Examine individual changes

'{{short description|Mongolian adventurer}} {{Infobox person | name = Ja Lama | image = Dambiijaa.jpg | image_size = | birth_name = Dambiijantsan | birth_date = 1862 | birth_place = Baga Dörbet ulus, [[Astrakhan]]. | death_date = 1922 ([[Summary execution|execution]]) | death_place = [[Gobi Desert]], border of [[Mongolia]] and [[Xinjiang]] Province, [[China]] | occupation = [[Guerrilla warfare|Guerrilla]] }} '''Ja Lama''' ({{lang-mn|Жа Лама}}, also known as '''Dambiijantsan''', {{lang-mn|Дамбийжанцан}} or ''Dambiijaa'', {{lang-mn|Дамбийжаа}}; 1862–1922) was an adventurer and warlord of unknown birth and background who fought successive campaigns against the rule of the [[Qing dynasty]] in western Mongolia between 1890 and 1922. He claimed to be a Buddhist [[lama]], though it is not clear whether he actually was one, as well as a grandson and later the reincarnation of [[Amursana]], the [[Khoid]]-[[Oirats|Oirat]] prince who led the last great Mongol uprising against the [[Qing]] in 1757. He was one of the commanders of Mongolian forces that liberated [[Khovd (city)|Khovd]] city from Qing control in 1912. == Early life and career == Although Ja Lama claimed on numerous occasions both [[Russia]]n citizenship and [[Kalmyk people|Kalmyk]] origin, his true identity is not known but it is widely accepted that his real name was ''Dambiijantsan'' and that he was born in or around 1862 in a Baga Dörbet ulus somewhere in the [[Astrakhan]] region. Ja Lama was described as "fanatically anti-Tsarist Russian, anti-Soviet Russian, and anti-Chinese."<ref>{{cite book |title=Nationalism and Revolution in Mongolia |first1=Owen |last1=Lattimore |first2=Sh |last2=Nachukdorji|year=1955 |publisher=Brill Archive |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=28wUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9 |page=9 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> It is believed that Ja Lama first arrived in [[Mongolia]] sometime in 1890. By the summer of that year, he was arrested by Qing authorities for campaigning against Qing rule but avoided imprisonment after the Russian consul in Ikh Khüree (modern [[Ulan Bator]]) identified him as "Amur Sanaev," a Russian citizen of Kalmyk origin from the Astrakhan province, and secured his release and expulsion to Russia. By autumn of 1891, Ja Lama was back in Mongolia spreading anti-[[Manchu people|Manchu]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Nationalism and Revolution in Mongolia |first1=Owen |last1=Lattimore |first2=Sh |last2=Nachukdorji|year=1955 |publisher=Brill Archive |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=28wUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA57 |page=57 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> propaganda<ref>{{cite book |title=Asiatische Forschungen, Volumes 73-75 |author=Universität Bonn. Ostasiatische Seminar|year=1982 |publisher=O. Harrassowitz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbILAAAAIAAJ&q=Ja+Lama+made+a+journey+to+Tibet.6+On+this+journey+he+frequently+let+people+sec+that+he+had+money,+including+gold+coins.+In+spite+of+...+Ja+Lama+appeared+in+Mongolia+and+made+anrj-Manchu+propaganda+for+the+independence+of+the+Mongols. |page=164 |isbn=344702237X |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> for which he would be twice more arrested. After each arrest, Ja Lama was deported to Russia. Where he remained after his second arrest is unclear, but in 1910 he reappeared among the Oirat [[Torghut]]s in [[Xinjiang]]. == Mongolia's struggle for independence == [[File:陶克陶胡与丹毕坚赞.jpg|thumb|Ja Lama (right)]] The [[Mongolian Revolution of 1911]] was fought by the [[Khalkha Mongols]] against Qing China. However, western Mongolia remained under Manchu control. By spring of 1912, Ja Lama returned to Mongolia; this time he made his way to [[Khovd (city)|Khovd]] in northwest Mongolia, the last Qing stronghold in the area, where a Manchu [[amban]] and soldiers were stationed at a fort. All Qing officials were expelled from Mongolia by the independent Mongolian government under the Bogd Khan.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mongolian heroes of the twentieth century |issue=Issue 1 of Asian studies |first=Urgunge |last=Onon|editor-first=Urgunge|editor-last=Onon |others=Contributor Urgunge Onon |edition=illustrated |year=1976 |publisher=AMS Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ts1wAAAAMAAJ&q=+manchu+khovd |page=82 |isbn=0404154026 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> The Amban of Uliastai chose to evacuate under Russian protection; however, the Amban of Khovd chose to stay and fight the Mongol rebels with his troops.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mongolia and the Mongols, Volumes 61-63 |series=Medievalia hungarica series Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran toimituksia Uralic and Altaic Series, Uralic and Altaic Series |first=Alekseĭ Matveevich |last=Pozdneev |others=Contributor Indiana University |year=1971 |publisher=Indiana University |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f1QLAQAAMAAJ&q=When+the+Manchu+amban+in+Kobdo,+unlike+his+colleagues+in+the+east,+refused+to+leave+his+garrison,+there+was+a |page=xix |isbn=0877501572 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Mongolia and the Mongols, Volume 1; Volume 61 |volume=61 of Uralic and Altaic Series, Indiana University, Bloomington. Research Center for Language and Semiotic Studies |first=Alekseĭ Matveevich |last=Pozdneev |others=Contributor Indiana University |year=1971 |publisher=Indiana University |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kawvAAAAIAAJ&q=When+the+Manchu+amban+in+Kobdo,+unlike+his+colleagues+in+the+east,+refused+to+leave+his+garrison,+there+was+a |page=xix |isbn=0877501572 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dambijantsan.doncroner.com/JaLama-Chapter1.pdf |title=False Lama - The Life and Death of Dambijantsan |last1=Croner |first1=Don |date=2009 |website=dambijantsan.doncroner.com |location=Ulaan Baatar |publisher=Don Crone |page=2 |access-date=29 August 2014}}</ref> The Mongol envoy sent to deliver the message to Khovd was executed by the Amban, then the Mongols prepared to attack Khovd, with 2000 soldiers contributed by Ja Lama to the Mongol forces.<ref>{{cite book |title=Twentieth Century Mongolia, Volume 1 |author=Baabar|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Kaplonski |edition=illustrated |year=1999 |publisher=White Horse Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xEpxAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Hovd+amban,+who+had+strong+fortifications+and+well-+armed+troops,+not+only+refused+to+be+subdued,+but+executed+the+state+envoy.+...+On+their+way,+they+mobilized+three+thousand+soldiers+and,+upon+arriving+in+Hovd,+joined+forces+with+Ja+Lama+Dambijantsan+and+his+two+thousand+additional+troops. |page=139 |isbn=1874267405 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=History of Mongolia |author=Baabar, Bat-Ėrdėniĭn Baabar|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Kaplonski |edition=illustrated, reprint |year=1999 |publisher=Monsudar Pub. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXxxAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Hovd+amban,+who+had+strong+fortifications+and+well-+armed+troops,+not+only+refused+to+be+subdued,+but+executed+the+state+envoy.+...+On+their+way,+they+mobilized+three+thousand+soldiers+and,+upon+arriving+in+Hovd,+joined+forces+with+Ja+Lama+Dambijantsan+and+his+two+thousand+additional+troops. |page=139 |isbn=9992900385 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> In 1912 at Khovd, Ja Lama helped defeat the Manchus and ransack their fort.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dambijantsan.doncroner.com/JaLama-Chapter1.pdf |title=False Lama - The Life and Death of Dambijantsan |last1=Croner |first1=Don |date=2009 |website=dambijantsan.doncroner.com |location=Ulaan Baatar |publisher=Don Crone |page=11 |access-date=29 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dambijantsan.doncroner.com/JaLama.1-5.pdf |title=Ja Lama - The Life and Death of Dambijantsan |last1=Croner |first1=Don |date=2010 |website=dambijantsan.doncroner.com |location=Ulaan Baatar |publisher=Don Crone |page=11 |access-date=29 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Mongolian Music, Dance, & Oral Narrative: Performing Diverse Identities, Volume 1 |first=Carole |last=Pegg |edition=illustrated |year=2001 |publisher=University of Washington Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uxEGTwiCvd8C&pg=PA268 |pages=268–9 |isbn=0295980303 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Aspects of Altaic Civilization III: Proceedings of the Thirtieth Meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, June 19-25, 1987 |volume=3 of Aspects of Altaic civilization / ed. by Denis Sinor Volume 145 of Indiana University Uralic and Altaic series, Indiana University Bloomington|editor-first=Denis|editor-last=Sinor |others=Contributor Indiana University, Bloomington. Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies |year=1990 |publisher=Psychology Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWbAbwxMZXEC&pg=PA5 |page=5 |isbn=0700703802 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> Ja Lama let it be known everywhere that he was going to free the Mongols from the rule of China. The Mongols noted that Ja Lama possessed a cap to which a golden Kalacakran vajra was affixed, instead of a button as common among Mongols. He quickly mobilized his own force and joined the 5,000 Mongols from the [[Khovd Province]]. This force, led by Ja Lama, the Generals [[Khatanbaatar Magsarjav]] and [[Manlaibaatar Damdinsüren]], and the [[Jalkhanz Khutagt Sodnomyn Damdinbazar]], liberated the town of [[Uliastai]], in May the town of [[Ulaangom]], and in August [[Khovd (city)|Khovd]], declaring their unity with the newly founded Mongolian state. Khovd was the final city under Manchu-Chinese (Qing) control to be seized by the Mongols.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mongolian heroes of the twentieth century |issue=Issue 1 of Asian studies |first=Urgunge |last=Onon|editor-first=Urgunge|editor-last=Onon |others=Contributor Urgunge Onon |edition=illustrated |year=1976 |publisher=AMS Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ts1wAAAAMAAJ&q=+manchu+khovd |page=84 |isbn=0404154026 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> An attempt was made to flee west and evacuate Khovd by the Manchu soldiers, but they were massacred by the Mongols after being caught.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Mongolia Society Bulletin: A Publication of the Mongolia Society, Volume 9 |others=Contributor Mongolia Society|year=1970 |publisher=The Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5g8OAQAAMAAJ&q=But+on+the+next+day+the+Manchu+forces+were+reduced+in+strength+and+unable+to+fight+any+more,+and+they+tbandoned+the+city+of+Khobdo+and+were+fleeing+westwards,+when+the+Mongol+ambans+pursued+them+with+their+great+army,+fought+them,+and+slaughtered+and+destroyed+them. |page=17 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Mongolia Society Bulletin, Volumes 9-12 |author=Mongolia Society|year=1970 |publisher=Mongolia Society. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IuVVAAAAYAAJ&q=But+on+the+next+day+the+Manchu+forces+were+reduced+in+strength+and+unable+to+fight+any+more,+and+they+abandoned+the+city+of+Khobdo+and+were+fleeing+westwards,+when+the+Mongol+ambans+pursued+them+with+their+great+army,+fought+them,+and+slaughtered+and+destroyed+them. |page=17 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> After the capture of Khovd, Ja Lama and his troops inflicted savage reprisals against the Manchu soldiers taken prisoner and the civilian [[Han Chinese]] merchants. His acts of cruelty included slaughtering most Chinese prisoners. Ja Lama was extremely cruel to Kazakh prisoners. A [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] chief was skinned with his skin to be used as a religious implement & his heart cut out of his chest by the [[Oirats|Oirat]] Mongol Ja Lama. Another Kazakh was also skinned.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lattimore |first1=Owen |last2=Nachukdorji |first2=Sh |author-link= |date=1955 |title=Nationalism and Revolution in Mongolia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=28wUAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22Ja+Lama+ordered+the+breast+of+a+Kazak+leader+to+be+cut+open+and+the+heart+torn+out%22&pg=PA61 |location= |publisher=Brill Archive |page=61 |chapter=THE PROBLEM OF PERSONALITY: SKETCHES OF TWO CAREERS|isbn=}}</ref> A [[White Army|White Guard]] soldier's heart was eaten by the Mongol Choijon Lama. Mongol banner bloods were sprinkeled with Russian White Guard and Chinese blood from hearts according to A. V. Burdukov.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kuzmin |first=Sergius L. |editor-last=Terentyev |editor-first=Andrey |others=Dmitry Bennett |author-link= |date=2011 |title=Hidden Tibet: History of Independence and Occupation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tG32DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22and+took+the+skin+off+a+kazakh%3B+Choijon+Lama%22&pg=PA125 |location= |publisher=Library of Tibetan Works and Archives |page=125 |isbn=978-9380359472 |archive-url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/20152872/hidden-tibet-dhokham-chushi-gangdruk-society-canada|archive-date=2021|archiveurl2=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/40025737/click-here-to-read|archiveurl3=https://www.academia.edu/7730673/Kuzmin_S_L_2011_Hidden_Tibet_History_of_Independence_and_Occupation_Dharamsala_Library_of_Tibetan_Works_and_Archives|archiveurl4=https://www.chushigangdruk.ca/History%20docs/Hidden%20Tibet%20-History%20of%20Independence%20and%20Occupation.pdf|archiveurl5=https://www.scribd.com/document/195145542/Kuzmin-S-L-Hidden-Tibet-History-of-Independence-Occupation|archiveurl6=https://www.scribd.com/document/160457526/Hidden-Tibet|archiveurl7=https://pdfcoffee.com/download/kuzmin-s-l-hidden-tibet-history-of-independence-amp-occupation-pdf-free.html|archiveurl8=http://savetibet.ru/img/2010/tibet-book-eng.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/Nicholastrad/status/1095166137770233856 |title= |last=Khooloi |first=Ungerni |date=Feb 12, 2019 |website=Twitter |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tibetanbuddhistencyclopedia.com/en/index.php/Life_of_Ja_Lama |title=Life of Ja Lama |last= |first= |date= |website= Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia|publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> The Kazakh chief who was skinned alive was named Khaisan. His skin along with another man's skin were found by [[Cossacks]] in his [[Yurt|ger]] in Muunjaviin Ulaan on 8 February 1914 under Captain Bulatov.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doncroner.net/labels/Dambijantsan.html |title=Russia - Astrakhan - Dambijantsan - Pestelya Street |last=Croner |first=Don |date=June 5, 2009 |website=Don Croner |publisher= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905043055/http://www.doncroner.net/labels/Dambijantsan.html |access-date= |archive-date=2012-09-05 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldwidewanders1.blogspot .com/2008/05/mongolia.html |title=Mongolia - Khovd Aimag - Ja Lama and the Siege of Khovd |last= Croner|first=Don |date= May 13, 2008 |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> [[Owen Lattimore]] used the words "a strange, romantic and sometimes savage figure" for the Mongol Sandagdorjiyn Magsarjav (1877-1927). Magsarjav had served under Ungern-Sternberg. In Uriankhai Kazakh bandits who were captured had their hearts cut out and sacrificed by Magsarjav.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dillon |first=Michael |author-link= |date=2019 |title=Mongolia: A Political History of the Land and its People |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fYSzDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Magsarjav+also+sacrificed+the+hearts+of+Kazakh+bandits+when+his+troops+were+operating+in+the%22&pg=PA55 |location= |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|page=55 |isbn=978-1788316958}}</ref> It was rumored that he tore out the hearts of prisoners with his left hand and then placed them together with bits of the brain and entrails in skull bowls as offerings to the Tibetan terror gods. He then allegedly hung the peeled skins of his Kazakh enemies on the walls of his yurt. == Fall from grace == {{Quote box |quote =I am a mendicant monk from the Russian Tsar's kingdom, but I am born of the great Mongols. My herds are on the Volga river, my water source is the Irtysh. There are many hero warriors with me. I have many riches. Now I have come to meet with you beggars, you remnants of the Oirats, in the time when the war for power begins. Will you support the enemy? My homeland is Altai, Irtysh, Khobuk-sari, Emil, Bortala, Ili, and Alatai. This is the Oirat mother country. By descent, I am the great-grandson of Amursana, the reincarnation of Mahakala, owning the horse Maralbashi. I am he whom they call the hero Dambijantsan. I came to move my pastures back to my own land, to collect my subject households and bondservants, to give favour, and to move freely. |source = An epic poem by Ja Lama in 1912<ref>{{cite book |title=China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia |first=Peter C |last=Perdue |edition=reprint |year=2009 |publisher=Harvard University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC&pg=PA493 |page=493 |isbn=978-0674042025 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Bloody White Baron: The Extraordinary Story of the Russian Nobleman Who Became the Last Khan of Mongolia |first=James |last=Palmer|edition=reprint |year=2011 |publisher=Basic Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_2oJYvNHAQC&pg=PA59 |page=59 |isbn=978-0465022076 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> }} For his role in a number of noteworthy military victories, Ja Lama was given the high religious and noble titles of Nom-un Khan Khutukhtu and [[Banner (Inner Mongolia)|khoshuu]] prince Tüshe Gün, respectively, by the [[Bogd Khan|Eighth Jebtsundamba Khutukhtu]]. Moreover, the victories sealed Ja Lama's reputation as a warlord and as a militant Buddhist monk. He installed himself as the military governor of western Mongolia, tyrannizing a huge territory through a reign of fear and violence. A separatist state for Oirats was being built by Ja-Lama around Kobdo.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Modernization of Inner Asia |first1=Louis |last1=Dupree |first2=Eden |last2=Naby|editor-first=Cyril E.|editor-last=Black |others=Contributor Elizabeth Endicott-West |edition=reprint |year=1994 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FoIE4laY7JcC&pg=PA55 |page=55 |isbn=0873327799 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> Ja-Lama and fellow Oirats from Altai wanted to emulate the [[Dzungar Khanate|original Oirat empire]] and build another grand united Oirat nation from the nomads of western China and Mongolia.<ref>{{cite book |title=Red Shambhala: Magic, Prophecy, and Geopolitics in the Heart of Asia |first=Andrei |last=Znamenski|edition=illustrated |year=2011 |publisher=Quest Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J6T2uz1KSoC&pg=PA40 |page=40 |isbn=978-0835608916 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> Prophecies had been circulating about the return of Amursana and the revival of the Oirats in the Altai region.<ref>{{cite book |title=Red Shambhala: Magic, Prophecy, and Geopolitics in the Heart of Asia |first=Andrei |last=Znamenski|edition=illustrated |year=2011 |publisher=Quest Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J6T2uz1KSoC&pg=PA27 |pages=27, 28, 29 |isbn=978-0835608916 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> In February 1914, Ja Lama was arrested by Siberian [[Cossacks]] on the orders of Russian consular officials in Khovd.<ref>{{cite book |title=Red Shambhala: Magic, Prophecy, and Geopolitics in the Heart of Asia |first=Andrei |last=Znamenski|edition=illustrated |year=2011 |publisher=Quest Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J6T2uz1KSoC&pg=PA41 |page=41 |isbn=978-0835608916 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> The consulate had received numerous complaints from nobles in the Khovd region who disapproved of Ja Lama's autocratic behavior and despotic practices. Ja Lama was imprisoned in [[Tomsk]] for about a year and later moved to [[Irkutsk]]. In 1916, Ja Lama returned to his native Lower [[Volga]] region then reentered Mongolia in the summer of 1918. Ja Lama refused to recognize the authority of the [[Bogd Khan]] and the government immediately issued a warrant for his arrest. Ja Lama, however, managed to evade Mongolian authorities, and established himself in a retreat in the [[Gobi|Black Gobi]], on the border between Mongolia and the Chinese provinces of [[Xinjiang]] and [[Gansu]]. From there, he recruited followers and extorted or robbed passing caravans.<ref>{{cite book |title=Soviet Russia and Tibet: The Debarcle of Secret Diplomacy, 1918-1930s |volume=4 of Brill's Tibetan Studies Library, V.4 |first=Alexandre |last=Andreyev|edition=illustrated |year=2003 |publisher=BRILL |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MqXnOBX4dREC&pg=PA139 |page=139 |isbn=9004129529 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Myth of the Masters Revived: The Occult Lives of Nikolai and Elena Roerich |first=Alexandre |last=Andreyev |year=2014 |publisher=BRILL |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TI6fAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA285 |page=285 |isbn=978-9004270435 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> Ja Lama gained a lucrative amount of gold and silver after looting a Tibetan caravan made out of fifty merchants.<ref>{{cite book |title=Red Shambhala: Magic, Prophecy, and Geopolitics in the Heart of Asia |first=Andrei |last=Znamenski|edition=illustrated |year=2011 |publisher=Quest Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J6T2uz1KSoC&pg=PA138 |page=138 |isbn=978-0835608916 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> In the Zasagt Khan aimag opium was cultivated by Chinese workers who were employed by Ja Lama in 1918.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Tea Road: China and Russia Meet Across the Steppe |first=Martha |last=Avery|year=2003 |publisher=五洲传播出版社 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BMftUQCm5_IC&pg=PA139 |page=139 |isbn=7508503805 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> Ja-lama murdered all the members of a delegation sent by Baron [[Roman von Ungern-Sternberg]] to [[Lhasa]] in 1920.<ref>{{cite book |title=Soviet Russia and Tibet: The Debarcle of Secret Diplomacy, 1918-1930s |volume=4 of Brill's Tibetan Studies Library, V.4 |first=Alexandre |last=Andreyev|edition=illustrated |year=2003 |publisher=BRILL |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MqXnOBX4dREC&pg=PA150 |page=150 |isbn=9004129529 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> Ja-lama was apparently found to be a disillusionment by Ungern who had been an admirer, only to allude to him by insults after actually entering Mongolia.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Bloody White Baron: The Extraordinary Story of the Russian Nobleman Who Became the Last Khan of Mongolia |first=James |last=Palmer|edition=reprint |year=2011 |publisher=Basic Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_2oJYvNHAQC&pg=PA60 |page=60 |isbn=978-0465022076 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> == Death == After the re-establishment of Mongolia's independence in 1921, Ja Lama continued to operate independently from his hideout. The new communist government was intent on stamping out insurrections and set its sights on Ja Lama and his forces.<ref>{{cite book |title=Socialist Revolutions in Asia: The Social History of Mongolia in the 20th Century |first=Irina Y. |last=Morozova|year=2009 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-1GRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 |page=39 |isbn=978-1135784379 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> In early 1922, Mongolia's military leader [[Damdin Sükhbaatar]] ordered Ja Lama's arrest. [[Ulaanbaatar|Niislel Khüree]]'s police chief Baldandorj was dispatched to arrest him. Baldandorj succeeded in infiltrating his camp by posing as an envoy from the [[Bogd Khan]] and shot him dead, then beheaded him.<ref>{{cite book |title=Red Shambhala: Magic, Prophecy, and Geopolitics in the Heart of Asia |first=Andrei |last=Znamenski|edition=illustrated |year=2011 |publisher=Quest Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J6T2uz1KSoC&pg=PA141 |page=141 |isbn=978-0835608916 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> Ja Lama's forces scattered and his head was displayed first in Uliastai and then Niislel Khüree. Later, Ja Lama's head was brought to [[Saint Petersburg]] and put on display at Kunstkammer of the [[Hermitage Museum|Hermitage]], labelled "No. 3394, head of a Mongolian".<ref>{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of Mongolia |volume=74 of Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East |first=Alan J. K. |last=Sanders|edition=3, illustrated |year=2010 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5JN83EDDLl4C&pg=PA188 |page=188 |isbn=978-0810874527 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} * Bawden, Charles R. ''THE MODERN HISTORY OF MONGOLIA'', The Praeger Asia-Africa Series, Frederick A. Praeger Publishers, New York, NY (1968). * Bormanshinov, Arash. ''A Notorious West Mongol Adventurer of the Twentieth Century'', p.&nbsp;148, ''Opuscula Altaica: Essays Presented In Honor of Henry Schwarz''; Edward H. Kaplan and Donald W. Whisenhunt, Editors, Center for East Asian Studies, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA (1994). * Don Croner, ''False Lama: The Life and Death of Dambijantsan (2009), http://dambijantsan.doncroner.com/index.html (accessed Aug. 31, 2009) * Lattimore, Owen. ''The Desert Road to Turkestan'', Little, Brown and Company, Inc., New York, NY (1929). * Lomakina, Inessa, ''Golova Dzha-Lamy'' [Ja-Lama's Head] (Ulan-Ude and St. Petersburg: Ecoart, 1993) ** Lomakina, Inessa, Golova Dja-lamy [ The head of Ja Lama] (Ulan-Ude and St. Petersburg: Agentstvo 'Ekoart', 1993). ** Lomakina, I. 1993. Golova Dja Lamy (The Head ofJa-Lama), Ulan-Ude-St Petersburg. — . 2001. Velikii beglets, Moscow. ** Lomakina, I. 1993. Golova Dja-lamy [The Head of Ja-Lama]. Ulan-Ude-St. Petersburg: Ecoart Agency. ** Lomakina, Golova Dza-lamy. (Lygiima Chaloupkovd) * Ossendowski, Ferdinand A. ''Beasts, Men and Gods'', E.P. Dutton & Company, Inc., New York, NY (1922). * Znamenski, Andrei. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0835608913 Red Shambhala: Magic, Prophecy, and Geopolitics in the Heart of Asia. Wheaton, IL: Quest Books, 2011.] {{ISBN|978-0-8356-0891-6}} == External links == * {{YouTube|3xVMUG90jUE|Ja-Lama, a Ruthless Warlord from Western Mongolia}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ja Lama}} [[Category:1862 births]] [[Category:1922 deaths]] [[Category:Buddhism in Kalmykia]] [[Category:Deaths by firearm in Mongolia]] [[Category:Kalmyk people]] [[Category:Lamas]] [[Category:People from Astrakhan]] [[Category:Tibetan Buddhists from the Russian Empire]]'