Mersa Matruh (Arabic: مرسى مطروح), also transliterated as Marsa Matruh (Standard Arabic Marsā Maṭrūḥ, [ˈmæɾsæ mɑtˤˈɾuːħ]), is a port in Egypt and the capital of Matrouh Governorate. It is located 240 km (150 mi) west of Alexandria and 222 km (138 mi) east of Sallum on the main highway from the Nile Delta to the Libyan border. The city is also accessible from the south via another highway running through the Western Desert towards Siwa Oasis and Bahariya Oasis.
Mersa Matruh
مرسى مطروح | |
|---|---|
       | |
 Flag  Seal | |
  Mersa Matruh Location in Egypt | |
| Coordinates: 31°20′N 27°13′E / 31.333°N 27.217°E | |
| Country |  Egypt |
| Governorate | Matrouh |
| Area | |
• Total | 1,033 sq mi (2,675 km2) |
| Elevation | 23 ft (7 m) |
| Population (2024)[1] | |
• Total | 568,689 |
| • Density | 550/sq mi (210/km2) |
| • Ethnicities | Egyptians Bedouins & Egyptian-Libyans. |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EST) |
| Area code | (+20) 46 |
Mersa Matruh was a major grain port under the Romans and a military base of the British Empire. During World War II, several battles were fought around its environs as the Italo-German Panzer Army Africa attempted to capture the port. It fell to the Axis during the Battle of Mersa Matruh but was recaptured following the Second Battle of El Alamein.
Mersa Matruh is served by Mersa Matruh International Airport. The city features soft white sand beaches and calm transparent waters; the bay is protected from the high seas by a series of rocks forming a natural breakwater, with a small opening to allow access for light vessels.
History
editMersa Matruh[clarification needed] began as a small fishing town but was important enough to host an Egyptian temple under Ramesses II c. 1200 BC. It prospered as the port for the 8th-century BC oracle of Amun Ra at the Siwa Oasis.
It became known as Ammonia (‹See Tfd›Greek: Ἀμμωνία, Ammōnía)[citation needed] after the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great of Macedon in the 4th century BC. Under the Ptolemaic dynasty and Romans, it was also known as Paraetonium[2][3] (Koinē Greek: Παραιτόνιον, Paraitónion; Coptic: ⲧⲡⲁⲣⲁⲧⲟⲛⲓⲟⲛ, Tparatonion).[4] It served as a major transit port for Egyptian grain to Rome. Ovid wrote that its patron goddess during his era was Isis.[5]
The city was Christianized by the 6th century, when a chapel was built in the Byzantine style.[6]
After the 7th-century conquest of Egypt by the Caliphate, it became known as Baritun (Arabic: البارتون, al-Bāritūn). The city also bore other names from at least the beginning of the 20th century: Berek Marsa, Port Mhaddra (Mithr), and Port Bardiah.[7]
During World War II, the British Army's Baggush Box was located to the east of the city. Starting with the completion of an extension from the previous railhead at Fuka in February 1936,[8] Mersa Matruh was the terminus for a single-track railway, which passed through El Alamein. Mersa Matruh served as a vital British military base during World War II and was a major objective of Erwin Rommel's Afrika Korps, which captured it during the Battle of Mersa Matruh.
During the Arab Spring in early 2011, protests broke out in the city. On the evening of 2 October 2023, during the lead up to the 2023 Egyptian presidential election, a Nation's Future Party (Mostakbal El-Watan) rally in support of Abdel Fattah El-Sisi turned into Anti-Sisi protests with protesters burning photos of El-Sisi and chanting chants against him.[citation needed]
Geography
editClimate
editMersa Matruh has a dry-summer hot desert climate (BWhs) according to Köppen climate classification, but winds blowing from the Mediterranean Sea greatly moderate the temperature, making its summers moderately hot and humid while its winters are mild and moderately wet. Summers are sunny and dry, while in the colder months, there is some rain and cloud cover. Sleet and hail are common in winter.[citation needed]
Mersa Matruh and Port Said have the coolest summer days of all Egyptian cities and resorts, although not significantly cooler than other northern coastal places. Additionally Rafah, Alexandria, Abu Qir, Rosetta, Baltim, Kafr el-Dawwar and Mersa Matruh are the wettest in Egypt.
| Climate data for Mersa Matruh (Marsa Matruh International Airport) 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1920–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 30.6 (87.1) |
34.0 (93.2) |
40.0 (104.0) |
43.5 (110.3) |
44.1 (111.4) |
46.2 (115.2) |
45.0 (113.0) |
43.0 (109.4) |
42.5 (108.5) |
39.3 (102.7) |
36.7 (98.1) |
29.2 (84.6) |
46.2 (115.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.1 (64.6) |
18.7 (65.7) |
20.5 (68.9) |
23.2 (73.8) |
25.7 (78.3) |
28.2 (82.8) |
29.9 (85.8) |
30.5 (86.9) |
29.7 (85.5) |
27.3 (81.1) |
23.5 (74.3) |
19.7 (67.5) |
24.5 (76.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 13.5 (56.3) |
14.0 (57.2) |
15.7 (60.3) |
18.1 (64.6) |
20.9 (69.6) |
24.1 (75.4) |
26.1 (79.0) |
26.7 (80.1) |
25.6 (78.1) |
23.0 (73.4) |
18.9 (66.0) |
15.2 (59.4) |
20.2 (68.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 9.5 (49.1) |
9.6 (49.3) |
11.1 (52.0) |
13.3 (55.9) |
16.2 (61.2) |
19.7 (67.5) |
22.1 (71.8) |
22.7 (72.9) |
21.4 (70.5) |
18.6 (65.5) |
14.6 (58.3) |
11.2 (52.2) |
15.8 (60.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 1.0 (33.8) |
2.0 (35.6) |
2.2 (36.0) |
5.0 (41.0) |
7.8 (46.0) |
9.8 (49.6) |
12.9 (55.2) |
17.0 (62.6) |
10.0 (50.0) |
0.0 (32.0) |
6.0 (42.8) |
0.0 (32.0) |
0.0 (32.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 35.8 (1.41) |
21.2 (0.83) |
7.9 (0.31) |
3.0 (0.12) |
1.5 (0.06) |
0.2 (0.01) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.2 (0.01) |
0.6 (0.02) |
9.3 (0.37) |
21.4 (0.84) |
32.4 (1.28) |
132.9 (5.23) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 5.7 | 4.9 | 1.7 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 2.5 | 4.6 | 23.0 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 71 | 69 | 68 | 66 | 73 | 73 | 75 | 73 | 71 | 70 | 68 | 69 | 70.5 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | 7.2 (45.0) |
7.4 (45.3) |
8.5 (47.3) |
10.7 (51.3) |
14.5 (58.1) |
17.5 (63.5) |
19.9 (67.8) |
20.2 (68.4) |
18.4 (65.1) |
15.5 (59.9) |
11.7 (53.1) |
8.3 (46.9) |
13.3 (55.9) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 196.3 | 214.5 | 254.1 | 269.1 | 316.7 | 355.4 | 371.9 | 356.3 | 309.2 | 268.2 | 222.2 | 196.6 | 3,330.5 |
| Source 1: NOAA (humidity, dew point, sun 1961–1990)[9][10] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Meteo Climat (record temperatures)[11] | |||||||||||||
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18 °C (64 °F) | 17 °C (63 °F) | 17 °C (63 °F) | 18 °C (64 °F) | 20 °C (68 °F) | 23 °C (73 °F) | 25 °C (77 °F) | 26 °C (79 °F) | 26 °C (79 °F) | 25 °C (77 °F) | 22 °C (72 °F) | 20 °C (68 °F) |
Main sights
edit- Ruins of the Temple of the King, Pharaoh Ramesses II (1200 BC)
- Drowned city of Caesar.
- Drowned Palace of Cleopatra.
- Egyptian Fleet Anchorage which was built by the Ptolemies. The remains of the naval installations still stand west of the port.
- Coptic Chapel: built in the early Coptic age, it contains several caves bearing inscriptions.
- Rommel's Hideout: a cave, hewn in the rock, where Rommel drew up plans for his military operations. It has now been turned into a military museum.
- The British Cemetery: thousands of rock-hewn tombstones stand in straight rows amidst a fenced garden.
- The German Cemetery: a fortress-like memorial that was built on a height overlooking the sea.
- The Italian Cemetery: a high tower fort standing on a high hill. The walls of the building are covered with marble.
Main beaches
edit- Ageebah Beach: About 28 km west of Mersa Matruh downtown, it is distinguished by its numerous natural cave
- Al-Obayed Beach: About 20 km west of Mersa Matruh downtown
- Rommel Bay.
Photo gallery
edit
See also
edit
References
edit
- ^ a b c "Marsā Maṭrūḥ (Kism (urban and rural parts), Egypt) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
- ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Paraetonium
- ^ Strabo, Geography, 17.1
- ^ George of Cyprus (1890). Georgii Cyprii Descriptio orbis romani. Cornell University: B. G. Teubneri. p. 142.
- ^ "ToposText". topostext.org. Retrieved 2019-12-30.
- ^ Goodchild, R. G. (1991). "A Byzantine Chapel at Marsa Matruh (Paraitonium)". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 28: 201–211. doi:10.2307/40000580. ISSN 0065-9991. JSTOR 40000580.
- ^ Raza, Moonis (1990). Geographical Dictionary Of The World In The Early 20th Century With Pronouncing Gazetteer (in 2 Vos.). Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-7268-011-4.
- ^ Playfair, Vol. I, page 3.
- ^ "Mersa Matruh Airport Normals 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
- ^ "Mersa Matruh (A) Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on October 3, 2023. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
- ^ "Station Mersa Matruh" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
- ^ "Marsa Matruh Climate and Weather Averages, Egypt". Weather to Travel. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
- Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. "Geographical information on Marsa Matruh, Egypt". Retrieved 2008-03-23.
External links
editSources
edit- Playfair, Major-General I.S.O.; Molony, Brigadier C.J.C.; with Flynn, Captain F.C. (R.N.) & Gleave, Group Captain T.P. (2009) [1st. pub. HMSO:1954]. Butler, Sir James (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy, to May 1941. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, UK: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84574-065-8.