needed]

Early literature

edit

Medieval Christian mysticism

edit

The European Middle Ages lacked a specific term for lesbians, but medieval French texts, under the influence of the Arabic literature of the period, featured literary depictions of love and sexual desire between women. Such expressions are found in devotional texts to the Virgin Mary or the hagiography of Ida Louvain, by Beguines, or the writings of female Christian mystics, including Hildegarde of Bingen, Hadewijch, Margery Kempe, Mechtild of Magdeburg, and Marguerite Porete.[8]

13th century Japan

edit

One of the oldest Japanese stories involving a romance and implied sexual relations between women appears to be the 6th volume of Waga mi ni tadoru himegimi| (Japanese: わが身にたどる姫君) (The Princess in Search of Herself) which was created between 1259 and 1278 (author unknown).[9]

19th century: forerunners

edit
 
Diarist Anne Lister

In the early 19th century, Chinese poet Wu Tsao gained popularity for her lesbian love poems.[10] Her songs, according to poet Kenneth Rexroth, were "sung all over China".[11] In 1849, Leona Florentino was born in the Philippines during the brutal patriarchal Spanish colonial regime. Known as the mother of Philippine women's literature and a pioneer in Philippine lesbian literature, her poems, both written and oral, during her 35-year life brought about feminism in the archipelago which influenced many of the revolutionaries before the Philippine revolution.[12][13][14]

Though lesbian literature had not yet evolved as a distinct genre in English in the 19th century, lesbian writers like the essayist and supernatural fiction writer Vernon Lee sometimes hinted at lesbian subtexts in their work[15] or, like Lee's lover Amy Levy, wrote love poems to women using the voice of a heterosexual man.[16] Others wrote, but kept their writing secret. Beginning in 1806, English landowner and mountaineer Anne Lister kept extensive diaries for 34 years, which included details of her lesbian relationships and seductions, with the lesbian sections written in secret code. The diaries were not published until the 1980s.[17] In 2010, they were the basis for a BBC television production, The Secret Diaries of Miss Anne Lister.[18]

Twenty-first century writer and editor Susan Koppelman compiled an anthology titled Two Friends and Other 19th-century American Lesbian Stories: by American Women Writers,[19] which includes stories by Constance Fenimore Woolson, Octave Thanet, Mary Eleanor Wilkins Freeman, Kate Chopin and Sarah Orne Jewett that were originally published in periodicals of their time. Of these stories, which range "from the explicit to inferentially lesbian", Koppelman said, "I recognize these stories as stories about women loving women in the variety of romantic ways that we wouldn't even have to struggle to define if we were talking about men and women loving each other."[20]

Since the 1970s, scholars of lesbian literature have analyzed as lesbian relationships that would not have been labeled as such in the 19th century due to different conceptions of intimacy and sexuality. For example, Christina Rossetti's 1862 poem "Goblin Market" has been widely read as a narrative of lesbianism, even though it attempts to paint itself as a narrative of sisterly love.[21] Scholars have also seen lesbian potential in characters such as Marian Halcombe in Wilkie Collins's 1859 novel The Woman in White. Marian is described as masculine and unattractive, and her motivation throughout the story is her love for her half-sister, Laura Fairlie.[22]

Additionally, scholars have engaged in queer readings of the novels of Charlotte Brontë, particularly Shirley and Villette, in which the female main characters engage in close or even obsessive relationships with other women. Some have even speculated that Brontë herself may have been in love with her friend Ellen Nussey; Vita Sackville-West called the letters between the two "love letters pure and simple."[23]

Scholars have similarly speculated on whether the 19th-century poet Emily Dickinson might have been in love with her sister-in-law, Susan Gilbert, a possibility that encourages queer readings of Dickinson's many love poems.[24]

Michael Field was the pseudonym used by two British women, Katherine Bradley and Edith Cooper, who wrote poetry and verse-dramas together. Bradley was Cooper's aunt, and the two lived together as lovers from the 1870s to their deaths in 1913 and 1914. Their poetry often took their love as its subject, and they also wrote a book of poems for their dog, Whym Chow.[25]

 
An illustration from Carmilla, by Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu

Certain canonical male authors of the 19th century also incorporated lesbian themes into their work. At the beginning of the century, Samuel Taylor Coleridge published his unfinished narrative poem "Christabel". Scholars have interpreted the interactions in this poem between the titular character and a stranger named Geraldine as having lesbian implications.[26] Algernon Charles Swinburne became known for subject matter that was considered scandalous, including lesbianism and sadomasochism. In 1866, he published Poems and Ballads, which contained the poems "Anactoria" and "Sapphics" concerning Sappho of Lesbos and dealing explicitly with lesbian content.[21] Finally, Henry James portrayed a Boston marriage, considered an early form of lesbian relationship, between the feminist characters Olive Chancellor and Verena Tarrant in his 1886 novel The Bostonians.[21]

One of the more explicitly lesbian works of the 19th century is the Gothic novella Carmilla, by Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu, first published in serial form in 1871-72. Considered a precursor to and an inspiration for Bram Stoker's Dracula, Carmilla tells the story of the relationship between the innocent Laura and the vampire Carmilla, whose sucking of Laura's blood is clearly linked to an erotic attraction to Laura. This story has inspired many other works that take advantage of the trope of the lesbian vampire.[27] It was also adapted into a YouTube webseries of the same name beginning in 2014.[28]

Modern history

edit

1900–1950: Beginnings

edit
 
Natalie Barney hosted an early 20th century Parisian salon frequented by lesbian writers.
 
Radclyffe Hall's 1928 novel The Well of Loneliness faced censorship in the U.S. and Britain.

The first novel in the English language recognised as having a lesbian theme is The Well of Loneliness (1928) by Radclyffe Hall, which a British court found obscene because it defended "unnatural practices between women". The book was banned in Britain for decades; this is in the context of the similar censorship of Lady Chatterley's Lover, which also had a theme of transgressive female sexuality, albeit heterosexual. In the United States, The Well of Loneliness survived legal challenges in New York and the U.S. Customs Court.[29][30]

Elsa Gidlow, who was born in England and grew up in Quebec, Canada, co-edited, published, and contributed literary work to the first known North American lesbian/gay-themed periodical, Les Mouches fantastiques, published in Montreal from 1918 to 1920. She later moved to the United States, where she continued her literary output by publishing, in 1923, the first volume of openly lesbian love poetry to be produced in that country, titled On a Grey Thread.[31][32]

In the early 20th century, an increasingly visible lesbian community in Paris centered on literary salons hosted by French lesbians as well as expatriates like Nathalie Barney and Gertrude Stein, who produced lesbian-themed works in French and English, including Nightwood by Djuna Barnes, Idyll Saphique by Liane de Pougy, poetry by Renee Vivien, Barney's own epigrams, poetry, and several works by Stein. Radclyffe Hall also spent time in Paris at Barney's salon and modeled one of her characters in The Well of Loneliness after her.[33]

In Spain, there was also a timid awakening of lesbian literature in the early 20th century. The first work to deal with the subject was Zezé (1909) by Ángeles Vicente.[34] The first theatrical work dealing with the subject, Un sueño de la razón by Cipriano Rivas Cherif, premiered in 1929.[35] The only one who dared to publish homoerotic verses was Lucía Sánchez Saornil, although under the male pen name Luciano de San Saor.[36] Other authors, such as Carmen de Burgos, made references to lesbianism in a more veiled manner.[37]

In Japan, there were several love suicides involving school girls in 1911 and it was in this context of greater awareness of female-female love that one of the most commercially successful female writers of the period Nobuko Yoshiya published Flower Tales (1916–1924) (Japanese: 花物語) which were fifty-two stories of romantic friendship between young women within the Class S genre.[38] In her later work “Two Virgins in the Attic” (1919) (Japanese: 屋根裏の二處女), she describes a female-female love experience, which ended with their decision to live together as a couple.[39] Tamura Toshiko published works with same-sex love between women: Resignation (1911) (Japanese: あきらめ) and The Fresh Heart (1916) (Japanese: 若い心).[40] Jun'ichirō Tanizaki included a lesbian love affair in the novel Manji, written in serial format between 1928 and 1930 for the magazine Kaizō.

Virginia Woolf's 1928 novel of a high-spirited gender-bending poet who lives for centuries, Orlando, which was said to be based on her lover, Vita Sackville-West, was re-examined in the 1970s as a 'subversive' lesbian text.[41][42]

During the Weimar Republic, not only did lesbian social life flourish in Germany, especially in Berlin, but lesbian literature also emerged. Pioneering magazines such as Die Freundin, Die BIF, and Frauenliebe, which were founded specifically for a lesbian audience, provided platforms for common lesbian women to express themselves in literature. Although the literary level was rarely high, the authors succeeded in presenting lesbian lifestyles as utopias, thus offering opportunities for identification and affirmation of one's own identity. Especially Selli Engler stands out among the dozens of authors who wrote for magazines.[citation needed]

Separately, writers as Maximiliane Ackers, Ruth Margarete Roellig and Anna Elisabet Weirauch, whose lesbian trilogy Der Skorpion (The Scorpion) was even translated into English, achieved some fame as lesbian voices.[citation needed]

Other examples of 1920s lesbian literature include poems by Amy Lowell about her partner of over a decade Ada Dwyer Russell.[43] Lowell wanted to dedicate her books to Dwyer who refused as they had to hide the nature of their relationship[44] except for one time in a non-poetry book in which Lowell wrote, "To A.D.R., This, and all my books. A.L."[45] Examples of these love poems to Dwyer include the Taxi, Absence,[46]: xxi  In a Garden, Madonna of the Evening Flowers,[47] Opal,[48] and Aubade.[44] Lowell admitted to John Livingston Lowes that Dwyer was the subject of her series of romantic poems titled "Two Speak Together".[49][50] Lowell's poems about Dwyer have been called the most explicit and elegant lesbian love poetry during the time between the ancient Sappho and poets of the 1970s.[44] Unfortunately, most of the primary document romantic letters of communication between the two were destroyed by Dwyer at Lowell's request, leaving much unknown about the details of their life together.[46]: 47 

Most American literature of the 1930s, 40s, and early 50s presented lesbian life as tragedy, ending with either the suicide of the lesbian character or her conversion to heterosexuality.[51] This was required so that the authorities did not declare the literature obscene.[52] This would generally be achieved by placing the death or conversion in the last chapter or even paragraph.[53] For example, The Stone Wall, a lesbian autobiography with an unhappy ending, was published in 1930 under the pseudonym Mary Casal.[51] It was one of the first lesbian autobiographies. Yet as early as 1939, Frances V. Rummell, an educator and a teacher of French at Stephens College, published the first explicitly lesbian autobiography in which two women end up happily together, titled Diana: A Strange Autobiography.[54] This autobiography was published with a note saying, "The publishers wish it expressly understood that this is a true story, the first of its kind ever offered to the general reading public".[54] However, literary critics have since called the autobiography 'fictional'.[55]

Jane Bowles' only novel, Two Serious Ladies, published in 1943, told the story of a romance between an upper class woman and a prostitute in a run-down Panamanian port town.[56]

1950 to 1970: Pulp fiction and beyond

edit
 
Lesbian pulp fiction, like Spring Fire by Vin Packer (Marijane Meaker 1952), was popular during the 1950s and 60s.
 
The Ladder magazine (1956–1972), founded by the Daughters of Bilitis, was the first national lesbian periodical published in the United States.

Lesbian fiction in English saw a huge explosion in interest with the advent of the dime-store or pulp fiction novel. Lesbian pulp fiction became its own distinct category of fiction in the 1950s and 60s,[57] although a significant number of authors of this genre were men using either a male or female pen name.[57] Tereska Torrès is credited with writing the first lesbian pulp novel, Women's Barracks, a fictionalized story about women in the Free French Forces during World War II. The 1950 book sold 2 million copies in its first five years of publication.[58] One notable female author of lesbian pulp fiction, who came out later in life as a lesbian, was Ann Bannon, who created the Beebo Brinker series.

The Price of Salt by Patricia Highsmith, considered the first lesbian novel with a happy ending,[a] was groundbreaking for being the first where neither of the two women has a nervous breakdown, dies tragically, faces a lonely and desolate future, commits suicide, or returns to being with a male. The manuscript was rejected by Highsmith's publisher Harper & Brothers and published in hardcover by Coward-McCann in 1952 under the pseudonym "Claire Morgan", followed by the Bantam Books lesbian pulp fiction paperback in 1953. The paperback editions sold almost 1 million copies.[60][61] In 1990, it was republished by Bloomsbury under Highmith's own name with the title changed to Carol [62][60] (the novel was adapted as the 2015 film of same name).

In the 1950s, parts of French author Violette leDuc's novel Ravages were censored because they contained explicit lesbian passages. The deleted passages were published in the 1960s as Therese and Isabelle and made into the 1968 film of same title.[63]

Jane Rule's Desert of the Heart was able to break out of the pulp fiction category when it was published as a hardback by Macmillan Canada in 1964. Several publishers turned it down beforehand however, with one telling Rule, "If this book isn't pornographic, what's the point of printing it?...if you can write in the dirty parts we'll take it but otherwise no".[64] The novel was loosely adapted into the 1985 film Desert Hearts.

When publishing her novel Mrs. Stevens Hears the Mermaids Singing in 1965, the novelist May Sarton feared that writing openly about lesbianism would lead to a diminution of the previously established value of her work. "The fear of homosexuality is so great that it took courage to write Mrs. Stevens Hears the Mermaids Singing," she said, "to write a novel about a woman homosexual who is not a sex maniac, a drunkard, a drug-taker, or in any way repulsive, to portray a homosexual who is neither pitiable nor disgusting, without sentimentality ..."[65]

The first English contemporary novelist to come out as a lesbian was Maureen Duffy, whose 1966 book Microcosm explored the subcultures of lesbian bars.[66]

A Japanese novel with a substantial lesbian component is Beauty and Sadness (1961–63) by Nobel laureate Yasunari Kawabata. The story is about a female painter, Otoko Ueno, and her relationship with her jealous lesbian lover, Keiko Sakami.[67]

1970 to the present: Second wave feminism, mainstream acceptance, and diversification

edit
 
Lesbian feminist and womanist Audre Lorde wrote several books from the 1970s to the 1990s.

The feminist movement in the late 1960s and early 1970s saw the development of a more politicized voice in lesbian literature and more mainstream acceptance of lesbian-themed literature that moved away from the 'tragic lesbian' theme that had dominated earlier works. A pioneering autobiographical novel of this era was the picaresque 1973 novel Rubyfruit Jungle by Rita Mae Brown, which became a national best-seller.[68][69] Jill Johnston argued for lesbian separatism in her 1973 book Lesbian Nation. In the 1970s, the voices of American lesbians of color began to be heard, including works by Audre Lorde, Jewelle Gomez, Paula Gunn Allen, Cherrie Moraga, and Gloria Anzaldua. One of the foundational texts of black lesbian literature is Ann Allen Shockley’s novel, Loving Her. Published in 1974, Loving Her is widely considered to be one of the first, if not the first, published pieces of black lesbian literature.[70] Joanna Russ's 1975 novel The Female Man contains an alternative universe inhabited solely by lesbians. The 1970s also saw the advent of feminist and LGBTQ publishing houses, such as Naiad Press, and literary magazines like Sinister Wisdom,[71] and Conditions[72] which published lesbian works. Adrienne Rich and Judy Grahn were important poets and essayists of the era. Patience and Sarah by Alma Routsong, published under the pen name "Isabel Miller" in 1971, examined the historical confines of a romance between two 19th century women in a Boston Marriage.

There had existed a popularity within the science fiction & fantasy genres the idea of all-women utopias since the 19th century (such as “Herland” by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in 1915, or “Mizora” by Mary Bradley Lane in 1880), though they lacked sexual elements and possibilities of lesbian sexuality until the late 1960s, 70s, and 80s. It was then that more erotic and lesbian instances emerged in science fiction stories, alongside women being outside of, or at war with, the patriarchy and heteronormativity. An example of this growth in the women-utopia subgenre is French feminist writer Monique Wittig’sLes Guérillères,” published in 1969, which portrayed an experimental and erotic world where “women outside of the matrix of heterosexuality would have the potential to become something entirely different than women defined in relationship to men.”[73]

After the birth of an explicitly gay and lesbian literature in the 1970s, the following decades saw a tremendous rise in its production. While gay male novels had more crossover appeal and often became mid-list sellers in mainstream publishing houses; lesbian literature, depending on smaller presses, developed smaller but 'respectable' audiences.[74] In the 1980s, with the advent of sex-positive feminism, a few lesbian literary magazines began to specialize in more explicitly erotic work, such as On Our Backs, a satirical reference to the feminist 1970s magazine, Off Our Backs.[75] The 1988 founding of the Lambda Literary Award, with several lesbian categories, helped increase the visibility of LGBT literature.[76]

 
Alison Bechdel, who has been praised for her cartoons and graphic memoir, Fun Home, exemplifies the increasing diversification of lesbian literature in the 21st century.

In the 1980s and 90s, lesbian literature diversified into genre literature, including fantasy, mystery, science fiction, romance, graphic novels, and young adult.[77]

In 1983, Anita Cornwell wrote the first published collection of essays by an African-American lesbian, Black Lesbian in White America, published by Naiad Press.[78]

The influence of late 20th century feminism and greater acceptance of LGBT work was felt in Mexico, with the emergence of lesbian poets Nancy Cardenas, Magaly Alabau, Mercedes Roffe, and others. In Argentina and Uruguay, Alejandra Pizarnik and Cristina Peri Rossi combined lesbian eroticism with artistic and sociopolitical concerns in their work.[79]

 
Uruguayan writer Cristina Peri Rossi has written about the eroticism of lesbian relationships.

After an almost complete silence in the 1960s, lesbian literature in Germany grew quickly again as a result of the new lesbian movement in the 1970s and 1980s. Important early renowned voices were Johanna Moosdorf, Marlene Stenten, and Christa Reinig, while the most influential works were Verena Stefans Häutungen (1975) and Luise F. Puschs Sonja (1980).

In Asia, Singaporean playwright Eleanor Wong and Taiwanese writer Qiu Miaojin have written about lesbian relationships, as have Chinese writers Lin Bai and Chen Ran.[80] Spinning Tropics by Aska Mochizuki, Beauty and Sadness by Yasunari Kawabata, Quicksand (卍 Manji) by Junichiro Tanizaki and Real World by Natsuo Kirino are all novels that explore lesbian love in Japan.[81] Indian novelist Abha Dawesar's 2006 Babyji won a Stonewall Award and the Lambda Award.

In the 21st century, lesbian literature has emerged as a genre in Arabic speaking countries, with some novels, like Ana Hiya Anti (I Am You) by Elham Mansour, achieving best-seller status.[82][83][84] This century has also brought more attention to African literary works and authors, such as Cameroonian novelist Frieda Ekotto and Ghanaian writer Ama Ata Aido.[85][86][87]

Meanwhile, English-language novels which include lesbian characters or relationships have continued to garner national awards and mainstream critical acclaim, like The Color Purple (1982) by Alice Walker, Bastard out of Carolina (1992) by Dorothy Allison, The Hours (1998) by Michael Cunningham, Fingersmith (2002) by Sarah Waters and Lost and Found (2006) by Carolyn Parkhurst.[88][89]

As literature including lesbian characters and relationships has become more accepted in mainstream Western society, some writers and literary critics have questioned why there needs to be a separate category for lesbian literature at all. "I've never understood why straight fiction is supposed to be for everyone, but anything with a gay character or that includes gay experience is only for queers," said Jeanette Winterson, author of the best-selling 1985 novel Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit.[66][90] Others have stressed the continuing need for LGBT-themed literature, especially for younger LGBT readers.[91]

Young adult fiction

edit

1970s

edit

In Ruby (1976) by Rosa Guy, the main character is a girl from the West Indies. The novel tells the story of her relationship with another girl. Other young adult novels with lesbian characters and themes that were published during this time include Happy Endings Are All Alike (1978) by Sandra Scoppettone. According to the author, it "barely got reviewed and when it did it wasn't good", unlike Scoppettone's novel about gay boys, which was better received.[92]

Frequent themes in books published during the 1970s are that homosexuality is a "phase", or that there are no "happy endings" for gay people, and that they generally lead a difficult life.[93]

 
Judy Blume has been cited as a catalyst for the inclusion of 'taboo' subjects, including homosexuality, in children's and YA books.

The School Library Journal reported:

Throughout the 1970s, there was, on average, a single young adult title per year dealing with gay issues. Although many of these early books were well written—and well reviewed—gay characters were at best a sidekick or foil for the straight protagonist and at worst a victim who would face violence, injury, or death (fatal traffic accidents were commonplace). Young protagonists who worried that they might be gay would invariably conclude that their same-sex attraction was simply a temporary stage in the journey toward heterosexual adulthood.[94]

Judy Blume has been cited as a catalyst in the 1970s for an increase in inclusion of "taboo" topics in children's literature, which include homosexuality.[95]

1980s

edit

Annie on My Mind (1982) by Nancy Garden tells the story of two high school girls who fall in love. The novel, which has never been out of print, was a step forward for homosexuality in young adult literature.[94] It was published in hardback and by a major press. In the book, homosexuality is seen as something permanent and to be explored, not "fixed."[93]

In Kansas, a minister led a public burning of Annie on My Mind following a controversy after it was donated to a school library.[96]

Annie John (1985) by Jamaica Kincaid tells the story of a young girl coming of age in Antigua. The protagonist often finds herself falling in love with girls in her class, neighborhood, and general surroundings.[citation needed]

1990s

edit

During this decade the number of lesbian-themed young adult novels published rose. Nancy Garden published two novels with lesbian protagonists, Lark in the Morning (1991) and Good Moon Rising, and received positive sales and reviews. In 1994, M.E. Kerr published Deliver Us From Evie, about a boy with a lesbian sister, which was well received by the public. Other books published during this decade include Dive (1996) by Stacey Donovan, The Necessary Hunger (1997) by Nina Revoyr, The House You Pass On the Way (1997) by Jacqueline Woodson, Girl Walking Backwards (1998) by Bett Williams (who intended the novel for an adult audience though it was popular among teens), Hard Love (1999) by Ellen Wittlinger and Dare Truth or Promise (1999) by Paula Boock.

2000s

edit

The 1990s represented a turning point for young adult novels that explored lesbian issues, and since 2000, a flood of such books has reached the market. The public attitude towards lesbian themes in young adult literature has grown more accepting.

In the past, most books portrayed gay people as "living isolated lives, out of context with the reality of an amazingly active community."[93] Today, books also show gay characters not as stigmatized and separate.

In 2000, the School Library Journal included Annie on My Mind in its list of the top 100 most influential books of the century.[97]

Eileen Myles, a self-described "lesbian poet",[98] published 'Cool for You' at the turn of the century. The novel explores a fictionalized version of Eileen's working-class childhood and young adulthood as a lesbian in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The novel deals with themes of sexuality, gender, class, family, death, and addiction.

A popular young adult novel of 2012, The Miseducation of Cameron Post by Emily M. Danforth, tells the story of a 12-year-old girl who is sent to a de-gaying camp in Montana.[99] In 2016, principal photography began on a film adaptation.

There are fewer books about female homosexuality than male homosexuality,[100] and even fewer books on bisexuality are published. Despite the fact that availability of books with teen lesbian and bisexual themes has increased since the 1960s, books with non-white characters are still difficult to find.[93] One exception is the 2021 young adult novel, Last Night at the Telegraph Club, which describes the coming-of-age of a teenage daughter of Chinese immigrants in 1950's San Francisco.

Publishers

edit
 
Alyson Books published a lesbian detective series by Elizabeth Sims, seen here

The first lesbian publisher devoted to publishing lesbian and feminist books was Daughters, Inc.[101] in Plainfield, Vermont, which published Rubyfruit Jungle by Rita Mae Brown in 1973. Naiad Press, followed, which published the seminal lesbian romance novel Curious Wine (1983) by Katherine V. Forrest and many other books. The press closed in 2003 after 31 years.[102] Naiad co-founder Barbara Grier handed off her books and operation to a newly established press, Bella Books.[103] Established in 2001, Bella Books acquired the Naiad Press backlist, including the majority of works by Jane Rule and all the works of Karin Kallmaker.[citation needed] Their catalogue includes over 300 titles of lesbian romance, lesbian mystery and erotica.

Other early publishers include Spinsters Ink (which was sold and now is part of the Bella Books organization),[citation needed] Rising Tide Press, Crossing Press, Onlywomen Press, Kitchen Table Press, and New Victoria. In many cases, these presses were operated by authors who also published with the publication house, such as Barbara Wilson at Seal Press, which became part of the mainstream company Avalon Publishing, and Joan Drury at Spinsters Ink.[citation needed]

As of 2023, the current largest publishers of lesbian fiction are Bella Books, Bold Strokes Books, Bywater Books, and Flashpoint Publications, which acquired Regal Crest Enterprises (RCE) in January 2021.[citation needed] Flashpoint Publications/RCE has a catalog of lesbian romance, lesbian mystery, some erotica, sci-fi, fantasy, and sagas currently exceeding 150 works.[citation needed] Bold Strokes Books, established in 2005, publishes lesbian and gay male mystery, thrillers, sci-fi, adventure, and other LGBT genre books, with a catalog including 130 titles. Alyson Books specialized in LGBT authors and published a number of lesbian titles.

Smaller publishers of exclusively lesbian fiction include Bedazzled Ink, Intaglio Publications, Launch Point Press, Sapphire Books Publishing, Supposed Crimes, Wicked Publishing, and Ylva Publishing. Some women's feminist presses also produce lesbian fiction, such as Firebrand Books and Virago Press.

Notable works

edit

Notable authors (alphabetically)

edit

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ Marijane Meaker stated in her 2003 memoir: "[The Price of Salt ] was for many years the only lesbian novel, in either hard or soft cover, with a happy ending."[59]

References

edit
  1. ^ "Lesbian". Oxford Reference: A Dictionary of Psychology. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  2. ^ Nygård, Ida Sofie Sverkeli (2021). Sapphic Representations in Contemporary Young Adult Literature (master's thesis). Western Norway University of Applied Sciences. hdl:11250/2992128.
  3. ^ Peyre, Henri (1979). "On the Sapphic Motif in Modern French Literature". Dalhousie French Studies. 1: 3–33. ISSN 0711-8813. JSTOR 40836208.
  4. ^ Hackett, Robin (2004). Sapphic Primitivism: Productions of Race, Class, and Sexuality in Key Works of Modern Fiction. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-3347-6.
  5. ^ Foster, Jeannette H. (1985). Sex Variant Women in Literature, Naiad Press. ISBN 0-930044-65-7, p. 18.
  6. ^ Aldrich, Robert, ed. (2006). Gay Life and Culture: A World History, Thames & Hudson, Ltd. ISBN 0-7893-1511-4, p. 47–49.
  7. ^ Seajay, Carol (December 1994). "The Backlash and the Backlist". The Women's Review of Books. 12 (3): 18–19. doi:10.2307/4022017. JSTOR 4022017.
  8. ^ Amer, Sahar (2008). "1. Crossing Disciplinary Boundaries: A Cross-Cultural Approach to Same-Sex Love Between Women". Crossing Borders: Love Between Women in Medieval French and Arabic Literatures (1st ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 9–11. ISBN 978-0812240870.
  9. ^ Daniele Durante (2021). "Cross-Gender Female Same-Sex Love as Women's Solidarity in Torikaebaya monogatari and Ariake no wakare". In Casalin, Federica; Miranda, Marina (eds.). Percorsi in Civiltà dell'Asia e dell'Africa I: Quaderni di studi dottorali alla Sapienza (PDF). Rome, Italy: Sapienza Università Editrice. pp. 37–55. doi:10.13133/9788893771993. ISBN 978-8893771993.
  10. ^ Miller, Meredith (2006). Historical Dictionary of Lesbian Literature (1st ed.). Scarecrow Press. pp. 151, 218. ISBN 0-8108-4941-0.
  11. ^ Kenneth Rexroth, Women Poets of China, New Directions Publishing, 1972, p. 135
  12. ^ Blanton, S. (2016). A Threshold of Flowers: Public and Private Eroticism in the Poems of Leona Florentino. University of North Carolina.
  13. ^ Mabanglo, R. E. (2020). Leona Florentino: Mother of Filipina poetry. Philippine Graphic.
  14. ^ Writing Lesbian, Lesbian writing (Cruz, Jhoanna Lynn, Bulatlat News), 2005.
  15. ^ "Violet Paget Archives – The Paris Review".
  16. ^ Naomi Hetherington, Nadia Valman, Amy Levy: Critical Essays Ohio University Press, Apr 6, 2010
  17. ^ "The life and loves of Shibden Hall's Anne Lister", BBC News, BBC, 25 May 2010
  18. ^ "BBC Two announces brand new drama: The Secret Diaries Of Miss Anne Lister". BBC Press Office. BBC. 11 November 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
  19. ^ Koppelman, Susan H., ed. (1994). Two Friends and Other 19th-century American Lesbian Stories: by American Women Writers (1st ed.). New York: Meridian Books. ISBN 978-0452011199.
  20. ^ "Two Friends and Other 19th-Century American Lesbian Stories: By American Women Writers". Publishers Weekly. August 1, 1994.
  21. ^ a b c The Literature of Lesbianism: A Historical Anthology from Ariosto to Stonewall. Ed. Terry Castle. New York: Columbia University Press 2003.
  22. ^ Heller, Tamar. Dead Secrets: Wilkie Collins and the Female Gothic. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992
  23. ^ "Was Charlotte Brontë Gay?". 16 June 2015.
  24. ^ Mason, Janet. "The American Sappho: In Pursuit of a Lesbian Emily Dickinson". Harrington Lesbian Fiction Quarterly, 3(3), Sept. 2002, p. 91.
  25. ^ Donoghue, Emma. We Are Michael Field. Bello 2014
  26. ^ Grossberg, Benjamin Scott (10 July 2001). "Making Christabel: Sexual Transgression and Its Implications in Coleridge's 'Christabel'". Journal of Homosexuality. 41 (2): 145–165. doi:10.1300/J082v41n02_08. PMID 11482425. S2CID 23693074.
  27. ^ Jones, David J. Sexuality and the Gothic Magic Lantern: Desire, Eroticism and Literary Visibilities from Byron to Bram Stoker. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan 2014
  28. ^ Pfeiffer, Dean (8 November 2017). "'Carmilla': From web series to film, a review". East Tennessean. ProQuest 1961623865.
  29. ^ Smith, David (January 1, 2005). "Lesbian novel was 'danger to nation'". The Guardian. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
  30. ^ Machlin, Sherri (September 26, 2013). "Banned Books Week: The Well of Loneliness by Radclyffe Hall". New York Public Library. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
  31. ^ Rumble, Walker (March 21, 2016). "Publishing Elsa: Will Ransom's Grey Thread". Printing History. American Printing History Association. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  32. ^ Troy, Gil (December 9, 2017). "How the American Sappho Published the First Book of Lesbian Love Poetry". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  33. ^ Nicole G Albert, "De la topographie invisible à l'espace public et littéraire :les lieux de plaisir lesbien dans le Paris de la Belle Époque".
  34. ^ Cabré, María Ángeles (26 May 2010). "Biblioteca lésbica" [Lesbian Library]. La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  35. ^ Mira Nouselles, Alberto (1999). Para entendernos: diccionario de cultura homosexual, gay y lésbica [To Understand Each Other: Dictionary of Homosexual, Gay, and Lesbian Culture] (in Spanish). Barcelona: Ediciones La Tempestad. p. 619. ISBN 84-7948-038-6.
  36. ^ Kowal, Donna M. (2019). "Anarcha-Feminism". In Adams, Matthew S.; Levy, Carl (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 271. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_15. ISBN 978-3319756196. S2CID 242073896.
  37. ^ Fernández, June (6 December 2007). ""Tener referentes serios de lesbianas elimina estereotipos"" [Having serious lesbian references eliminates stereotypes]. El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  38. ^ Anan, Nobuko (2016). Contemporary Japanese Women's Theatre and Visual Arts: Performing Girls' Aesthetics (Contemporary Performance InterActions). London, England, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1137372970.
  39. ^ Suzuki, Michiko (2006). "Writing Same-Sex Love: Sexology and Literary Representation in Yoshiya Nobuko's Early Fiction". The Journal of Asian Studies. 65 (3): 575–599. doi:10.1017/S0021911806001148. ISSN 0021-9118. S2CID 162524708.
  40. ^ Wu, Peichen (2002). "Performing Gender along the Lesbian Continuum: The Politics of Sexual Identity in the Seit∂ Society". U.S.-Japan Women's Journal. English Supplement (22). University of Hawaiʻi Press: 64–86. ISSN 1059-9770. JSTOR 42772182. OCLC 884781202.
  41. ^ Popova, Maria (11 October 2013). "How Virginia Woolf's Orlando Subverted Censorship and Revolutionized the Politics of LGBT Love in 1928".
  42. ^ Eileen Barrett, Virginia Woolf: Lesbian Readings, NYU Press, Jul 1, 1997
  43. ^ Castle, Terry (13 December 2005). The Literature of Lesbianism: A Historical Anthology from Ariosto to Stonewall. Columbia University Press. p. 649. ISBN 0231125119.
  44. ^ a b c Karami, Siham (July–August 2016). "In the Manner of Amy Lowell" (PDF). The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide. 23 (4): 39.
  45. ^ Bradshaw, Melissa; Munich, Adrienne (9 February 2004). Amy Lowell, American Modern. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. p. 62. ISBN 0813533562.
  46. ^ a b Rollyson, Carl (8 August 2013). Amy Lowell Anew: A Biography. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-1442223929. Preface reprinted at the author's website.
  47. ^ Hamer, Diane (30 December 2013). "The Love Songs of Amy Lowell". The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide. 21 (1): 48.
  48. ^ Faderman, Lillian. "About Amy Lowell's Poetry". english.illinois.edu. University of Illinois. Archived from the original on 2019-03-25. Retrieved 2018-11-15.
  49. ^ Faderman, Lillian. "Amy Lowell (1874-1925)". faculty.georgetown.edu. Georgetown University.
  50. ^ Hamer, Diane Ellen (1 July 2004). "Amy Lowell wasn't writing about flowers". The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide. 11 (4). Reprinted at thefreelibrary.com.
  51. ^ a b Diana Frederics: Diana, A Strange Autobiography, 1939 Archived July 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. OutHistory (September 26, 2010). Retrieved on November 30, 2010.
  52. ^ Gallo, p. 67
  53. ^ Fonseca, Sarah (March 1, 2019). "Reality Is a Drag: I'd Rather Live In Lesbian Pulp Fiction". Them. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  54. ^ a b History Detectives . Investigations – Diana. PBS. Retrieved on 2010-11-30.
  55. ^ Miller, Meredith (2006). Historical Dictionary of Lesbian Literature (1st ed.). Scarecrow Press. pp. 51, 110. ISBN 0-8108-4941-0.
  56. ^ "The Madness of Queen Jane". The New Yorker. 12 June 2014.
  57. ^ a b Grier, Barbara (1981). The Lesbian in Literature (3rd ed.). Tallahassee, Florida: Naiad Press. ISBN 0930044231.
  58. ^ Smallwood, Christine (August 9, 2005). "Sapphic soldiers". Salon. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
  59. ^ Meaker, Marijane (2003). "One". Highsmith: A Romance of the 1950s (1st ed.). Cleis Press. p. 1. ISBN 1573441716.
  60. ^ a b Rich, Frank (November 18, 2015). "Loving Carol". Vulture. New York. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
  61. ^ Highsmith, Patricia (November 11, 2015). "Happily ever after, at last: Patricia Highsmith on the inspiration for Carol". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
  62. ^ Highsmith, Patricia (1990). Carol (1st ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 0747507198.
  63. ^ Stockinger, Jacob (4 February 2006). "Leduc, Violette". glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture
  64. ^ Hannon, Gerald. "Jane Rule: The woman behind Lesbian Images". 22 October 2020. Xtra.ca (Toronto). Retrieved November 29, 2007.
  65. ^ Journal of a Solitude, 1973, pp. 90-91.
  66. ^ a b Bindel, Julie (7 August 2008). "A literature of our own". The Guardian.
  67. ^ Shamoon, Deborah (2021). "Class S: appropriation of 'lesbian' subculture in modern Japanese literature and New Wave cinema". Cultural Studies. 35: 27–43. doi:10.1080/09502386.2020.1844259. ISSN 0950-2386.
  68. ^ Kim Emery, The Lesbian Index: Pragmatism and Lesbian Subjectivity in the Twentieth-Century United States, SUNY Press, 2002
  69. ^ A Study Guide for Rita Mae Brown's "Ruby Fruit Jungle". Gale Cengage Learning. 12 July 2016. ISBN 9781410357069.
  70. ^ Van Ausdall, Mimi Iimuro (Spring 2010). "Loving Her Without Class: The Politics of Feminist Love in Ann Allen Shockley's Lesbian Novel". Feminist Formations. 22 (1): 57–75. doi:10.1353/nwsa.0.0116. JSTOR 40835344. S2CID 201796772.
  71. ^ Nelson, Emmanuel S. (2009-07-14). Encyclopedia of Contemporary LGBTQ Literature of the United States. ABC-CLIO. p. 203. ISBN 9780313348600.
  72. ^ Busia, Abena P. A. Theorizing Black Feminisms: The Visionary Pragmatism of Black Women, Routledge, 1993, ISBN 0-415-07336-7, p. 225n.
  73. ^ Lothian, Alexis (February 5, 2015). "Feminist and Queer Science Fiction in America" (PDF). The Cambridge Companion to American Science Fiction: 70–82. doi:10.1017/CCO9781107280601.008. ISBN 978-1-107-28060-1.
  74. ^ Scott Herring, The Cambridge Companion to American Gay and Lesbian Literature, Cambridge University Press, May 26, 2015
  75. ^ Josh Sides, "Erotic City: Sexual Revolutions and the Making of Modern San Francisco", Oxford University Press US, 2009, ISBN 0-19-537781-8, p.219
  76. ^ Dewey, Charlsie (May 28, 2013). "Lambda Literary Foundation marks 25 years of LGBT writers". Windy City Times. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
  77. ^ George Haggerty, Bonnie Zimmerman, Encyclopedia of Lesbian and Gay Histories and Cultures, Taylor & Francis, Sept. 2, 2003
  78. ^ Nickels, Thom (2002). Gay and Lesbian Philadelphia. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. p. 74. ISBN 978-1531606336.
  79. ^ Bonnie Zimmerman, Encyclopedia of Lesbian Histories and Cultures, Routledge, Aug 21, 2013, p. 439
  80. ^ Leng Lin Leung Ping-kwan. "lesbianism in literature". Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture. Retrieved 2017-06-27.
  81. ^ "(Japanese) Lesbian Literature Recommendations". Archived from the original on 2017-06-21. Retrieved 2017-01-16.
  82. ^ Samir Habib. "The Historical Context and Reception of the First Arabic-Lesbian Novel, I Am You, by Elham Mansour" (PDF). Brunel University London. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-29. Retrieved 2017-06-27.
  83. ^ Al-Ghafari, Iman (1 January 1970). "The Lesbian Subjectivity in Contemporary Arabic Literature: 'An Absent Presence' Disciplined by the Gaze". Al-Raida Journal: 6–18. doi:10.32380/alrj.v0i0.89.
  84. ^ Guardi, Jolanda (2014). "Female Homosexuality in Contemporary Arabic Literature". DEP. 25: 17–30. S2CID 198903176.
  85. ^ Diabate, Naminata; Ekotto, Frieda (January 2009). "From Women Loving Women in Africa to Jean Genet and Race: A Conversation with Frieda Ekotto". Journal of the African Literature Association. 4 (1): 181–203. doi:10.1080/21674736.2009.11690138. S2CID 163660662.
  86. ^ "A Look at LGBT Literature in sub-Saharan Africa". 6 April 2012. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
  87. ^ Miller, Meredith (2006). Historical Dictionary of Lesbian Literature (1st ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 3. ISBN 0-8108-4941-0.
  88. ^ Parkhurst, Carolyn (2007). Lost and Found. Back Bay Books. ISBN 978-0-316-06639-6.
  89. ^ Savage, Guy (September 30, 2006). "Carolyn Parkhurst: Lost and Found". MostlyFiction Book Reviews. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved May 20, 2014.
  90. ^ Winterson, Jeanette (March 21, 1985). "Oranges Are Not The Only Fruit". jeanettewinterson.com. Archived from the original on August 31, 2013. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
  91. ^ "(Volume 16, 2013) Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning (LGBTQ)-Themed Literature for Teens: Are School Libraries Providing Adequate Collections?" (PDF). School Library Research SLR; Research Journal of the American Association of School Librarians. American Library Association. August 24, 2012. ISSN 2165-1019. Retrieved 2017-06-27.
  92. ^ Hart, Ellen. "ELLEN INTERVIEWS SANDRA SCOPPETTONE". EllenHart.com. Archived from the original on 2007-06-10. Retrieved June 24, 2007.
  93. ^ a b c d Murphy, Julia. "'Targeted' young adult fiction: the need for literature speaking to gay/lesbian and African-American youth". crowbold.com. Retrieved March 4, 2007.
  94. ^ a b Jenkins, Christine A. (June 1, 2003). "Annie on Her Mind: Edwards Award–winner Nancy Garden's groundbreaking novel continues to make a compelling case for sexual tolerance". School Library Journal. Archived from the original on October 23, 2007. Retrieved February 25, 2007.
  95. ^ Goodnow, Cecelia (April 7, 2003). "Tacoma writer's gay-theme teen novel offers insights to young adults". Archived from the original on July 7, 2007. Retrieved February 25, 2007.
  96. ^ "Books in Trouble: Annie on My Mind". National Coalition Against Censorship. May 1996. Archived from the original on 2010-11-18.
  97. ^ Staff (January 1, 2000). "One Hundred Books that Shaped the Century". School Library Journal. Archived from the original on October 23, 2007. Retrieved February 25, 2007.
  98. ^ Prolific lesbian poet and novelist Eileen Myles recounts their life and artistic growth in New York and Marfa
  99. ^ Sittenfeld, Curtis (8 February 2012). "The Best Novel About a "De-Gaying Camp" Ever Written". Slate – via Slate.
  100. ^ Woolls, Blanche; Loertsche, David V. (2005). The Whole School Library Handbook. American Library Association. pp. 109–112. ISBN 0-8389-0883-7.
  101. ^ "Daughters, Inc". Lesbian Poetry Archive. August 8, 2009. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  102. ^ Bullough, Vern L. (2003). Before Stonewall. Haworth, 2003 (262).
  103. ^ Vitello, Paul (2011-11-14). "Barbara Grier, Publisher of Lesbian Books, Dies at 78". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-10-14.

Further reading

edit
Thesis
edit