A contingency operation is a military operation involving United States Armed Forces, conducted in response to natural disasters, terrorists, subversives, or as otherwise directed by appropriate authority to protect national interests.[1] The designation is made by a finding by the discretion of the Secretary of Defense, and triggers the implementation of a variety of wartime plans and preparations throughout the federal government, and within each of the military branches. Contingency operations are often referred to more specifically as overseas contingency operations (OCO), a term which is often substituted because there has not been a recent war on United States soil. The term's best known use is in the United States Congress' Overseas Contingency Operations funding, a discretionary budget appropriation sometimes described as a slush fund[2][3][4] used originally for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, but now used more broadly for other expenditures associated primarily with the War on Terror.[2]
| Contingency operation | |
|---|---|
 | |
| United States Congress | |
| Citation | 10 U.S.C. § 101a |
| Territorial extent | United States Federal Government |
| Enacted | 2011 |
| Commenced | January 3, 2012 |
| Related legislation | |
| Authorization for Use of Military Force | |
| Status: In force | |
Background
editHistorically, the US Congress in its appropriations allocates the "base" budget of the US Department of Defense (DoD), that includes the routine costs of maintaining the military forces.[5] In case of an unforeseen threat (like an actual war) Congress may consider a supplemental appropriations bill to increase the funding.[6] The latter mechanism was extensively used in the 20th century, especially at the beginning of hostilities. Usually (Korean War, Vietnam War, 1990-1991 Gulf War) the expenses were quickly rolled into the next base DoD budget (in the case of Korean War, the supplemental appropriations in the 1951 totaled 32.8 billion dollars, and in 1952 just 1.4 billion). After the September 11 attacks the pattern have changed, as the Congress started to rely on non-base funding for larger amounts and longer periods (amounts allocated for both supplemental and designated for non-base activities in the Vietnam war averaged 6% of the DoD budget vs. 17% in the first two decades of the 21st century).[5]
Initially, until 2010, the non-base funding was mostly provided through emergency-related supplemental appropriations.[5] Starting in 2011, under the Obama administration, Congress was asked to authorize war funds as a part of the regular appropriation bill. At this point the formal use of the label Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO) started to indicate that the authorized amounts were exempt from the Budget Control Act (BCA) limits on discretionary spending. OCO started to replace the "Global War on Terrorism" in early 2009.[7] BCA has specifically amended the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act (BBEDCA) to include an "Overseas Contingency Operations/Global War on Terrorism" designation, so that the "emergency" label was no longer needed to exclude funds from the BCA caps.[8]
As of 2019, there were no procedural or statutory limits on the amounts of OCO spending, although the president must approve the spending after the appropriation bill is passed for the funds to become available.[8]
Starting in 2012, Congress has adopted the same approach (and the OCO designation) for foreign affairs funding, sometimes with "no-year" accounts (funds available until spent), each year allocating more money than was requested. This use of OCO, arguably as just a mechanism to bypass the budget limits, ceased in 2022.[2]
Legal definition
editPer 10 USC 101 (a)(13), the term “contingency operation” means a military operation that—
(A) is designated by the Secretary of Defense as an operation in which members of the armed forces are or may become involved in
- military actions,
- operations, or
- hostilities against an enemy of the United States or
- against an opposing military force; or
(B) results in the call or order to, or retention on, active duty of members of the uniformed services under section 688, 12301(a), 12302, 12304, 12304a, 12305, or 12406 of this title, chapter 13 of this title, section 3713 of title 14, or any other provision of law during a war or during a national emergency declared by the President or Congress.[9][10]
See also
edit- Contingency Fund for Foreign Intercourse, an off-budget fund in the US at the end of the 18th century
- Off-budget fund (Germany)
References
edit- ^ Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. Washington, DC: The Joint Staff. p. 47. OCLC 58924036.
- ^ a b c McCabe 2021.
- ^ Tolliver, Sandy (2021-05-21). "The Biden administration is poised to absorb the Pentagon's 'slush fund'". The Hill. Retrieved 2021-07-17.
- ^ "Overseas Contingency Operations: The Pentagon Slush Fund". National Priorities Project. Archived from the original on 2015-09-10. Retrieved 2021-07-17.
- ^ a b c McGarry & Morgenstern 2019, p. 3.
- ^ McGarry & Morgenstern 2019, p. 2.
- ^ McGarry & Morgenstern 2019, pp. 4–5.
- ^ a b McGarry & Morgenstern 2019, p. 5.
- ^ "Definition: contingency operation from 10 USC § 101(a)(13)". Cornell Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on 2020-07-18. Retrieved 2021-07-17.
- ^ "DPC | Contingency Contracting". www.acq.osd.mil. Retrieved 2021-07-17.
Sources
edit- McGarry, Brendan W.; Morgenstern, Emily M. (2019). "Overseas Contingency Operations Funding: Background and Status" (PDF). crsreports.congress.gov. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
- McCabe, Emily M. (February 10, 2021). "Foreign Affairs Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO) Funding: Background and Current Status". Congressional Research Service (13 ed.). Archived from the original on 2021-07-17.