The Malaysian Siamese (Malay: Orang Siam Malaysia) are an ethnicity or community who principally resides in Peninsular Malaysia which is a relatively homogeneous cultural region to Southern Burma and Southern Thailand but was separated by the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 between the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Siam. The treaty established the modern Malaysia-Thailand Border which starts from Golok River in Kelantan and ends at Padang Besar in Perlis. Before this, there was a mass migration of Siamese from Nakhon Si Thammarat to the northern Malay states seeking refuge following a civil war waged by Taksin of Thonburi against Nakhon ruler Nu in 1769.[2]
  | |
 A group of Siamese theatre performers in Kuala Lebir (present day, Kuala Krai District), Kelantan, July 1909. | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 80,000 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Malaysia | |
| Languages | |
| Southern Thai (native); Standard Malay, Kedah Malay, Kelantan-Patani Malay, Standard Thai, Chinese languages, English | |
| Religion | |
Predominantly  Theravada Buddhism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
|
Demographics
editIn 2000, the national statistics cited 50,211 individuals of Siamese ethnicity in Malaysia. Among these, 38,353 (or 76.4% of them) hold Malaysian citizenship.[3]
Culture
editThe Malaysian Siamese community share cultural similarities with the natives who inhabit the Malay Peninsula. Community activities, ethnolinguistic identity and languages spoken by Malaysian Siamese are similar to their brethren in the fourteen provinces of Southern Thailand as well as the southernmost Burmese.
The Malaysian Siamese lead a way of life similar to other Malaysian Malays. Malaysian Siamese still have the strong belief and practices of Buddhism while the Malaysian Malays have adopted Islam since the 14th century. The Malaysian Siamese are well established in the northernmost states of Malaysia, namely Perlis, Kedah, Perak, Penang, Terengganu and Kelantan.[4] One could not differentiate a Malay or a Siamese if they are not speaking their mother tongue. The only distinctive mark among them is their religion and language.[4] Otherwise Malaysian Siamese are like Malays as they also speak fluent local Malay dialects. Majority of Malaysian Siamese can read and write in Thai because there is Thai language learning and teaching in the schools which were established inside the village temples since 1943. They also often follow news in Thailand, watch Thai dramas and listen to Thai music.[5]
The Malaysian Siamese often get patronage from the state governments for their community's well-being. Often, temples are given generous fundings by Thailand's government.[6] Their community are also known for the making of traditional medicine.[7]
Religion
editThe Malaysian Siamese predominantly profess Buddhism and the predominant form of Buddhism is Theravāda Buddhism which is centred in their place of worship called Wat. The Malaysian Siamese's lives are closely tied to their temples (Wat). Monks have a significant role in strengthening communities and encouraging villagers to participate in traditional Buddhist ceremonies and rituals on important religious days like (Uposatha Days, Magha Puja, Visakha Puja, Buddhist Lent (Vassa), and End of Buddhist Lent (Kathina)) to preserve the Siamese-Buddhist cultural identity. Most of them settled around temples and consider them as centers for holding religious ceremonies, cultural and social activities.[5]
There also exist a small Thai-speaking Muslim minority called Samsam. The government has put them in the Bumiputera (specifically Malay) category and most have already assimilated into the Malay populace, no longer identifying as Siamese.[8][9][4]
Notable people
edit- Sultan Abdul Halim of Kedah, V & XIVth Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia (Malay-Siamese lineage)
- Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia's first prime minister (royal Malay-Siamese lineage)
- Bau Wong Bau Ek, Malaysian opposition leader of Kedah
- Samransak Kram, Malaysian national footballer
- Manopsak Kram, Malaysian national footballer
- Hattaphon Bun An, Malaysian footballer
- Jupha Somnet, Malaysian national track cyclist
- Mon Redee Sut Txi, Malaysian national archer
- Saritha Cham Nong, compound archer and part of the Malaysian national team
- Mohd Ridzuan Abdunloh, Malaysian footballer
- Janna Nick, Malaysian actress and singer
- Nelydia Senrose, Malaysian actress (partial Siamese descent)
- Richard Rivalee, Malaysian fashion designer (of Sino-Thai heritage)
- Faezah Elai, Malaysian actress (partial Siamese descent)
- Bront Palarae, Malaysian actor (mixed Malay-Punjabi-Siamese heritage)
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ | title = Movement and Identity Construction Amongst Kelantan's Thai Community | author = Irving Johnson | publisher = Harvard University | via = University of Münster | access-date = 21 March 2019 | page = 2 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190321025651/https://www.uni-muenster.de/Ethnologie/South_Thai/working_paper/Johnson_Kelantan.pdf | archive-date = 21 March 2019 | url-status = dead
- ^ Siri Neng Beh (2010). "Masyarakat Malaysia Keturunan Siam". Report on the Roundtable Discussion on the Rights of Ethnic Minorities and Marginalised Communities in Malaysia (in Malay). Human Rights Commission of Malaysia. pp. 36–42. ISBN 978-983-2523-64-2.
- ^ "Jawapan-jawapan Lisan Bagi Pertanyaan-pertanyaan" [Oral Answers For Questions] (PDF) (in Malay). Parliament of Malaysia. 3 December 2001. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 January 2006. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
- ^ a b c Mohamed Yusoff Ismail (1987). "Buddhism and Ethnicity: The Case of the Siamese of Kelantan". Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia. 2 (2). ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute: 231–254. doi:10.1355/SJ2-2D. JSTOR 41056730.
- ^ a b Thatsanawadi Kaeosanit. Dynamic construction of the Siamese-Malaysians' ethnic identity, Malaysia (PDF) (PhD). Bangkok, Thailand: Graduate School of Communication Arts and Management Innovation, National Institute of Development Administration.
- ^ "Malaysian temple to get Thai royal award". New Straits Times. The Buddhist Channel. 10 November 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
- ^ Salmah Omar; Rafidah Mohamad Cusairi; Shariffah Suraya Syed Jamaludin; Philip Lepun (2017). "Pengunaan tumbuh-tumbuhan dalam Perubatan Tradisional Masyarakat Siam di Negeri Kedah" [The use of plants in Traditional Medicine of the Siamese Community in the State of Kedah] (PDF) (in Malay). Kolej Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Selangor. p. 2/14. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
Masyarakat Siam di Malaysia kebanyakannya menetap di kawasan Utara Semenanjung Malaysia iaitu di Kedah, Perlis, Perak, Kelantan dan sebahagian kecil di negeri Terengganu. Sebahagian besar masyarakat Siam menetap di Kedah iaitu berjumlah 30,000 orang, 13,000 orang di Kelantan, 6,000 di Perlis dan 2,000 di Perak.
- ^ Keiko KURODA. "A Migrants' World from South Thailand to Kedah — A History of Inland Kedah" (PDF) – via repository.tufs.ac.jp.
- ^ Kuroda, Keiko (2005). "Malaysian nation-making and Thai-speaking Buddhists in Kedah" – via ResearchGate.
Sources
edit- Robert W. Hefner (2001). The Politics of Multiculturalism: Pluralism and Citizenship in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 79–. ISBN 978-0-8248-2487-7.
- Irving Chan Johnson (10 January 2013). The Buddha on Mecca's Verandah: Encounters, Mobilities, and Histories Along the Malaysian-Thai border. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-80441-5.