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'{{short description|far-right social network}} {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2018}} {{Infobox Website | name = Gab, Inc. | logo = Gab text logo.svg | logo_alt = | logo_caption = | screenshot = | collapsible = <!-- set as "on", "y", etc, otherwise omit/leave blank --> | collapsetext = <!-- collapsible area's heading (default "Screenshot"); omit/leave blank if collapsible not set --> | background = <!-- for collapsetext heading; default grey (gainsboro) --> | screenshot_alt = | commercial = <!-- "Yes", "No" or leave blank --> | type = [[Social networking service]] | caption = Screenshot of Gab posts | industry = [[Internet]] | url = {{URL|https://gab.com/}} {{URL|https://gab.ai/}} | registration = Required | language = [[English language|English]] | location_city = | location_country = [[United States]]<ref name="yahoo"/> | programming_language = [[PHP]], [[Laravel]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gab.ai/e/posts/26718003|title=Ekrem Büyükkaya on Gab: "I want to offer some transparency and clarity..."|last=Büyükkaya|first=Ekrem|date=2018-05-31|website=gab.ai|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-11-17|quote=We are using a PHP framework called Laravel for the major part of Gab services...}}</ref> | owner = | author = <!-- or: creator / authors / creators --> | editor = <!-- or: | editors = --> | num_users = 800,000 (November 2018)<ref name="Koh-Nov2018">{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/gab-to-rein-in-calls-for-violence-while-allowing-hate-speech-1541781101|title=Gab to Rein In Calls for Violence While Allowing Hate Speech|first1=Yoree|last1=Koh|first2=Georgia|last2=Wells|date=November 9, 2018|website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|archivedate=November 9, 2018|archiveurl=http://archive.today/2018.11.09-171737/https://www.wsj.com/articles/gab-to-rein-in-calls-for-violence-while-allowing-hate-speech-1541781101|deadurl=no}}</ref> | launch date = {{start date and age|August 2016}} (beta)<ref name=":2"/><br>{{start date and age|May 2017}} (open registration) | revenue = | alexa = {{increase}} 7,691 {{small|{{nowrap|(Global, {{as of|2018|11|alt=November 2018}})}}}}<ref name="alexa">{{cite web |title=gab.ai Traffic Statistics |url=http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/gab.ai |website=[[Alexa Internet]] |date=28 July 2018|accessdate=28 July 2018}}</ref> | current_status = Active |founder={{nowrap|Andrew Torba}}<br>{{nowrap|Ekrem Büyükkaya}}}} {{Antisemitism}} '''Gab''' is an English-language [[social media]] website, known for its mainly [[far-right politics|far-right]] user base.{{refn|<ref name=":5"/><ref name="verge"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/05/21/529005840/feeling-sidelined-by-mainstream-social-media-far-right-users-jump-to-gab|title=Feeling Sidelined By Mainstream Social Media, Far-Right Users Jump To Gab|work=NPR.org|access-date=2018-11-21|language=en}}</ref>}} The site allows its users to read and write multimedia messages of up to 3,000 characters, called "gabs".<ref name=":1" /> The site stated that [[Conservatism|conservative]], [[Libertarianism|libertarian]], [[Nationalism|nationalist]] and [[Populism|populist]] internet users were its target markets.<ref name=wapo_2018-10-31>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2018/10/31/silicon-valley-elite-social-media-hate-radicalization-that-led-gab/|title=From Silicon Valley elite to social media hate: The radicalization that led to Gab|last1=Timberg|first1=Craig|date=31 October 2018|newspaper=The Washington Post|last2=Harwell|first2=Drew|last3=Elizabeth|first3=Dwoskin|last4=Brown|first4=Emma|access-date=January 2, 2018}}</ref> Gab has been described as "extremist friendly"<ref name=nyt20181028>{{cite news |last=Roose |first=Kevin |date=28 October 2018 |title=On Gab, an Extremist-Friendly Site, Pittsburgh Shooting Suspect Aired His Hatred in Full |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/28/us/gab-robert-bowers-pittsburgh-synagogue-shootings.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=October 28, 2018}}</ref> or a "safe haven"<ref name="mic"/> for [[neo-Nazi]]s, [[white supremacist]]s, and the [[alt-right]].<ref name=nyt20181028/> Gab's self-promotion as a vehicle for "free speech" has been criticised by scholars as "merely a shield behind which its alt-right users hide",<ref name=whatisgab/> and "an echo chamber for right-leaning content dissemination".<ref name=insidetheright/> Gab primarily attracts far-right users banned from other social networks, who favored the site.{{refn|<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/nov/17/gab-alt-right-social-media-twitter|title=Gab: alt-right's social media alternative attracts users banned from Twitter|last=Wilson|first=Jason|date=November 17, 2016|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=December 3, 2016}}</ref><ref name=whatisgab/><ref name=hill_2017-08-18/>}} A majority of Gab's users are white, a majority are male, and a majority are conservative.<ref name=insidetheright>{{cite arxiv|last=Lima|first=Lucas|last2=Reis|first2=Julio C. S.|last3=Melo|first3=Philipe |last4=Murai|first4=Fabricio |last5=Araújo|first5=Leandro|last6=Vikatos|first6=Pantelis|last7=Benevenuto|first7=Fabrício|date=2018-07-10| title=Inside the Right-Leaning Echo Chambers: Characterizing Gab, an Unmoderated Social System|eprint=1807.03688|class=cs.SI|quote=We also show that the majority of Gab users are conservative, male, and Caucasian.}}</ref> Gab had 800,000 users in November 2018.<ref name="Koh-Nov2018" /> The site's most-followed users include high-profile far-right figures such as [[Richard B. Spencer]], [[Mike Cernovich]], and [[Alex Jones]].<ref name=insidetheright/><ref name=whatisgab>{{Cite book|last=Zannettou|first=Savvas|last2=Bradlyn|first2=Barry|last3=De Cristofaro|first3=Emiliano|last4=Kwak|first4=Haewoon|last5=Sirivianos|first5=Michael|last6=Stringhini|first6=Gianluca|last7=Blackburn|first7=Jeremy|date=2018-03-13|title=What is Gab? A Bastion of Free Speech or an Alt-Right Echo Chamber?|pages=1007–1014|arxiv=1802.05287|doi=10.1145/3184558.3191531|chapter=What is Gab|isbn=9781450356404}}</ref> The site recognizes far-right websites such as ''[[Breitbart News]]'' and ''[[InfoWars]]'' as its competitors.<ref name=wapo_2018-10-31/> The site gained extensive public scrutiny following the [[Pittsburgh synagogue shooting]] in October 2018, as Robert Gregory Bowers, the perpetrator of the massacre, posted a message indicating an immediate intent to harm before the shooting; Bowers had a history of making extreme anti-Semitic postings on Gab.<ref name=cnn_2018-10-30/><ref name=nyt20181028/> After a backlash from hosting providers, Gab briefly went offline.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/nation-now/2018/10/29/gab-goes-offline-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting/1804582002/|title=Gab, the social network used by accused Pittsburgh synagogue shooter, goes offline|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|access-date=2018-10-30}}</ref><ref name=cbs20181103/> == History == Gab was created in August 2016, billing itself as an alternative to the social networking site [[Twitter]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/alexkantrowitz/new-social-network-gab-growing-fast-free-speech|title=This New Social Network Promises Almost-Total Free Speech To Its Users|newspaper=BuzzFeed|access-date=December 3, 2016}}</ref><ref name=hill_2017-08-18>{{Cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/technology/347106-citing-hate-speech-google-suspends-social-media-site-favored-by-alt-right|title=Citing hate speech, Google suspends social media site favored by alt-right from app store|last=Neidig|first=Harper|date=2017-08-18|work=TheHill|access-date=2018-11-21|language=en}}</ref> Founder and CEO Andrew Torba cited "the entirely left-leaning Big Social monopoly"<ref name=":1" /> as part of the inspiration for Gab, which he created "after reading reports that [[Facebook]] employees suppress conservative articles".<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/30/arts/the-far-right-has-a-new-digital-safe-space.html|title=The Far Right Has a New Digital Safe Space|last=Hess|first=Amanda|date=November 30, 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=December 3, 2016}}</ref> Torba said in November that the site's user base had expanded significantly following censorship controversies involving major social media companies,<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/11/28/as-twitter-cracks-down-on-alt-right-aggrieved-members-flee-to-gab.html|title=As Twitter cracks down on alt-right, aggrieved members flee to 'Gab'|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=November 28, 2016|newspaper=Fox News|access-date=December 3, 2016}}</ref> including the [[List of people banned from Twitter|permanent suspensions from Twitter]] of several prominent alt-right accounts.<ref name=":44">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/11/29/banned-from-twitter-this-site-promises-you-can-say-whatever-you-want/|title=Banned from Twitter? This site promises you can say whatever you want.|last=Ohlheiser|first=Abby|date=November 29, 2016|access-date=December 3, 2016|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> In December 2016, Gab.ai's submission of its app to the [[iOS]] [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]] was declined by [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]. Apple cited pornographic content as the reason. At the same time, Twitter also cut off access to its [[Application programming interface|API]] without specifying a reason.<ref name=inc_2016_12_15>{{cite news|last1=Rodriguez|first1=Salvador|title=Gab, the Alt-Right's Favorite Social Network, Gets Rejections From Apple, Twitter|url=https://www.inc.com/salvador-rodriguez/gab-apple-twitter.html|accessdate=September 7, 2017|work=Inc.com|date=December 15, 2016}}</ref><ref name="bizinsid-appbans" /> A resubmitted version of the app which blocked pornography by default was also rejected for violating Apple's rules on [[Hate speech in the United States|hate speech]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lee|first1=Timothy B.|title=Google explains why it banned the app for Gab, a right-wing Twitter rival|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/08/gab-the-right-wing-twitter-rival-just-got-its-app-banned-by-google/|accessdate=September 7, 2017|work=Ars Technica|date=August 18, 2017}}</ref> After nine months of closed beta testing the site became available to anyone registering with an email.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2016/11/16/gab-social-site-alt-right-haven/|title=New social site Gab is getting popular with the 'alt-right'|website=Engadget|access-date=December 3, 2016}}</ref> On July 22, 2017, the site added Pro accounts and on August 1, 2017, Gab TV was opened to Pro members.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thefederalist.com/2017/06/14/keep-online-browsing-unfiltered-political-propaganda/|title=How to keep your online browsing unfiltered by political propaganda|author=Jon Del Arroz|publisher=The Federalist|date=2017-06-14|accessdate=2018-04-03}}</ref> It was described{{Who|date=May 2018}} as a service for creating [[Periscope (app)|Periscope]]-like video streaming channels. According to Torba, the site was hit with a [[DDoS attack]] soon afterwards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gab.ai/a/posts/10358133|publisher=Gab|title=Announcement from Andrew Torba's Gab account}}</ref> On August 17, 2017, Google removed Gab's app from the [[Google Play]] Store for violating its policy against hate speech.<ref name="bizinsid-appbans">{{cite news|work=Business Insider UK|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/google-app-store-gab-ban-hate-speech-2017-8|title=Google’s app store has banned Gab — a social network popular with the far-right — for 'hate speech'|date=August 18, 2017|access-date=August 18, 2017|author=Rob Price}}</ref> Google stated that the app did not "demonstrate a sufficient level of moderation, including for content that encourages violence and advocates hate against groups of people."<ref>{{cite web |last=Coldewey |first=Devin |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/08/17/alt-social-network-gab-booted-from-google-play-store-for-hate-speech/ |website=Techcrunch |date=August 17, 2017 |title=Alt-social network Gab booted from Google Play Store for hate speech |access-date=August 18, 2017}}</ref> In September 2017, Gab filed an antitrust suit against Google for their removal of the Gab app from the Google Play Store<ref>{{cite news|title=Google faces lawsuit over removing Gab from Play Store|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-41306437|accessdate=September 27, 2017|work=BBC News|date=September 18, 2017}}</ref> but dropped the suit on October 22, 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20171024/17465038476/gab-drops-lawsuit-against-google-considers-trying-hand-lobbying.shtml|title=Gab Drops Its Lawsuit Against Google; Considers Trying Its Hand At Lobbying|publisher=[[Techdirt]]|access-date=November 3, 2017}}</ref> In September 2017, Gab faced pressure from its [[domain registrar]] to take down a post by ''[[The Daily Stormer]]'' founder Andrew Anglin.<ref name="verge" /> [[Danny O'Brien (journalist)|Danny O'Brien]] of the [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] commented that this pressure was part of an increase in politically motivated domain name seizures.<ref name="newsweek">{{cite news|last1=Edison Hayden|first1=Michael|title=Nazis on Gab social network show there is no such thing as a free speech internet|url=http://www.newsweek.com/nazis-free-speech-hate-crime-jews-social-media-gab-weev-668614|accessdate=6 May 2018|newspaper=[[Newsweek]]|date=22 September 2017}}</ref> On August 9, 2018, Torba announced that [[Microsoft Azure]], Gab's host, threatened to suspend the site for "weeks/months" if they failed to remove two [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] posts made by Patrick Little, a [[2018 United States Senate election in California|a US senate candidate]] who had been ejected from the Republican Party for his antisemitism.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.geekwire.com/2018/gab-user-deletes-anti-semitic-content-microsoft-azure-threatened-shut-site/|title=Gab user deletes anti-Semitic content after Microsoft Azure threatened to shut down the site|date=2018-08-09|work=GeekWire|access-date=2018-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/microsoft-azure-warns-gab-itll-pull-service-for-posts-touting-hate-speech/|title=Microsoft warns Gab it'll pull service over anti-Semitic posts|date=2018-08-10|work=CNET|access-date=2018-08-10}}</ref><ref name=brandom>{{cite news |last1=Brandom |first1=Russell |title=Microsoft threatened to drop hosting for Gab over hate speech posts |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/8/9/17671188/microsoft-gab-hate-speech-hosting-ban-deplatform |accessdate=13 August 2018 |work=The Verge |date=9 August 2018}}</ref> According to ''[[The Verge]]'', the posts "express intense anti-Semitism and meet any reasonable definition of hate speech."<ref name=brandom/> According to Gab's Twitter account, Little deleted the posts, but this was contradicted by Torba who said Gab itself had deleted the posts which "unquestionably" did break "our user guidelines". Little said the complaint was a violation of an American's rights.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-45141871|title=Gab user's anti-Semitic posts removed|work=BBC News|date=August 10, 2018|access-date=January 2, 2018}}</ref> On the same day, [[Alex Jones]] interviewed Torba on ''The Alex Jones Show'' during his coverage of his own permanent ban from [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/right-wing-platforms-provide-refuge-digital-outcasts-alex-jones-n899161|title=Right-wing platforms provide refuge to digital outcasts — and Alex Jones|work=NBC News|access-date=2018-08-10}}</ref> Little was suspended indefinitely from the site in late November 2018 because of his harassment of private individuals rather than for hate speech.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dolsten|first=Josefin|url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium-youtube-and-twitter-leave-account-of-holocaust-denier-who-ran-for-congress-untouched-1.6699674|title=Holocaust Denier Who Ran for Congress Remains Active on Social Media|work=Haaretz|date=November 28, 2018|access-date=January 2, 2018}}</ref> Gab has used the address of a [[WeWork]] [[coworking]] space in [[Philadelphia]] in SEC filings. A WeWork spokesperson said that Torba had become a member under his own name, not Gab's, and that his time there had been brief. In October 2018, a Gab spokesperson told ''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]'' that Gab was at that point no longer based in Philadelphia.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Whelan |first1=Aubrey |title=What is Gab, the social media network frequented by the Pittsburgh shooter? |url=http://www2.philly.com/philly/news/pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-gab-social-media-network-andrew-torba-20181028.html |accessdate=30 October 2018 |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer |date=28 October 2018}}</ref> During the [[2018 Brazilian general election|2018 Brazilian Presidential election]] many right-wing Brazilian political pages were banned for breaching Facebook's hate speech rules. In response, many administrators of these pages began promoting Gab as an alternative platform; subsequently Brazilians became the second-largest demographic of Gab users. [[Jair Bolsonaro]]'s party, the [[Social Liberal Party (Brazil)|Social Liberal Party]] has an official Gab account.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/dfrlab/electionwatch-migration-to-gab-in-brazil-67a1212c4c76|title=#ElectionWatch: Migration to Gab in Brazil|last=@DFRLab|date=2018-09-24|website=DFRLab|access-date=2018-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/alt-right-website-gab-attracks-bolsonaro-supporters-in-brazil-1.1147720|title=Alt-Right Website Gab Attracks Bolsonaro Supporters in Brazil - BNN Bloomberg|last=News|first=Bloomberg|date=2018-10-04|website=BNN|access-date=2018-12-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/qva3dd/brazils-populist-candidate-for-president-is-getting-a-boost-from-alt-right-social-network|title=Brazil's populist candidate for president is getting a boost from an alt-right social network|last=Gilbert|first=David|date=2018-10-07|website=Vice News|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-12-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-04/u-s-alt-right-website-lures-brazil-bolsonaro-s-supporters|title=Alt-Right Website Gab Attracts Bolsonaro Supporters in Brazil|last=Orihuela|first=Rodrigo|date=October 5, 2018|website=www.bloomberg.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-12-24}}</ref> In December 2018, Gab sponsored [[Turning Point USA]]'s "Student Action Summit" in [[Palm Beach, Florida]]. Days prior to the event, TPUSA removed Gab from the list of sponsors without offering an explanation. Gab posted a press statement in protest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2018/12/americas-most-fervent-young-trump-fans-are-in-palm-beach-and-its-quite-a-scene/|title=America's most fervent young Trump fans are in Palm Beach, and it's quite a scene|website=Mother Jones|language=en-US|date=2018-12-21|access-date=2018-12-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rightwingwatch.org/post/gab-and-tpusa-broke-up-but-dont-want-to-talk-about-it/|website=www.rightwingwatch.org|title=Gab and TPUSA Broke Up (But Don't Want to Talk About It)|date=2018-12-19|access-date=2018-12-24}}</ref> According to the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]], around 635,000 were registered on Gab by September 10, 2018, compared while Twitter, at the same time, had about 326 million active monthly users.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dickson|first1=Caitlin|last2=Wilson|first2=Christopher|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/gab-founder-andrew-torba_us_5bd89d70e4b0dee6eececbc5|title=Who Is Gab Founder Andrew Torba?|work=HuffPo|agency=Yahoo! News|date=October 30, 2018|access-date=January 2, 2019}}</ref> ==Users and content== The site is a favorite of far right, or "alt-right" users who have been banned or suspended from other services,{{refn|<ref name=hill_2017-08-18/><ref name="verge"/><ref name=propublica_2018-11-16/><ref name=dailybeast_2018-10-27>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/pittsburgh-synagogue-shooter-spewed-his-hate-on-gab-the-alt-rights-favorite-social-network|title=Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooter Spewed His Hate on Gab, the Alt-Right’s Favorite Social Network|last=Sommer|first=Will|date=2018-10-27|work=The Daily Beast|access-date=2018-12-05|language=en}}</ref><ref name=jc_2019-01-02/><ref name=inc_2016_12_15/><ref name=":44" />}} including former [[Breitbart News|Breitbart]] writer [[Milo Yiannopoulos]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2016/11/22/tila-tequilas-twitter-account-suspended-after-appearance-at-white-nationalist-convention/ |title=Tila Tequila’s Twitter account suspended after appearance at white nationalist convention |last=Heil |first=Emily |date=November 22, 2016 |newspaper=The Washington Post |accessdate=December 5, 2016}}</ref> formerly anonymous Twitter user "Ricky Vaughn",<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":44" /> and white supremacists such as [[Richard B. Spencer]],<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":5" /> [[Tila Tequila]],<ref name=":3" /> [[Christopher Cantwell]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ohlheiser|first1=Abby|last2=Shapira|first2=Ian|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2018/10/28/how-gab-became-white-supremacist-sanctuary-before-it-was-linked-pittsburgh-suspect/|title=Gab, the white supremacist sanctuary linked to the Pittsburgh suspect, goes offline (for now)|work=The Washington Post|date=October 29, 2018|access-date=January 2, 2018}}</ref> [[Vox Day]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/10/9/16446920/internet-ban-nazis-white-supremacist-hosting-providers-charlottesville |title=Two months ago, the Internet tried to banish Nazis. No one knows if it worked |first=Adi |last=Robertson |publisher=The Verge |date=2017-10-09 |accessdate=2018-04-03}}</ref> and [[Britain First]].<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Britain First signs up to fringe social media site after Twitter ban |author=Marsh, Susan |date=20 December 2017 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/20/britain-first-gab-social-media-twitter-ban}}</ref> Andrew Torba, the CEO of Gab.ai, was himself removed from the [[Y Combinator (company)|Y Combinator]] alumni network because of harassment concerns, starting when he used "build the wall" to insult a Latino CEO.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/11/12/pro-trump-ceo-gets-booted-from-y-combinator/ |title=Pro-Trump CEO gets booted from Y Combinator over harassment concerns|publisher=TechCrunch |last=Ha |first=Anthony |accessdate=June 5, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/nitashatiku/trump-supporting-startup-ceo-kicked-out-of-y-combinator |title=Trump-Supporting CEO Kicked Out Of Y Combinator Startup Incubator |work=BuzzFeed |accessdate=June 5, 2017}}</ref> Until 2016, Torba was registered as a Democrat, although he voted for [[Donald Trump]] and other Republicans.<ref name="mic" /> In early 2018, a cross-university group released a research study on posts made to the site. According to that study, the site hosted a high volume of racism and hate speech,<ref name="bennett">{{cite news |last1=Bennett |first1=Tom |title=Gab Is the Alt-Right Social Network Racists Are Moving to |url=https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/ywxb95/gab-is-the-alt-right-social-network-racists-are-moving-to |accessdate=October 28, 2018 |work=Vice |date=April 5, 2018 |language=en-uk}}</ref> and primarily "attracts alt-right users, conspiracy theorists, and other trolls".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Collins |first1=Ben |title=Synagogue shooting suspect threatened Jewish groups, pushed conspiracies |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/crime-courts/pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-suspect-threatened-jewish-groups-pushed-migrant-caravan-n925256 |accessdate=October 28, 2018 |work=NBC News |date=October 27, 2018}}</ref> The study listed [[Carl Benjamin]], [[Ann Coulter]], [[Alex Jones]], [[Stefan Molyneux]], [[Lauren Southern]], and [[Paul Joseph Watson]] as some of the more popular users of the site. The authors also performed an automated search using [[hatebase]] and found "hate words" in 5.4% of Gab posts, which they stated was 2.4 times higher than their occurrence on Twitter but less than half that found on [[/pol/|4chan's politically incorrect board]].<ref name=whatisgab/> The authors of the study concluded that while anyone can join Gab, the site is aligned with the alt-right and its use of free speech rhetoric "merely functions as a shield for its alt-right users to hide behind".<ref name="bennett"/><ref name="whatisgab"/> Another research study in late 2018 concluded that Gab is crowded by extremist users. The study found that 35% of Gab users followed at least one extremist individual listed by the [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]] and the [[Southern Poverty Law Center|SPLC]]. 61% of individuals in ADL's list have Gab accounts. Number of posts and followers of these extremist Gab users far exceed average Gab users, indicating that they are more active in the system. Among Gab's users, a majority are "conservative, male, and Caucasian". The study showed a great variety in domains of shared [[URL]]<nowiki/>s on Gab. Most of these domains are not popular in other social media or other parts of the Internet. A portion of these domains are known for spreading politics-related news. This has led to the conclusion that Gab "has become an echo chamber for right-leaning content dissemination".<ref name=insidetheright/> In addition to allowing [[Holocaust denial]] and other forms of [[anti-Semitism]], Gab has been used as a recruitment tool by neo-Nazi and alt-right groups, including [[Identity Evropa]], [[Patriot Front]], and the [[Atomwaffen Division]], a [[Terrorism|terrorist]] organization tied to a number of murders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/10/29/18033006/gab-social-media-anti-semitism-neo-nazis-twitter-facebook|title=Gab, the social media platform favored by the alleged Pittsburgh shooter, explained|last=Coaston|first=Jane|date=2018-10-29|website=Vox|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref><ref name=politico_2018-10-29>{{Cite web|url=https://politi.co/2qpdV6B|title=Inside the Online Cesspool of Anti-Semitism That Housed Robert Bowers|last=Katz|first=Rita|website=POLITICO Magazine|language=en|date=2018-10-29|access-date=2018-12-24}}</ref> In 2018, threats by a Gab user against an [[African-American]] member of the [[Pennsylvania Democratic Party|Pennsylvania Democratic Committee]] that included pictures of weapons and racial slurs prompted a police investigation, although no charges were ultimately filed. The user's previous posts had included one that asked "Why aren’t we organizing and killing leftists in droves?"<ref>{{Cite web|first=Ivey|last=DeJesus|url=https://www.pennlive.com/news/2018/11/gab-user-posts-about-killing-progressives-targets-a-democrat-but-vows-platform-rejects-violence.html|title=Gab user posts about killing progressives, but vows platform rejects violence|website=pennlive.com|language=en-US|date=2018-11-03|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref> Former users include white nationalist political candidate [[Paul Nehlen]], who was removed from the site for [[doxing]] [[Ricky Vaughn]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pink |first1=Aiden |title=Even the Alt-Right Is Sick of Paul Nehlen |url= https://forward.com/fast-forward/398249/even-the-alt-right-is-sick-of-paul-nehlen/ |accessdate=6 May 2018 |work=The Forward |date=5 April 2018}}</ref> [[blackhat]] hacker and former ''[[Daily Stormer]]'' writer Andrew Auernheimer (known as [[weev]]) who was banned for calling for genocide against Jews and endorsing terrorist [[Timothy McVeigh]].<ref name="newsweek" /> Auernheimer's activity prompted threats from Gab's then webhost Asia Registry to remove the comments or they would refuse to host the site.<ref name="newsweek" /> === 2018 Pittsburgh synagogue shooting === Robert Gregory Bowers, the sole suspected shooter in the [[Pittsburgh synagogue shooting|attack against a Pittsburgh synagogue in 2018]] maintained an active, verified Gab account where he displayed the neo-Nazi code-phrase [[Fourteen Words|1488]]. Just prior to the shooting, he posted to the site about a conspiracy theory that refugees being assisted by a Jewish organization were "invaders", and that he was "going in". In the aftermath of the shooting, Gab removed his profile and provided the information to the FBI. On October 27, 2018 soon after the shooting, [[PayPal]], [[GoDaddy]] and [[Medium (website)|Medium]] terminated their relationship with Gab<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/tech/after-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-gab-banned-by-paypal-suspended-by-two-other-platforms|title=After Pittsburgh synagogue shooting, Gab banned by PayPal, GoDaddy, Medium, suspended by two other platforms|last=Carbone|first=Christopher|date=2018-10-28|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref> based on its review of accounts that may engage in the "perpetuation of hate, violence or discriminatory intolerance".<ref name="Verge">{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/27/18032930/paypal-banned-gab-following-pittsburgh-shooting|title=Paypal bans Gab following Pittsburgh shooting|last1=Liptak|first1=Andrew|publisher=[[The Verge]]|accessdate=October 27, 2018|date=2018-10-27}}</ref> Later on the same day, Gab announced on Twitter that [[Joyent]], Gab's hosting provider, would terminate their service on Monday. The tweet said that the site expected to be down for weeks.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1056362626077220865|user=getongab|title=Breaking: @joyent, Gab’s new hosting provider, has just pulled our hosting service. They have given us until 9am on Monday to find a solution. Gab will likely be down for weeks because of this. Working on solutions. We will never give up on defending free speech for all people.|date=October 27, 2018|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20181028015946/https://twitter.com/getongab/status/1056362626077220865|archivedate=October 28, 2018|deadlink=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2018/10/28/gab-social-media-site-used-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-suspect/|title=What is Gab? Social media site used by Pittsburgh synagogue shooting suspect 'being forced offline'|last1=Graham|first1=Chris|date=October 28, 2018|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=October 28, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/gabs-hosting-provider-moves-to-shut-down-the-alt-right-social-network|title=Gab’s Hosting Provider Moves to Shut Down the Alt-Right Social Network|date=October 28, 2018|work=The Daily Beast|accessdate=October 28, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mashable.com/article/gab-paypal-stripe-joyent-synagogue-shooting/|title=Gab, a racist-friendly alt-Twitter, has been banned by PayPal and others|last=Rosenberg|first=Adam|work=Mashable|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en}}</ref> Since the shooting, Gab has received substantial media attention, having been relatively unknown by the general public prior to the attack.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/nation-now/2018/10/28/pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-what-gab-fringe-site-used-suspect/1798862002/|title=What is Gab, the fringe social network used by Pittsburgh shooting suspect?|work=USA TODAY|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en}}</ref> Gab returned online on November 4, 2018<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4629743/gab-com-back-online-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooter/|title=Gab.com, site where suspected Pittsburgh synagogue shooter posted anti-Semitic views, is back online|work=Global News|access-date=2018-11-22|language=en}}</ref> after Epik.com agreed to host the domain.<ref name=cbs20181103>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/gab-new-domain-host-epik-robert-bowers-pittsburgh-shooting/|title=Gab gets new domain host, expects to be back online Sunday|last=Linton|first=Caroline|date=3 November 2018|work=CBS News|access-date=2018-11-05|language=en}}</ref> Rob Monster, Epik.com CEO, had defended Gab's neo-Nazi users, and claimed that neo-Nazis on Gab are actually "liberal trolls" looking to "give enemies of freedom an excuse". On Gab, Christopher Cantwell replied to Monster's claims stating "We're not liberals, nor are the people trying to get us censored. The people trying to censor Gab are [[Triple parentheses|(((communists)))]], and the Nazis are the only ones willing to take them on...Eventually, everyone will have to pick a side."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/rob-monster-epik-gab-neo-nazi_us_5c17bb29e4b05d7e5d846f72|title=The Bible-Thumping Tech CEO Who’s Proud Of Keeping Neo-Nazis Online|last=Schulberg|first=Jessica|work=Huffington Post|date=2018-12-18|access-date=2018-12-24|language=en-US}}</ref> ===Jeffrey Clark=== Jeffrey Clark, a [[Washington, D.C.]] area neo-Nazi, was arrested on November 9, 2018 after his family members alerted law enforcement. Clark, an attendee of the violent [[Unite the Right rally]] in [[Charlottesville, Virginia]], was affiliated with Richard Spencer and [[Jack Posobiec]] as well as [[Vanguard America]], [[Proud Boys]]{{According to whom|date=January 2019}} and the [[Atomwaffen Division]]. Clark was a "friend" of Bowers on Gab, and used Gab to claim that the [[October 2018 United States mail bombing attempts|2018 mail bombing incidents]] were "dry run for things to come" and that the victims of the Pittsburgh shooting were all "active supporters of pedophilia" who "deserved exactly what happened". The "pinned" message on Clark's Gab account "DC Bowl Gang" included an altered screenshot from the video game ''[[Doom (1993 video game)|Doom]]'' depicting the execution of black people in a church and other allusions to the white supremacist mass murderer [[Dylann Roof]], as well as the neo-Nazi code number "[[Fourteen Words|1488]]". Authorities searched Clark's home and found nooses, body armor and a helmet, bullets, [[marijuana|a marijuana growing operation]], Nazi and Confederate flags, as well as a flyer promoting the Atomwaffen Division.<ref name=propublica_2018-11-16>{{Cite news|url=https://www.propublica.org/article/brothers-whom-authorities-linked-to-pittsburgh-shooting-suspect-had-flyer-supporting-neo-nazi-group-officials-say|title=Brothers Whom Authorities Linked to Pittsburgh Shooting Had Flyer Supporting Neo-Nazi Group Officials Say|last=Trautwein|first=Catherine|date=2018-11-16|work=ProPublica/Frontline|access-date=2018-12-28|last2=Thompson|first2=A.C.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/white-supremacist-brothers-jeffrey-clark-edward-clark_us_5bef3b57e4b0b84243e25b83|title=D.C.'s Neo-Nazi Brothers Were Hiding in Plain Sight|last=Reilly|first=Ryan J.|date=2018-11-16|work=Huffington Post|last2=Schulberg|first2=Jessica}}</ref> Clark was charged with [[illegal possession of a firearm]] while using or addicted to a controlled substance and with possession of a [[high-capacity magazine]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/dc-man-arrested-on-gun-charge-after-relatives-alert-police-to-his-alleged-white-nationalist-outbursts/2018/11/13/e3a6d2fa-e771-11e8-b8dc-66cca409c180_story.html|title=D.C. man arrested on gun charge after relatives alert police to his alleged white nationalist outbursts|last1=S. Hsu|first1=Spencer|last2=Hermann|first2=Peter|work=Washington Post|language=en|date=2018-11-13|access-date=2018-11-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/jeffrey-clark-dc-neo-nazi-arrested_us_5beb99ffe4b0caeec2bf24e5|title=DC Neo-Nazi Who Said Pittsburgh Victims 'Deserved' It Arrested; Has Deep Ties To 'Alt-Right'|last=Schulberg|first=Jessica|date=2018-11-14|work=Huffington Post|access-date=2018-11-15|last2=Baumann|first2=Nick|language=en-US|last3=Reilly|first3=Ryan J.|last4=Waldron|first4=Travis|last5=O'Brien|first5=Luke}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/man-who-threatened-dry-run-things-was-not-referring-n936321|title=The FBI said he called the Pittsburgh shooting 'a dry run for things to come.' But he was talking about a different attack|last=Zadrozny|first=Brandy|date=2018-11-14|work=NBC News|access-date=2018-12-28|language=en-US}}</ref> == Reception == Gab has been described as "Twitter for racists" by ''[[Salon (website)|Salon]]'',<ref name=":74">{{Cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/2016/11/05/inside-the-twitter-for-racists-gab-the-site-where-milo-yiannopoulos-goes-to-troll-now/|title=Inside the "Twitter for racists": Gab — the site where Milo Yiannopoulos goes to troll now|last=Benson|first=Thor|website=Salon|access-date=December 3, 2016|date=2016-11-05}}</ref> a "hate-filled echo chamber of racism and conspiracy theories" by ''[[The Guardian]]'',<ref name="guardian">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/dec/18/gab-the-social-network-for-the-alt-right|title=Inside the hate-filled echo chamber of racism and conspiracy theories|date=December 17, 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=June 6, 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> an "online cesspool of anti-Semitism" by ''[[Politico]]'',<ref name=politico_2018-10-29/> and "safe haven for banned Twitter trolls, [[Gamergate]]rs, [[Pizzagate]]rs and high-profile white nationalists" by [[Mic (media company)|Mic]].<ref name="mic" /> An editorial in ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' criticized Gab for not explicitly prohibiting hate speech.<ref name=":6" /> The only restrictions on expression on the site are on threats of violence, promotion of terrorism, child pornography, [[revenge porn]] and [[doxing]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://gab.ai/about/guidelines|title=Guidelines. {{!}} Gab|website=gab.ai|access-date=December 3, 2016}}</ref><ref name="yahoo">{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/gab-social-network-alt-right-fights-stay-online-180155668.html|title=Gab, the social network of the 'Alt-Right' fights to stay online|first=Garance|last=Franke-Ruta|publisher=Yahoo News|date=2017-09-22|accessdate=2018-04-03}}</ref> Torba has denied that Gab is "designed specifically for conservatives" and has stated that "we welcome everyone and always will".<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2"/> In filings made with the SEC in 2016, Gab admitted that its target market is "[[Conservatism|conservative]], [[Libertarianism|libertarian]], [[Nationalism|nationalists]] and [[Populism|populist]] internet users around the world", and listed far-right conspiracy theorist websites ''[[Breitbart News]]'' and ''[[InfoWars]]'' as its main competitors.<ref name=wapo_2018-10-31/> He has further said that "We want everyone to feel safe on Gab, but we're not going to police what is hate speech and what isn't".<ref name=":6" /> In response to criticism, in March 2017, Gab announced its plans to make the site more diverse by removing the downvote button. Torba claimed this feature was being abused by "social justice warriors".<ref name="mic" /> ''[[The Jewish Chronicle]]'' in [[London]] found material on the site accusing Jews of responsibility for [[September 11 attacks|9/11]]. After setting up a fake account on Gab, the newspaper's journalist Ben Weich was quickly "presented with a steady stream of Holocaust denial, antisemitic tropes and conspiracy theories — as well as those venerating Adolf Hitler." One of the posts discovered came from a user named "Violett Elfenebin" using a swastika as their profile picture, stated "The parasitic Jews will fully deserve the genocide that's coming upon them", and "They do not not deserve mercy, expulsion will never fix a rat problem, extermination does".<ref name=jc_2019-01-02>{{cite news|last=Weich|first=Behn|url=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/inside-the-social-media-network-of-the-alt-right-1.477090|title=Inside Gab, the alt-right's social media network that is awash with antisemitism|work=The Jewish Chronicle|location=London|date=January 2, 2019|access-date=January 2, 2019}}</ref> The non-profit left-wing media collective [[Unicorn Riot]] discovered that individual Gab users led by alt-right figure Brittany Pettibone organized on the video game chat and voice room platform [[Discord (software)|Discord]], with some of which suggested violence against refugees.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://unicornriot.ninja/2018/gab-users-coordinate-hate-in-private-sector-server/|title=Gab Users Coordinate Hate in Private Chat Server|work=Unicorn Riot|access-date=2019-1-3}}</ref> The platform itself has engaged in antisemitic commentary.<ref name=cnn_2018-10-30>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/30/tech/gab-anti-semitic-speech-invs|title=Social network Gab, a home for anti-Semitic speech, produced some of its own|last=Investigates|first=Jose Pagliery and Konstantin Toropin, CNN|work=CNN|access-date=2018-11-13}}</ref> In response to a post calling for the shutdown of the site, the platform's Twitter account responded with a citation to a Bible verse that referred Jewish nonbelievers of Jesus Christ as members of the "synagogue of Satan". On October 31, 2018, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' pointed to two messages on the Gab Twitter account and wrote that they "raise questions about whether they cross the line into impropriety".<ref name=wapo_2018-10-31/> One captioned a photo of two men, one with Jewish [[Payot|sidelocks]], with "I’m calling the cops on both and getting my shotgun ready, just saying" and another argued for [[opposition to immigration]] by saying "Let a bunch of Somalians migrate to your neighborhood and see if you change your mind."<ref name=wapo_2018-10-31/><ref name=cnn_2018-10-30/> Torba alternately explained the tweets as possibly fake or doctored, later "clearly satire / comedy", and then much later, "a few edgy tweets posted by interns".<ref name=wapo_2018-10-31/> The tweets were later deleted.<ref name=cnn_2018-10-30/> == Revenue == Gab does not use advertising.<ref name=startengine/> The site began offering a premium subscription service for Gab named "Gab Pro" in April 2017. The subscription allows users to have private chats for up to 25 people, which was later added for all users with two users maximum and Gab Pro with 50 maximum. Messages are deleted after 24 hours. Gab Pro subscribers can also view a topic breakdown for other users, make lists of users to sort their home feed, livestream on GabTV (Gab's video-sharing service), and more easily get their profile verified. Subscribers also get a "PRO" badge next to their posts. In July 2017 Gab also started an investment project which met its goal of $1.07&nbsp;million on August 19, 2017.<ref name=startengine>{{Cite web |url=https://www.startengine.com/startup/gab |title=Gab |website=StartEngine |access-date=July 12, 2017}}</ref><ref name="verge">{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/9/6/16259150/gab-ai-registrar-andrew-anglin-daily-stormer-crackdown|title=Far-right friendly social network Gab is facing censorship controversy|first=Adi|last=Robertson|date=2017-09-06|accessdate=2018-04-03}}</ref> == Design == [[File:Gab Logo.svg|thumb|The "Gabby" logo, used from 2016 to 2018.]] {{Update|section|date=March 2018}} Gab's color theme is a minimalist combination of black text on white panels with pink [[hashtag]]s and usernames. Pro users have a contrasted top bar in dark blue closer to that of Facebook. The interface displays messages in a Twitter-like vertically-scrolling timeline with an option to upvote or downvote each post. The site also aggregates popular posts and trending topic hashtags.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":44" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/09/gab-alt-rights-twitter-ultimate-filter-bubble/|title=Gab, the Alt-Right’s Very Own Twitter, Is The Ultimate Filter Bubble|last=Ellis|first=Emma Grey|newspaper=Wired|language=en-US|access-date=December 3, 2016}}</ref> Users can sort comments and posts in a subject by time or score. Default biographies for new users display a randomly chosen quotation about the importance of free speech.<ref name="mic">{{cite web|url=https://mic.com/articles/171268/gab-a-haven-for-white-nationalists-is-now-trying-to-reach-young-diverse-progressives|title=Gab, a haven for White Nationalists, is now trying to reach young, diverse progressives|first=Melanie|last=Ehrenkranz|publisher=Mic|date=2017-03-17|accessdate=2018-04-03}}</ref> The default profile picture for new users to the site features [[NPC Wojak]], a popular far-right internet meme.<ref name=dailybeast_2018-10-27/> The site offers its users an option to delete their entire posting history in a single click.<ref name=jc_2019-01-02/> When writing a gab, users can post up to 3,000 characters of plain text, with the first 300 appearing in the timeline, and an option to read the rest.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gab|url=https://gab.ai/gab/posts/18068348 |website=gab.ai|accessdate=January 24, 2018|date=January 16, 2018}}</ref> Additional functionality is similar to Twitter, using # to create hashtags and @ to reference other users by username. Gabs can embed some multimedia, limited to emoji, photo upload, and [[Giphy]] [[GIF#Animated GIF|animated GIFs]]. In addition, hyperlinks can be embedded, with some content such as [[YouTube]] videos displaying a thumbnail preview. Each Gab account can optionally be linked to a Twitter account for cross-posting, which can be enabled or disabled before a gab is published. When enabled, the gab is tweeted up to around the first 100 characters, along with a link to the gab. In July 2017, Gab implemented a system where people who downvoted others (through spamming) would have their accounts downvoted as well and their ability to leave downvotes revoked.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gab.ai/a/posts/9704352|title=Andrew Torba on Gab|access-date=July 12, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gab.ai/a/posts/9716099|title=Andrew Torba on Gab|access-date=July 12, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gab.ai/gab/posts/9584661|title=Gab HQ on Gab|access-date=July 12, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gab.ai/e/posts/9585990|title=Ekrem Büyükkaya on Gab|access-date=July 12, 2017}}</ref> Downvotes were removed entirely. Gab's then-COO Utsav Sanduja explained that downvotes were being used to drive female users off the site.<ref name="mic" /> Downvoting was later reinstated; {{as of|2017|12}}, both upvotes and downvotes are possible, but the totals are tracked and displayed separately rather than being combined into a single score. A frog named "Gabby" was the logo of Gab as of 2016.<ref name=":5" /> Torba claimed that the frog logo was inspired by Bible verses ([[wikisource:Bible (King James)/Exodus#8:1|Exodus 8:1–12]] and [[wikisource:Bible (King James)/Psalms#78:45|Psalms 78:45]]) and various other traditional [[Frogs in culture|symbolic]] meanings.<ref name=":74" /> Sanduja claimed that the frog was meant to symbolize the "revenge against those who went against mainstream conservative voices on the internet".<ref name="bennett"/> The logo has been compared to [[Pepe the Frog]], a cartoon character appropriated by the alt-right.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":74" /> {{as of|2018|09}}, the frog logo was no longer used. == See also == * [[Voat]] * [[Conservapedia]] == References == {{reflist}} == External links == * {{official|https://gab.com/}} {{Alt-right}} {{White nationalism}} {{Online social networking|state=collapsed}} {{Microblogging}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gab}} [[Category:2016 establishments in Texas]] [[Category:Alt-right]] [[Category:Far-right politics in the United States]] [[Category:Internet companies of the United States]] [[Category:Internet properties established in 2016]] [[Category:Microblogging]] [[Category:Multilingual websites]] [[Category:Proprietary cross-platform software]] [[Category:Real-time web]] [[Category:Social media]] [[Category:Social networking services]] [[Category:Social networking websites]] [[Category:White nationalism in the United States]] [[Category:Antisemitism in the United States]]'