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'{{pp-move-indef}} {{Current person|date=July 2011}} {{Infobox person | name = Anders Behring Breivik | image = Anders Behring Breivik (Facebook portrait in suit).jpg | image_size = | caption = Anders Behring Breivik | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|2|13|df=y}}<ref name=mass-murder /> | birth_place = Oslo, Norway<ref>{{cite news| title = Dagens navn| newspaper = Aftenposten, morgen| date = 15 February 1979| page = 10| quote = Aker hospital, Oslo, 13. February 1979. A boy. Name of parents. ''In Norwegian: (Aker sykehus, 13. ds.: En gutt. Wenche og Jens Breivik)''}}</ref> | citizenship = [[Norwegian nationality law|Norwegian]] | other_names =Andrew Berwick,<ref name=nyt-extremist>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/24/world/europe/24oslo.html?_r=1&hp|title=Christian Extremist Charged in Norway|first1=Steven|last1=Erlanger|first2=Scott|last2=Shane|date=23 July 2011|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> Sigurd (Jorsalfar)<ref name=db1/> | education = [[Norwegian School of Management]] | occupation = [[Businessman|Businessperson]] | known_for = [[2011 Norway attacks]] | ethnicity = [[Norwegians|Norwegian]] | height = {{height|m=1.83|precision=0}}<ref name="dailymail">[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2018148/Anders-Behring-Breivik-posted-YouTube-video-hours-Norway-terror-attacks.html?iMail Online: Anders Behring Breivik posted YouTube video six hours before Norway terror attacks] Retrieved 2011-07-24</ref> | weight = {{convert|80|kg|lb st|abbr=on}}<ref name="dailymail">[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2018148/Anders-Behring-Breivik-posted-YouTube-video-hours-Norway-terror-attacks.html?iMail Online: Anders Behring Breivik posted YouTube video six hours before Norway terror attacks] Retrieved 2011-07-24</ref> | religion = [[Church of Norway]] ([[Lutheran]])<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/26/anders-breivik-christian-terrorist_n_910379.html Is Anders Breivik A 'Christian Terrorist'?]. Huffington Post. "At the age of 15 I chose to be baptised and confirmed in the Norwegian State Church ... I consider myself to be 100% Christian."</ref> }} '''Anders Behring Breivik''' ({{IPA-no|'ɑnəʂ 'beːɾiŋ 'bɾæɪʋiːk}}; born 13&nbsp;February 1979)<ref name=mass-murder>{{cite news|last=Rayment|first=Sean|title=Modest boy who became a mass murderer|url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/modest-boy-who-became-a-mass-murderer-20110724-1hvh0.html|accessdate=25 July 2011|newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald|date=25 July 2011}}</ref> is a [[Norwegians|Norwegian]] [[right-wing terrorism|right-wing terrorist]].<ref name="reuters1">{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-norway-gunman-idUSTRE76L6LZ20110722|title=Man held after Norway attacks right-wing extremist: report|date=22 July 2011|work=Reuters|accessdate=22 July 2011}}</ref> He has claimed responsibility<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skynews.com.au/topstories/article.aspx?id=641833&vId= |title=Norway suspect admits responsibility |publisher=Sky News |date=|accessdate=24 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10080678|title= Slik var dramaet på Utøya|publisher=Verdens Gang |date=|accessdate=27 July 2011}} </ref> for the [[2011 Norway attacks|attacks in Norway on 22 July 2011]]: a bombing of government buildings in [[Oslo]] that caused eight deaths, and a [[mass shooting]] at a camp of the [[Workers' Youth League (Norway)|Workers' Youth League (AUF)]] of the [[Labour Party (Norway)|Labour Party]] on the island of [[Utøya]], where he killed 69 people.<ref>{{cite web|author=Gavin Hewitt|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14280210 |title=Norway gunman 'has accomplices'|publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref><ref name="suspect hints"/><ref name="ABC News-77">{{cite web | url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=14186416 | title=Death Toll in Norway Attacks Rises to 77 | work=[[ABC News]] | date=29 July 2011 | accessdate=29 July 2011}}</ref> Breivik's far-right<ref name="jpost-islamophobia"/> [[militant]] ideology is described in a collection of texts written by himself and by others, titled ''2083 &ndash; A European Declaration of Independence'' and distributed electronically by Breivik on the day of the attacks<ref name="jpost-islamophobia"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7724781|title=Sendte ut ideologisk bokmanus en time før bomben|last=Kumano-Ensby|first=Anne Linn|date=23 July 2011|work=NRK News|language=Norwegian|accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> under the anglicised [[pseudonym]] Andrew Berwick.<ref>{{cite web|author=AVKRISTINA OVERN&nbsp;&nbsp; |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article4184212.ece |title=Var aktiv i norsk antiislamsk organisasjon - Nyheter - Innenriks |publisher=Aftenposten.no |date= |accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref><ref name="suspect wanted">{{cite news|url=http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2011/07/24/general-eu-norway-explosion_8581470.html|agency=Associated Press|title=Lawyer: Norway suspect wanted a revolution|author=Bjoern Amland and Sarah Dilorenzo|date=24 July 2011|accessdate=24 July 2011|work=Forbes}}</ref> In it he lays out his [[xenophobia|xenophobic]] worldview, which includes support for varying degrees of [[cultural conservatism]], [[right-wing populism]], [[Islamophobia]], far-right [[Zionism]] and [[Scorpions (Serbia)|Serbian paramilitarism]].<ref name="jpost-islamophobia" /><ref name="Eurasia">{{cite news| url=http://www.eurasiareview.com/norway%E2%80%99s-bomber-should-leave-the-balkans-alone-oped-26072011/ title=Norway’s Bomber Should Leave The Balkans Alone| authorBalkan Insight| date=26 July 2011| newspaper=eurasiareview.com}}</ref> It further argues for the violent annihilation of [[Eurabia]], "cultural Marxism", [[Islam]] and [[multiculturalism]].<ref name="jpost-islamophobia" /><ref name = "Mail24">{{cite news| url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2017851/Norway-attacks-gunman-Anders-Behring-Breivik-right-wing-extremist-hated-Muslims.html |title=Norwegian Massacre Gunman was a Right-Wing Extremist who hated Muslims|newspaper= [[The Daily Mail]]| date= 24 July 2011}}</ref><ref name = "TeleD" /><ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/07/25/ED111KENUV.DTL Norwegian Crime and Punishment] by Debra J. Saunders, ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'', 26 July 2011 ~ ''"... the anti-multiculturalism, anti-Muslim and anti-Marxist message of his 1,500-page manifesto."''</ref><ref name="at least">{{cite news | url= http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/23/world/europe/23oslo.html |title=At Least 80 Are Dead in Norway Shooting|last= Goodman | first = J. David|date=23 July 2011|work=The New York Times|accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> Breivik has confessed to what he calls "atrocious but necessary" actions, but denies criminal responsibility.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/world/explosion-at-office-of-norwegian-tabloid-newspaper-vg/story-e6frf7lf-1226100159686 |title=Suspect mass murderer Anders Behring Breivik denies criminal responsibility |publisher=Herald Sun |date=2011-07-23 |accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref><ref name="Haaretz1"/> Breivik claimed contact with Norwegian and international far-right political movements,<ref name="Craig Murray">{{cite web|url=http://www.craigmurray.org.uk/archives/2011/07/norwegian-killer-linked-to-tea-party-and-edl/|author=Craig Murray|title=Norwegian Killer Linked to Tea Party and EDL|publisher=Craig Murray}}</ref><ref name="CH4, 25th July 2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/oslo-attacks-anders-behring-breivik-profile |title=CH4, 25th July 2011 |publisher=Channel4.com |date=2011-07-23 |accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref> and claims to belong to an international anti-Islam network with two cells in Norway and more in other countries. Police and experts doubt these claims but have not dismissed them completely.<ref name="Haaretz1">{{cite news| url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/norway-massacre-suspect-appears-to-be-insane-his-lawyer-says-1.375379| title= Norway massacre suspect appears to be insane, his lawyer says| author=Reuters |date=26 July 2011| newspaper=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref> On 25 July 2011, Breivik was charged with "destabilising or destroying basic functions of society" and "creating serious fear in the population",<ref name="Haaretz1"/> acts of terrorism under the criminal law, and ordered held for eight weeks—the first four in solitary confinement—pending further court proceedings.<ref name="suspect hints">{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/26/world/europe/26oslo.html?hp|date=25 July 2011|work= The New York Times|title= Norway suspect hints that he did not act alone|author= Steven Erlanger and Alan Cowell}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.domstol.no/upload/OBYR/Internett/Nyheter/Fengslingskjennelsen.pdf |title=Court ruling in Norwegian from the arraignment hearing in '&#39;Oslo tingrett'&#39; (Oslo District Court), 25 July 2011. |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref> Prosecutors are considering charging him with [[crimes against humanity]] under a 2008 law.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14288941| title= Norway: Police ponder new Anders Behring Breivik charge|date=26 July 2011|[[BBC]]}}</ref> == Biography == Breivik was born in Oslo, on 13 February 1979, <ref>{{cite news| title = Dagens navn| newspaper = Aftenposten, morgen| date = 15 February 1979| page = 10| quote = Aker hospital, Oslo, 13. February 1979. A boy. Name of parents. ''In Norwegian: (Aker sykehus, 13. ds.: En gutt. Wenche og Jens Breivik)''}}</ref> the son of Wenche Behring, a nurse, and Jens David Breivik, a ''[[Siviløkonom]]'' (Norwegian professional title, literally "civil economist"), who worked as a diplomat for the [[List of diplomatic missions of Norway|Royal Norwegian Embassy]] in London and later Paris.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">{{cite web|last=Allen |first=Peter |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8657928/Norway-Killer-Father-horrified-by-Anders-Behring-Breivik-killing-spree.html |title=Norway Killer: Father horrified by Anders Behring Breivik killing spree |publisher=Telegraph |date=2011-07-23 |accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref> He spent the first year of his life in London until his parents divorced when he was one year old. His father, who later married a diplomat, fought for his custody but failed. Breivik lived with his mother and his half sister in the [[East End and West End of Oslo|west-end]] of [[Oslo]] and regularly visited his father and stepmother in France, until they divorced when he was 12. His mother also remarried, to a Norwegian army officer.<ref name="Mummy's boy">{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8659746/Norway-killer-Anders-Behring-Breivik-was-a-mummys-boy.html| title= Mummy's boy who lurched to the Right was 'privileged' son of diplomat but despised his liberal family| newspaper=The Telegraph|first1=Peter |last1=Allen|first2= Nick |last2=Fagge| first3=Tamara|last3= Cohen| date=25 July 2011}}</ref> Breivik attended Smestad Grammar School, Ris Junior High, Hartvig Nissen High School and [[Oslo Commerce School]].<ref name="gunfar" /> A former classmate has recalled that he was an intelligent student who often took care of people who were bullied.<ref>{{citation | title = Skolekammerat: Han hjalp mobbeofre | date=23. jul. 2011 kl. 18:12 | first = Maria | last = Bundgaard | url = http://nyhederne.tv2.dk/article.php/id-41987017:skolekammerat-han-hjalp-mobbeofre.html?rss&ref=goFetch}}</ref> When he reached adolescence, Breivik's behaviour became more rebellious and wayward. He and his gang of friends would reportedly spend their evenings hanging around in Oslo, spraying tags and graffiti on buildings. He later wrote that after he was caught spraying graffiti on walls, his father stopped contact with him.<ref name="gunfar" /> [[File:Anders Behring Breivik in diving suit with gun (self portrait).jpg|thumb|Breivik posing in a [[compression garment]] in a photo released six hours before the attacks. The insignia on his left shoulder reads: "[[Marxist]] Hunter - Norway - Multiculti traitor hunting permit".<ref name="Insignia">{{cite web |url=http://canadianchristianity.com/news/international/norway-mourns-loss-terror/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=norway-mourns-loss-terror |title=Norway mourns loss after terror |publisher=''[[Canadian Christianity]]'' |author=Shara Lee |date=25 July 2011 |accessdate=26 July 2011}}</ref>]] Breivik criticised both of his parents for supporting the policies of the [[Norwegian Labour Party]], and his mother for being a moderate feminist. He wrote about his upbringing: "I do not approve of the super-liberal, matriarchal upbringing as it completely lacked discipline and has contributed to feminising me to a certain degree." Breivik's father, who currently lives in France as a pensioner, has confirmed that he has had no contact with his son since 1995.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/24/us-norway-gunman-parents-idUSTRE76N0WH20110724 "Father of Norway attack suspect says in shock"], Reuters, 24 July 2011.</ref> His home in the south of France was surrounded by [[gendarmerie|gendarmes]] following the murders.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/07/25/french-police-raid-norway-suspects-fathers-home/ French Police Raid Norway Suspect's Father's Home] ''Fox News'', 2011-07-25.</ref><ref>[http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2011/07/25/general-eu-norway-explosion_8582181.html French police raid Norway shooter's father's home] ''Forbes'', 2011-07-25.</ref> They initially said they were searching the premises,<ref name="Haaretz2">{{cite news| url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/norway-massacre-suspect-warns-of-two-more-terrorist-cells-1.375202| date=25 July 2011| title=Norway massacre suspect warns of two more terrorist cells| author=The Associated Press and Reuters| newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref> but later the state prosecutor at [[Carcassonne]] said that the gendarmes were to protect Breivik and his wife.<ref name="gunfar">[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/25/norway-gunman-father-speaks Norway gunman's father speaks out: 'He should have taken his own life'] ''The Guardian'', 2011-07-25.</ref> The local mayor's office said Breivik had requested protection against harassment from journalists.<ref name="WSJ-20110725">[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111903591104576467592698772046.html Police Form Ring Around Breivik's Father's House] ''Wall Street Journal'', 2011-07-25.</ref> After the attack, Jens Breivik is quoted as saying "I don't feel like his father", and "How could he just stand there and kill so many innocent people and just seem to think that what he did was OK? He should have taken his own life, too. That's what he should have done", adding "I will have to live with this shame for the rest of my life."<ref name="Haaretz2"/> Breivik's mother has reportedly left her home after her son's arrest and is staying at a secret location.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10080862| title=Breiviks familie i dekning |date=27 July 2011| newspaper=VG nett}}</ref> Breivik was exempt from [[conscription]] in the [[Norwegian Army]] and has no military training.<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7723548 | newspaper = NRK | title = 32-åringen skal tilhøre høyreekstremt miljø | last = Aune | first = Oddvin | place = Oslo | "Etter det NRK får opplyst, har ikke den pågrepne noen yrkesmilitær bakgrunn. Han ble fritatt fra verneplikt, og dermed har han ikke spesialutdanning eller utenlandsoppdrag for Forsvaret." - "From what NRK have been informed, the suspect has no military background. He was exempt from conscription and therefore has no special military training or service abroad."}}</ref> In his manifesto, Breivik described how he avoided his mandatory military service in the Norwegian Army three times, by claiming he would not put his life on the line for Norway’s political parties. For some time after 2000, Breivik was in the customer service department of an unnamed company, working with "people from all countries" and being "kind to everyone".<ref name="DN.se">{{citation | title = Breivik lade alla besparingar på terrorattentaten| first1 = Sujay Dutt|publisher = DN.se|url = http://www.dn.se/nyheter/varlden/breivik-lade-alla-sina-besparingar-pa-sitt-projekt| language = Swedish}}</ref> A former co-worker has described him as an "exceptional colleague",<ref>{{citation | title = Han var en utmerket kollega | first1 = Anette Holth | last1 = Hansen | first2 = Øyvind Bye | last2 = Skille | publisher = NRK | url = http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/ostlandssendingen/1.7724227 | place = NO | language = Norwegian}}</ref> while a close friend of his stated that he usually had a big [[egotism|ego]] and would be easily irritated by those of Middle Eastern or [[South Asian ethnic groups|South Asian]] origin.<ref>{{cite news|title=Norwegian mass murder suspect has big ego – friend|date=24 July 2011|work=RT|url=http://rt.com/news/norwegian-attacks-suspect-friend-exclusive|accessdate=25 July 2011}}</ref> Breivik claims that he started a nine-year-plan to finance the attack in 2002, founding his own "computer programming" business while working at the customer service company. He claims that his company grew to six employees and "several offshore bank accounts", and that he made his first million at the age of 24.<ref name="GuardianBusiness">{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/25/norway-gunman-attack-funding-claim| title=Norway gunman claims he had nine-year plan to finance attacks |first=Matthew| last= Taylor| newspaper= Guardian| date=25 July 2011}}</ref> The company was later declared bankrupt and Breivik was reported for several breaches of the law.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.hegnar.no/okonomi/article634070.ece |title=Terrorsiktede Anders Behring Breivik tappet selskapet like før det gikk konkurs |publisher=Hegnar.no |date= |accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref> To save money, he moved back to his mother's home. His declared assets in 2007 were about 630,000 Norwegian krones($116,410<ref name="dollars">using a July 2011 conversion rate</ref>), according to Norwegian tax authority figures.<ref name="DN.se"/> He claims that by 2008 he had about two million Norwegian krones($369,556<ref name="dollars"/>) and nine credit cards giving him access to €26,000 in credit.<ref name="GuardianBusiness"/> In May 2009 he founded a farming company under the name "Breivik Geofarm",<ref name=businessregister>{{cite web| location = NO | url=http://w2.brreg.no/enhet/sok/detalj.jsp?orgnr=994089269 |title= Brønnøysundregistrene - Nøkkelopplysninger fra Enhetsregisteret |work= Brønnøysund Business Register|publisher= Ministry of Trade and Industry|date=2009-05-18 | accessdate=22 July 2011|language= Norwegian}}</ref> described as a farming [[Enkeltpersonforetak|sole proprietorship]] set up to cultivate vegetables, melons, roots and tubers.<ref name="BBCProfile">{{cite news| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/world-europe-14259989| title=Profile: Norway attacks suspect Anders Behring Breivik| newspaper=BBC| date=25 July 2011}}</ref> In the same year he visited [[Prague]] in an attempt to buy illegal weapons. The attempt was a failure, and Breivik decided to obtain weapons through legal channels instead.<ref name="cz po">{{citation|url=http://www.ceskapozice.cz/en/news/society/oslo-killer-sought-weapons-prague%E2%80%99s-underworld|title=Oslo killer sought weapons from Prague’s underworld|publisher=Czech Position|date=25 July 2011|language=English}}</ref> He had no declared income in 2009 and his fortune amounted to 390,000 Norwegian krones($72,063<ref name="dollars"/>), according to Norwegian tax authority figures.<ref name="DN.se"/> In January 2010 he states that his funds are "depleting gradually". On 23 June 2011, a month before the attacks, he paid the outstanding amount on his nine credit cards in order to have access to funds while he continued his preparations.<ref name="GuardianBusiness"/> In late June or early July 2011, he moved to a rural area south of [[Åsta]] in [[Åmot]], [[Hedmark|Hedmark county]], about 140&nbsp;km (86 miles) northeast of Oslo,<ref name="VG-perp">{{cite news |url= http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/artikkel.php?artid=10080610 | title = Pågrepet 32-åring kalte seg selv nasjonalistisk|work=[[Verdens Gang]] |date=| accessdate=22 July 2011 | language= Norwegian}}{{Verify source|date=July 2011}}</ref> the site of his farm. Immediately after the attack there was speculation that he could have used the company as a cover to legally obtain large amounts of artificial [[fertiliser]] and other chemicals for the manufacturing of [[ANFO|explosives]].<ref name="VG-perp"/> A farming supplier sold Breivik's company six tonnes of fertiliser in May.<ref name=reuters6tonnes>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/23/us-norway-blast-fertiliser-idUSTRE76M16820110723| title= Oslo bomb suspect bought 6 tonnes fertiliser: supplier|date=23 July 2011| publisher = Reuters | accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> Newspaper ''[[Verdens Gang]]'' reported that after Breivik bought large amounts of fertiliser from an online shop in Poland, his name was among 60 passed to the [[Police Security Service (Norway)|Police Security Service (PST)]] by Norwegian Customs as having used the store to buy products. Speaking to the newspaper, Jon Fitje of PST said the information they found gave no indication of anything suspicious. Despite this, the security service accessed his phone and email but only for 24 hours. In his manifesto Breivik described his first experiments with the fertiliser nitrate explosives before detailing a successful test detonation at a remote location on 13 June 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2018646/Norway-shooting-Anders-Behring-Breivik-secret-service-watchlist.html| title= Anders Breivik 'was on Norwegian secret service watchlist' after buying chemical haul from Polish retailer|date=26 July 2011| publisher = MailOnline| accessdate=27 July 2011}}</ref> He sets the cost of the preparations for the attacks at 317,000 euros - "130,000 out of pocket and 187,500 euros in lost revenue over three years."<ref name="DN.se"/> ==2011 attacks== [[File:Day after Oslo bombing-11.jpg|thumb|290px|Flowers laid in front of [[Oslo Cathedral]] the day after the attacks.]] {{main|2011 Norway attacks}} On 22 July 2011, Breivik went to [[Utøya]] island, the site of a [[Labour Party (Norway)|Labour Party]] youth camp, posing as a police officer and then opened fire on the adolescents present, reportedly killing 69.<ref name = extremist>{{cite news| url = http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2011/07/christian-fundamentalist-charged-death-toll-norway-soars-past-90/40321/ | title= Profile: The Christian Extremist Suspect in Norway's Massacre|author=Ujala Sehgal |work=The Atlantic|date=23 July 2011}}</ref><ref name=Andresen/><ref name="ABC News-77"/> The youngest victim being Sharidyn Svebakk-Boehn(17/07/1997-22/07/2011<ref name="norpolice">[https://www.politi.no/Kampanje_70.xhtml Police List, Norway, 29 July 2011]</ref> ), who had just turned 14 years old, her blog was purpleinstyle.blogg.no <ref>[http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/europe/5351632/Kiwi-confirmed-dead-in-Norway-shootings Kiwi confirmed dead in Norway shootings PALOMA MIGONE Last 28/07/2011]</ref> and describes the days before her murder.<ref>[http://purpleinstyle.blogg.no/ purpleinstyle.blogg.no]</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14336291 Norway shooting: Funerals for Breivik victims, BBC, 29 July 2011]</ref> Breivik has also been linked with the bomb blasts which had taken place approximately two hours earlier in Oslo, killing eight people. Six hours before the attacks, Breivik posted a [[YouTube]] video urging conservatives to "embrace martyrdom" and showing himself wearing a [[compression garment]] and pointing a rifle.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2018148/Anders-Behring-Breivik-posted-YouTube-video-hours-Norway-terror-attacks.html?ito=feeds-newsxml Terror suspect posted YouTube video calling followers to 'embrace martyrdom' six hours before attacks], Daily Mail</ref> He also posted a picture of himself pretending to be a military officer in a costume festooned with gold braid and multiple medals.<ref>{{cite |newspaper=New York Daily News |date=July 27, 2011 |title=Norway massacre suspect Anders Behring Breivik obsessed with his image |author=Corky Siemaszko |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2011/07/27/2011-07-27_norway_massacre_suspect_anders_behring_breivik_obsessed_with_his_image.html}}</ref> Breivik confessed and stated the purpose of the attack was to save Norway and Western Europe from a Muslim takeover and "[t]he price for this they had to pay yesterday." Ian Stephen, a retired forensic clinical psychologist, said Breivik knew what he was doing but is clearly a psychopath.<ref name="IanStephen">{{cite web|last=Stephen |first=Ian |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8658223/Norway-attacks-Anders-Behring-Breivik-a-bomb-waiting-to-explode.html |title=Telegrpah, London, 25 Jul 2011 |publisher=Telegraph.co.uk |date=2011-07-23 |accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref> After arrest and outside court, Breivik was met with an angry crowd, some of whom shouted "burn in hell", while some used stronger words.<ref name=Andresen/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7725980 |title=Arbeiderpartiet har sveket landet og prisen fikk de betale fredag |publisher=Nrk.no |date= |accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref><ref name = "Reuters">{{cite news| url= http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/23/us-norway-killings-police-idUSTRE76M0SF20110723 | title= Norway police say 84 killed in Utoeya shooting|date=23 July 2011<!--, 4:02am EDT-->| work = Reuters| accessdate=23 July 2011}} R. Andresen: "We have no more information than ... what has been found on (his) own websites, which is that is goes toward the right (wing) and that it is, so to speak, Christian fundamentalist."</ref> Breivik's lawyer has stated that Breivik may be insane.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14294251 |title=BBC News - Norway attacks: Anders Behring Breivik insane - lawyer |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref> The chief of the Norwegian [[Police Security Service (Norway)|Police Security Service]] disputes the claim Breivik is insane saying "His lawyer is not a psychologist and I am not. But I have previously been a defense attorney and I perceive him as a sane person because he has been so focused over such a long time."<ref>{{cite web|author=AVKURT B.M. HAUGLI &nbsp;&nbsp; |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article4185005.ece |title=Mener Breivik ikke er sinnssyk - Nyheter - Innenriks |publisher=Aftenposten.no |date= |accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref> Breivik himself has confessed to using [[testosterone]] in the days before the attack, saying he had become more aggressive after coming off testosterone supplements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/2011/07/25/norway-massacre-anders-breivik-and-his-1500-page-manifesto-of-hate-86908-23295557/ |title=Norway massacre: Anders Breivik and his 1500-page manifesto of hate |publisher=The Daily Record |date= |accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/24/anders-behring-breivik-diary |title=News, 24 July 2011 |publisher=Guardian |date= |accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref> The first funerals of the victims commenced on 29 July 2011, the first being for Bano Rashid, aged 18.<ref>[http://www.torontosun.com/2011/07/29/norway-to-hold-first-funeral-after-killings Norway buries dead a week after massacre, July 29, 2011]</ref><ref>[http://sanfrancisco.ibtimes.com/articles/189023/20110729/norway-massacre-shooting-bombing-stories-victims-photos-oslo.htm#page12 Behind Norway Massacre: Stories, Faces of Victims Emerge [PHOTOS]]</ref> ==Writings== ===Forums=== [[Janne Kristiansen]], Chief of the [[Police Security Service (Norway)|Norwegian Police Security Service]] (PST), has stated that Breivik "deliberately desisted from violent exhortations on the net [and] has more or less been a moderate, and has neither been part of any extremist network."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/artikkel.php?artid=10080771 |title=Anders Behring Breivik sto på PST-liste over kjemikaliekjøpere - VG Nett om Terrorangrepet 22. juli |publisher=Vg.no |date= |accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref> He is reported to have written many posts on the [[Criticism of Islam|Islam-critical]]<ref>{{cite news| title= Dynamittgubben|language= Norwegian|last=Henmo|first=Ola|work= [[Aftenposten]], A-magasinet | date=20 February 2009| page=20| language = {{no icon}} | accessdate=31 October 2010}}</ref> website [[document.no]].<ref name=NRK>{{cite web|url= http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7723548 | language = NO | title = 32-åringen skal tilhøre høyreekstremt miljø - Norge | publisher = NRK | work Nyheter | location = NO | date=23 July 2010 | accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> He also attended meetings of "Documents venner" (Friends of Document), affiliated with the website.<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.bt.no/nyheter/innenriks/--Som-en-liten-gutt-2542176.html | publisher = BT | place = NO | language = Norwegian}}</ref> Due to the media attention on his Internet activity following the 2011 attacks, [[document.no]] compiled a complete list of comments made by Breivik on its website between September 2009 and June 2010.<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.document.no/anders-behring-breivik/ | last = Breivik | title = Comments | publisher = Document | location = NO | language = Norwegian}}</ref><ref>{{citation | url = http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.document.no%2Fanders-behring-breivik%2F | last = Breivik | title = Comments | publisher = Document | location = NO | language = English, Web translation}}</ref><ref>{{citation | url = http://www.scribd.com/doc/60705175/Anders-Breivik-From-Document-No | last = Breivik | title = Comments | publisher = Document | location = US | language = English, web translation}}</ref> In his writings Breivik displays admiration for the [[English Defence League]] (EDL), expressing an interest in starting a similar organisation in Norway, and writing that he had advised them to pursue a strategy of provoking overreaction from "Jihad Youth/Extreme-Marxists" which in turn might draw more people to join the organisation.<ref name = "Mail24" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/260736/Killer-was-adviser-to-EDL-on-Islamic-hatred|title=Killer was adviser to EDL on Islamic hatred|date=24 July 2011|publisher=Sunday Express}}</ref> On 25 July 2011 British Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] announced a review of Britain's own security following the attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/edls-connections-with-breiviks-norwegian-cell |title=EDL influence over Breivik-linked group revealed, 25 July 2011, Cameron calls for terrorism review |publisher=Channel4.com |date= |accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref> EDL issued a statement denouncing terror as a tool on 26 July 2011.<ref name="BigJay">{{cite web|url=http://englishdefenceleague.org/official-statement-anders-brievik/|author=BigJay|title=Official Statement – Anders Brievik|publisher=BigJay}}</ref> Some editorialists criticised the EDL and other anti-Muslim groups in this context.<ref name="Craig Murray"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14260743|title=Viewpoint: Attacks strike at Norway's values|author=Liss Goril Anda|date=23 July 2011|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://uaf.org.uk/2011/07/norway-massacre-suspect-claimed-discussions-with-english-defence-league/|title=Norway massacre suspect claimed EDL discussions|date=23 July 2011|publisher=Unite Against Fascism}}</ref> ''[[Dagens Næringsliv]]'' writes that Breivik sought to start a Norwegian version of the [[Tea Party movement]] in cooperation with the owners of [[document.no]], but that they, after expressing initial interest, ultimately turned down his proposal because he did not have the contacts he promised.<ref>{{cite news| title=Tungt å bli rost av den terrorsiktede|url=http://www.dn.no/forsiden/politikkSamfunn/article2188184.ece|publisher=''Dagens Næringsliv''|language=Norwegian|trans_title=Heavy to be praised by the terror accused|date=23 July 2011|access_date=24 July 2011}}</ref> He also expressed his admiration of the Russian Prime Minister [[Vladimir Putin]]([[Putinism]]), finding him "a fair and resolute leader worth of respect", though he was "unsure at this point whether he has the potential to be our best friend or our worst enemy." Putin's spokesperson Dmitri Peskov has denounced Breivik's actions as the "delirium of a madman".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/26/world/europe/26russia.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&hpw=&adxnnlx=1311615134-jF0mBc5a4czMpVmfesu4YQ |title=Russia Youth Group and Putin Distance Themselves from Killer’s Compliments |author=Andrew E. Kramer |publisher= The New York Times |date=25 July 2011 |accessdate=25 July 2011}}</ref> ===Personal manifesto=== Breivik compiled a 1,516-page manifesto entitled ''2083: A European Declaration of Independence'' (a reference to the unsuccessful second [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Battle of Vienna|siege of Vienna]] in 1683<ref>"[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/25/us/25debate.html?_r=1 Killings in Norway Spotlight Anti-Muslim Thought in U.S.]". ''The New York Times.'' 24 July 2011</ref>), under the [[pseudonym]] "Andrew Berwick", which he e-mailed to 1,003 addresses about 90 minutes before the bomb blast in Oslo.<ref>{{cite web|author=Matthew Taylor |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/26/breivik-manifesto-email-uk-contacts |title=Breivik sent 'manifesto' to 250 UK contacts hours before Norway killings &#124; World news |publisher=The Guardian |date= |accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref> In the manifesto, which is part political discussion, part confessional, and part action plan, Breivik sets out his belief that his actions will help to spark a civil war in Europe that will last for decades, progressing through three distinct phases and culminating in 2083 with the extermination of European Marxists and the expulsion of Muslims from Europe.<ref>[http://theconservativetreehouse.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/norway-gunman-anders-behring-breivik-released-manifesto-on-the-web-video-and-1500-page-document/ Norway Gunman Anders Behring Breivik Released Manifesto on the Web – Video and 1,500 page document], The Last Refuge, 23 July 2011.</ref> The introductory chapter of the manifesto defining "[[Cultural Marxism]]" is a copy of ''Political Correctness: A Short History of an Ideology'' by the [[Free Congress Foundation]].<ref>{{Cite book|title="Political Correctness:" A Short History of an Ideology |editor=[[William S. Lind]] |publisher=[[Free Congress Foundation]] |month=November |year=2004 |url=http://www.lifesitenews.com/news/archive/ldn/1950/51/5051909 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Scholars Respond to Breivik Manifesto|date=July 28, 2011 |publisher=[[National Association of Scholars]] |url=http://www.nas.org/polPressReleases.cfm?Doc_Id=2099}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Die Welt, wie Anders B. Breivik sie sieht |date=29.07.2011 |author=Anne-Catherine Simon, Christoph Saiger und Helmar Dumbs |journal=[[Die Presse]] |url=http://diepresse.com/home/politik/aussenpolitik/682112/Die-Welt-wie-Anders-B-Breivik-sie-sieht?direct=680247&_vl_backlink=/home/politik/index.do&selChannel=100 |language=German}}</ref> Major parts of the manifesto are attributed to the pseudonymous Norwegian blogger [[Fjordman]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/07/25/nyheter/terror/utoya/anders_behring_breivik/17442957/ |title=Dette er terroristens store politiske forbilde - nyheter |publisher=Dagbladet.no |date=2009-08-18 |accessdate=25 July 2011}}</ref> The text also copies sections of the [[Unabomber manifesto]], without giving credit, while exchanging the words "[[Left-wing politics|leftists]]" for "cultural Marxists" and "black people" for "muslims".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7725223 |title=Massedrapsmannen kopierte "Unabomberen" ord for ord |publisher=Nrk.no |date=|accessdate=24 July 2011}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' described American influences in Brevik's writings, noting that he mentions the anti-Islamist American [[Robert Spencer (author)|Robert Spencer]] 64 times in his manifesto and cites Spencer's works at great length.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/25/us/25debate.html?_r=1&hp|title= Killings in Norway spotlight anti-Muslim thought in U.S.|work=The New York Times|date=25 July 2011|author=Scott Shane}}</ref> The work of the Egyptian born Jewish author [[Bat Ye'or]] <ref>{{cite news| title=Europe's Jews Seek Solace on the Right| first=Craig S.|last=Smith| newspaper=The New York Times| date=20 February 2005}}</ref> is cited dozens of times.<ref>{{cite web| last = Archer| first = Toby| title = Breivik's Swamp| publisher = [[Foreign Policy (magazine)]]| date =25 July 2011| url = http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/07/25/breivik_s_swamp?page=0,1 }}</ref> Neocon blogger [[Pamela Geller]] <ref>{{cite news| title=«Killings in Norway Spotlight Anti-Muslim Thought in U.S.| first=Scott|last=Shane| newspaper=NYT| date=24 July 2011| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/25/us/25debate.html?pagewanted=2&_r=2 }}</ref> , Middle-eastern expert Bernard Lewis<ref>{{cite news|last=Lee|first=Sarah|title=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/25/norway-melanie-phillips-hits-back|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/25/norway-melanie-phillips-hits-back|accessdate=29 July 2011|newspaper=Guardian|date=25.07.2011}}</ref>, Neo-pagan writer [[Koenraad Elst]] <ref>{{cite news|title=If Only He Had Read The Brussels Journal|url=http://www.brusselsjournal.com/node/4783|accessdate=29 July 2011|newspaper=TBJ|date=2011-07-27}}</ref> and neo-conservative [[Daniel Pipes]] are also mentioned as Breivik's sources of inspiration.<ref>{{cite news| title=«2083, Une déclaration européenne d'indépendance» ou le petit manuel du néo-croisé| first=Marwan|last=Chahine| newspaper=Libération| date=25 July 2011| url = http://www.liberation.fr/monde/01012350843-2083-une-declaration-europeenne-d-independance-ou-le-petit-manuel-du-neo-croise }}</ref> The pamphlet also quotes from [[Jeremy Clarkson]]'s ''[[Sunday Times]]'' column as well as [[Melanie Phillips]]' ''[[Daily Mail]]'' column.<ref>[http://www.newsroompanama.com/panama/3115-bigotry-a-stepping-stone-to-extreme-action.html Bigotry a stepping stone to extreme action] Newsroom, 26 July 2011</ref> Breivik also admires [[Ayaan Hirsi Ali]] (whom he thinks deserves the [[Nobel Prize]]), [[Bruce Bawer]], [[Srđa Trifković]],<ref>[http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/07/26/nyheter/utoya/innenriks/politikk/drap/17450326/ De var Breiviks helter (They were Breivik's heroes)], 26.07.2011, [[Dagbladet]]</ref> and [[Henryk M. Broder]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.faz.net/artikel/C32742/der-attentaeter-im-internet-im-blinden-hass-gegen-hass-30473075.html|title=Der Attentäter im Internet. Im blinden Hass gegen Hass| first1=Sebastian| last1= Balzter| first2= Jasper |last2=von Altenbockum| newspaper=Frankfurter Allgemeine| date=26 July 2011 |language=german}}</ref> In the manifesto, Breivik considers himself "a real European hero", "the saviour of Christianity" and "the greatest defender of cultural-conservatism in Europe since 1950".<ref>[http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7724894 Breivik forberedte terror i ni år] (in the embedded video)</ref> Breivik wants to see European policies on [[multiculturalism]] and immigration more similar to those of [[Japan]] and [[South Korea]],<ref name = "killer">"[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8660257/Norway-killer-Anders-Behring-Breiviks-cultural-references.html Norway killer Anders Behring Breivik's cultural references]". ''The Daily Telegraph.'' July 25, 2011.</ref> which he said are “not far from cultural conservatism and [[nationalism]] at its best”.<ref name = "TeleD">"[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8657473/Norway-killings-Breivik-posted-hate-filled-video-on-YouTube-hours-before-attacks.html Norway killings: Breivik posted hate-filled video on YouTube hours before attacks]". ''The Daily Telegraph.'' 24 July 2011.</ref> He expressed his admiration for the "[[monoculturalism]]" of Japan and for the two nations' refusal to accept [[refugee]]s.<ref>"[http://www.tokyotimes.jp/post/en/2117/Breivik+looked+up+to+Japanese+monoculturalism.html Breivik looked up to Japanese 'monoculturalism']". ''The Tokyo Times.'' July 25, 2011.</ref><ref name="Aso">"[http://in.reuters.com/article/2011/07/26/idINIndia-58454720110726 Norway killer praises Japan as model country - Kyodo]". Reuters. July 26, 2011.</ref> Breivik's manifesto also advocates a restoration of [[patriarchy]] which would be necessary to save European culture. Breivik promises that if his movement wins they “will re-establish the patriarchal structures“.<ref>{{cite news|title=Norway Killer’s Hatred of Women|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/07/24/norway-massacre-anders-breivik-s-deadly-attack-fueled-by-hatred-of-women.html|accessdate=29 July 2011|newspaper=TDB}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Anders Breivik's chilling anti-feminism|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jul/27/breivik-anti-feminism?CMP=twt_gu|accessdate=29 July 2011|newspaper=Guardian}}</ref> ==Political and religious views== ===Islamophobia=== Following his apprehension, Breivik was characterised by officials as being a right-wing extremist. The acting police chief said the suspect’s Internet postings "suggest that he has some political traits directed toward the right, and [[Islamophobia]] views, but if that was a motivation for the actual act remains to be seen." He was also described by many in the media as a [[Christian Fundamentalist]], [[Christian terrorism|christian terrorist]], [[Christofascism|christofascist]], [[nationalist]] and [[right-wing]] extremist,<ref name="at least"/><ref name=Andresen/><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/you-will-all-die-20110723-1hugs.html|title= You will all die |first=Melissa|last= Davey | date=24 July 2011| newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref><ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/23/us-norway-killings-police-idUSTRE76M0SF20110723 Norway police say 84 killed in Utoeya shooting] Reuters, 23 July 2011</ref><ref name="reuters1">{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-norway-gunman-idUSTRE76L6LZ20110722|title=Man held after Norway attacks right-wing extremist: report|date=22 July 2011|work=Reuters|accessdate=22 July 2011}}</ref> Although self-identified as a Christian, others have questioned whether Breivik was in fact a fundamentalist Christian or even a Christian at all.<ref name="ibtimes0725">[http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/186020/20110725/anders-breivik-manifesto-shooter-bomber-downplayed-religion-secular-influence-key.htm "Anders Breivik Manifesto: Shooter/Bomber Downplayed Religion, Secular Influence Key"]. ''International Business Times''. (25 July 2011). Accessed 26 July 2011.</ref> <ref>Schmalz, Matthew N., [http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/on-faith/post/christian-terrorist-madman-how-do-we-understand-anders-behring-breivik/2011/07/25/gIQA7c6XYI_blog.html Anders Behring Breivik: Christian terrorist? Right-wing extremist? Madman?] Washington Post, On Religion, July 25, 2011</ref> He claims that the [[European Union]] is a project to create "[[Eurabia]]"<ref>[[Doug Saunders]], ''[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/europe/norway-gunmans-manifesto-calls-for-war-against-muslims/article2107826/ Norway gunman's manifesto calls for war against Muslims]'', the Globe and Mail, 2011-07-25;</ref><ref>Doug Saunders, ''[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/europe/eurabia-opponents-scramble-for-distance-from-anti-muslim-murderer/article2109447/ ‘Eurabia’ opponents scramble for distance from anti-Muslim murderer]'', the Globe and Mail, 2011-07-26;</ref><ref>Toby Archer, ''[http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/07/25/breivik_s_swamp?page=0,1 Breivik's Swamp]'', Foregin Policy , 2011-07-25;</ref> and describes the [[1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]] as being authorised by "criminal western European and American leaders".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bt.no/nyheter/innenriks/Terroristen-ville-bruke-atomvpen-2542322.html |title=Terroristen ville bruke atomvåpen |publisher=bt.no |date= |accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref> ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' describes him as pro-[[Israel]] and strongly opposed to [[Islam]], and asserts that his manifesto includes "extreme screed of Islamophobia" and "far-right Zionism".<ref name="jpost-islamophobia">[http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=230762 'Norway attack suspect had anti-Muslim, pro-Israel views'] by Ben Hartman, ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', 24 July 2011</ref> Breivik claimed he had contact with the [[English Defence League]] (EDL)<ref name="Craig Murray"/> and claimed to have been involved with the Norwegian Defence League(NDL),<ref name="CH4, 25th July 2011"/> The NDL had held a failed rally in Norway in April 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/04/14/nyheter/ndl/edl/politikk/16194792/ |title=NDL-ledelsen kastet etter fiasko-demonstrasjonen, Eiliv Frich Flydal, Dagbladet News, April 2011 |publisher=Dagbladet.no |date=2011-04-14 |accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref> An EDL leader denounced Breivik and the attack on 26 July 2011.<ref name="BigJay"/> He sympathises with the [[Scorpions (Serbia)|Serbian paramilitarism]].<ref name="Eurasia"/> He demands the gradual deportation of all Muslims from Europe from 2011 to 2083.<ref>[http://theconservativetreehouse.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/norway-gunman-anders-behring-breivik-released-manifesto-on-the-web-video-and-1500-page-document/ Norway Gunman Anders Behring Breivik Released Manifesto on the Web – Video and 1,500 page document], The Last Refuge, 23 July 2011.</ref> He blames [[feminism]] for allowing the erosion of the fabric of European society.<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jul/27/breivik-anti-feminism</ref> In his manifesto he also urges the Hindus to drive Muslims out of India.<ref>http://news.yahoo.com/norway-massacre-breivik-manifesto-attempts-woo-indias-hindu-185033601.html</ref> ===Christianity=== Breivik chose to be baptised into the Protestant [[Church of Norway]] at the age of 15.<ref name="Times Union">{{cite web | first=David | last=Gibson | title=Is Anders Breivik a 'Christian' terrorist? | work=[[Times Union (Albany)|Times Union]] | url=http://www.timesunion.com/news/article/Is-Anders-Breivik-a-Christian-terrorist-1624540.php | accessdate=29 July 2011 | date=28 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Walshe |last=Sadhbh |date=28 July 2011 |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/jul/28/fox-news-norway |title=The Right Word: Telling left from right |newspaper=The Guardian (UK)}}</ref> In 2009, he wrote that he supports "an indirect collective conversion of the Protestant church back to the Catholic".<ref>{{cite news | first=Susan | last=Campbell | title=Wesleyan Professor Says Christian Terrorists Do Exist | newspaper=[[Hartford Courant]] | url=http://articles.courant.com/2011-07-26/mobile/hc-campbell-terrorist-0726-20110726_1_christianity-pamela-geller-ideology | accessdate=29 July 2011 | date=26 July 2011}}</ref> On his [[Facebook]] profile, Breivik described himself as a [[Christian]],<ref name = "Mail24">{{cite news| url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2017851/Norway-attacks-gunman-Anders-Behring-Breivik-right-wing-extremist-hated-Muslims.html |title=Norwegian Massacre Gunman was a Right-Wing Extremist who hated Muslims|newspaper= [[The Daily Mail]]| date= 24 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="Schmalz0725">{{cite news|last=Schmalz |first=Matthew N. |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/on-faith/post/christian-terrorist-madman-how-do-we-understand-anders-behring-breivik/2011/07/25/gIQA7c6XYI_blog.html |title=Anders Behring Breivik: Christian terrorist? Right-wing extremist? Madman?|newspaper=Washington Post |work=On Religion |date=25 July 2011}}</ref> though he is critical of the Catholic and Protestant churches.<ref name = "killer"/> Before the attacks, he stated an intention to attend [[Frogner Church]] in a final "Martyr's mass".<ref>{{cite news |title=Confessions of a man about to commit mass murder|first=Louise |last=Boyle |first2=Pamela |last2=Owen |date=25 July 2011 |newspaper=[[Daily Mail]] |quote='I will probably arrange that just before or after I attend my final martyr's mass in Frogner Church.'|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2018240/Norway-massacre-Mass-murderer-Anders-Behring-Breiviks-online-manifesto.html}}</ref> In his manifesto, he describes himself as "100&nbsp;percent Christian",<ref name="Times Union"/> but adds that he is not "excessively religious"<ref name="Times Union"/> and considers himself a "[[cultural Christian]]" and a "modern-day crusader".<ref name="Times Union"/><ref name="ibtimes0725"/> His manifesto states "I'm not going to pretend I'm a very religious person, as that would be a lie", calls [[Opium of the people|religion a crutch]] and says "I've always been very pragmatic and influenced by my [[secular]] surroundings and environment"; regarding the term "cultural Christian" which he says means preserving European culture, he notes "It is enough that you are a Christian-agnostic or a [[Christian atheist]] (an atheist who wants to preserve at least the basics of the European Christian cultural legacy..."<ref>Anders Breivik Manifesto: Shooter/Bomber Downplayed Religion, Secular Influence Key. (25 July 2011). ''International Business Times''. Retrieved from http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/186020/20110725/anders-breivik-manifesto-shooter-bomber-downplayed-religion-secular-influence-key.htm Accessed 26 July 2011</ref> <ref>Schmalz, Matthew N., [http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/on-faith/post/christian-terrorist-madman-how-do-we-understand-anders-behring-breivik/2011/07/25/gIQA7c6XYI_blog.html Anders Behring Breivik: Christian terrorist? Right-wing extremist? Madman?] Washington Post, On Religion, July 25, 2011</ref><ref> [http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=325765#ixzz1TGGixhZv Terrorist proclaimed himself 'Darwinian,' not 'Christian] WND, July 24, 2011</ref> Furthermore, Breivik explicitly stated that he did not "have a [[Born again (Christianity)|personal relationship]] with [[Jesus Christ]] and [[God in Christianity|God]]."<ref name=Relationship1>{{cite web|title=Anders Breivik Manifesto: Shooter/Bomber Downplayed Religion, Secular Influence Key|url=http://m.ibtimes.com/anders-breivik-manifesto-shooter-bomber-downplayed-religion-secular-influence-key-186020.html|quote=Anders Behring Breivik placed himself potentially outside of religious Christianity in a 1,500 page manifesto he has reportedly admitted to writing. "A majority of so called agnostics and atheists in Europe are cultural conservative Christians without even knowing it," he wrote. "If you have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ and God then you are a religious Christ71.10.5.18ian. Myself and many more like me do not necessarily have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ and God. We do however believe in Christianity as a cultural, social, identity and moral platform. This makes us Christian," he wrote. Breivik's initial explanation comes in a segment of the manifesto entitled "Distinguishing between cultural Christendom and religious Christendom - reforming our suicidal church." Later in the manifesto, when attempting to justify his "martyrdom operation" Breivik did not see himself as being religious. "I'm not going to pretend I'm a very religious person as that would be a lie. I've always been very pragmatic and influenced by my secular surroundings and environment," he wrote in a section of the manifesto. "Religion is a crutch for many weak people and many embrace religion for self serving reasons as a source for drawing mental strength," he wrote. "I'll say directly that this is my agenda as well," he wrote.|publisher=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 July 2011 12:37 AM EDT|accessdate=28 July 2011}}</ref><ref name=Relationship2>{{cite web|author=Nicola Menzie|title=Norway massacre suspect manifesto rejects personal relationship with Jesus|url=http://au.christiantoday.com/article/norway-massacre-suspect-manifesto-rejects-personal-relationship-with-jesus/11623.htm|quote=Breivik, although claiming to stand up for Europe’s “Christian culture”, in no way links that ideal to true Christian faith. He writes on page 1307 of his online manifesto: “If you have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ and God then you are a religious Christian. Myself and many more like me do not necessarily have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ and God. We do however believe in Christianity as a cultural, social, identity and moral platform. This makes us Christian.”|publisher=[[Christianity Today]]|date=26 July 2011|accessdate=28 July 2011}}</ref><ref name=Relationship3>{{cite web|author=Ezra Levant|title=Breivik no Christian nut, just nuts|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2011/07/26/breivik-no-christian-nut-just-nuts|quote=And the Christian part? He hadn’t been to a church since he was a teenager. His manifesto said the opposite. He wrote, “I guess I’m not an excessively religious man. I am first and foremost a man of logic.” And “myself and many more like me do not necessarily have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ and God.” Breivik quoted liberals like Charles Darwin and Richard Dawkins and environmentalists like the Unabomber. But his main thesis was his worry about radical Islam in the West.|publisher=[[Toronto Sun]]|date=26 July 2011|accessdate=28 July 2011}}</ref> Nevertheless, he stated that he planned to pray to [[God in Christianity|God]] seeking for his help during his attacks.<ref>{{cite web | first=Duncan | last=Gardham | title=Norway killings: Breivik's plan for the day | work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8663762/Norway-killings-Breiviks-plan-for-the-day.html | accessdate=29 July 2011 | date=26 July 2011}}</ref> Breivik condemns [[Pope Benedict XVI]], for his dialogue with Islam: "Pope Benedict has abandoned Christianity and all Christian Europeans and is to be considered a cowardly, incompetent, corrupt and illegitimate [[Pope]]." It will thus be necessary, writes Breivik, to overthrow the Protestant and Catholic hierarchies, after which a "Great Christian Congress" would set up a new European Church.<ref name=cesnur>{{cite web |url= http://www.cesnur.org/2011/mi-oslo-en.html |title= The Identity Ideology of Anders Breivik. Not a Christian Fundamentalist |first= Massimo |last= Introvigne |authorlink= Massimo Introvigne |month= July |year= 2011 |publisher= [[CESNUR]] |location= [[Turin]] |accessdate=26 July 2011 |quote= At first, the media called Anders Behring Breivik a Christian fundamentalist, some of them even a Roman Catholic. This shows the cavalier use of the word 'fundamentalist' prevailing today in several quarters. }}</ref> He has also condemned [[Mission (Christianity)|Christian missionary]] activity in [[India]] as it would lead to the "total destruction of the [[Hinduism|Hindu faith]] and culture", and he expresses support for the [[Hindutva]] movement against Indian [[Communism|Communist]] movements.<ref name=Hindu>{{cite web|title=Norwegian killer Anders Breivik's manifesto supports Hindutva|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/norwegian-killers-manifesto-supports-hindutva/170496-3.html|quote=Breivik accuses the Indian government of appeasing Muslims and "proselytising Christian missionaries who illegally convert low caste Hindus with lies and fear alongside Communists who want total destruction of the Hindu faith and culture."|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=26 July 2011|accessdate=28 July 2011}}</ref> American Christian press has also highlighted that Breivik appears to have addressed followers of the Neopagan religion of [[Odinism]] — the [[ethnocentrism|ethnocentric]] branch of Greater [[Germanic Neopaganism|European Heathenry]] — in his writ. In regards to them, he says, “even Odinists can fight with us or by our side as brothers” in the Knights Templar organization that Breivik claims to be a founding member of. He later says to reject Odinism, saying that the [[Mjollnir|Thor's Hammer]] cannot unify the people of Europe, but that the [[Christian cross]] will.<ref>{{cite news|last=Millar |first=A. |url=http://www.calgaryherald.com/news/Millar+Norway+murderer+Freemason+obsession/5169039/story.html |title=Norway murderer’s Freemason obsession |newspaper=Calgary Herald |date=28 July 2011}}</ref> Deputy police chief [[Roger Andresen]] initially told reporters that information on Breivik's websites was "so to speak, [[Fundamentalist Christianity|Christian fundamentalist]]"<ref name=Andresen>{{cite news |title= Norway police say 85 killed in island youth camp attack |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14259356 |publisher= BBC News |location= London |date= 2011-07-23 |accessdate= 2011-07-25 |quote= We have no more information than... what has been found on [his] own websites, which is that it goes towards the right and that it is, so to speak, Christian fundamentalist.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:dfukNGwFw5YJ:https://www.facebook.com/people/Anders-Behring-Breivik/100002651290254+breivik+site:facebook.com&cd=9&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&source=www.google.com |title= Google cache of Facebook page of Anders Behring Breivik |accessdate= 2011-07-25}}</ref><ref name="SMH">{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/you-will-all-die-20110723-1hugs.html |title='You will all die' - Norway terror attack: Anders Behring Breivik |newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]| |first=Melissa |last=Davey |date= 24 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/23/us-norway-killings-police-idUSTRE76M0SF20110723|title=Norway police say 84 killed in Utoeya shooting|date=23 July 2011|work=Reuters|accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> Subsequently, others have disputed Andresen's characterisation of Breivik as a Christian fundamentalist.<ref name=brown>{{cite news |title= Anders Breivik is not Christian but anti-Islam |first= Andrew |last= Brown |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/andrewbrown/2011/jul/24/norway-anders-behring-breivik-beliefs |newspaper= [[guardian.co.uk]] |publisher= [[Guardian Media Group]] |location= London |date=24 July 2011 |accessdate=26 July 2011 |quote= Norway mass murderer Anders Breivik's internet writings show him to be anti-Muslim and anti-Marxist, not a fundamentalist Christian.}}</ref><ref name=cesnur/><ref name=melchert>{{cite web |url= http://randallmelchert.com/2011/07/24/anders-behring-berivik-is-not-a-christian-fundamentalist/ |title= Anders Behring Berivik is not a Christian Fundamentalist |publisher=RandallMeichert.com |first= Randy |last= Melchert |date=24 July 2011 |accessdate=25 July 2011 }}</ref> Rev. [[Olav Fykse Tveit]], head of the [[World Council of Churches]] and himself Norwegian, accused Breivik of [[blasphemy]] for citing Christianity as a justification in his murderous attack.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/ap-interview-head-of-world-church-body-says-norway-attack-was-abuse-of-christianity/2011/07/25/gIQATDjoYI_story.html |title=AP Interview: Head of world church body says Norway attack was abuse of Christianity| newspaper=The Washington Post|date=25 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="ibtimes0725"/><ref name="Schmalz0725"/> ==Links to organizations== Breivik listed Freemasonry as one of his interests on his [[Facebook]] page and was himself a [[Freemasonry|Freemason]].<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/23/us-norway-killer-idUSTRE76M25U20110723 "Norway killer unknown to police, criticised Islam"], Johan Ahlander. Victoria Klesty. Reuters. 23 July 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011</ref> He had displayed photographs of himself in Masonic regalia on his Facebook profile<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jul/24/norway-bombing-attack-far-right |title=Norway attacks: We can no longer ignore the far-right threat |publisher=Guardian |date=24 July 2010 |accessdate=24 July 2011}}</ref>, although the regalia in the photo was incomplete, and was a member of St. Olaus T.D. Tre Søiler No. 8 in Oslo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tv2.no/nyheter/prosjekt/frimurer/losjer/soilene/medlem/80189 |title=Frimurer Anders Behring |publisher=Tv2.no |date=|accessdate=24 July 2011}}</ref> In interviews after the attacks, his lodge stated they had only minimal contact with him, and that when made aware of Breivik's membership, [[Grand Master (Masonic)|Grand Master]] of the [[Norwegian Order of Freemasons]] Ivar A. Skaar issued an edict immediately excluding him from the fraternity based upon the acts he carried out and the values that appear to have motivated them.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.frimurer.no/ordenen/15-aktuelt/1192-the-norwegian-order-of-freemasons-expressing-compassion-and-care |title= The Norwegian Order of Freemasons expressing compassion and care |author= Ivar A. Skar |date=23 July 2011 |work= |publisher= [[Norwegian Order of Freemasons]] |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{citation | url = http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10080647 | title = Frimurerordenen: - Terrorsiktet hadde minimal kontakt med oss | first = Eva-Therese | last = Grøttum | publisher = VG | location = NO | work = Nyheter}}</ref> During the four and a half years he was a member he only took part in four meetings and held no offices or functions within the Lodge.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://frimurer.no/ordenen/15-aktuelt/1193-den-terrorsiktede-var-ingen-aktiv-frimurer |title= Den terrorsiktede var ingen aktiv frimurer |author= |date= |work= |publisher= [[Norwegian Order of Freemasons]] |accessdate=29 July 2011}}</ref> Breivik was previously a member of the [[Nativism (politics)|anti-immigrant]] [[Progress Party (Norway)|Progress Party]] (FrP), which promotes [[Libertarian conservatism|libertarian]], conservative and [[Right-wing populism|right-wing populist]] viewpoints<ref name="PBeaumont">{{cite web | first=Peter | last=Beaumont | authorlink=Peter Beaumont (journalist) | title=Anders Behring Breivik: profile of a mass murderer | work=[[The Guardian]] | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/23/anders-behring-breivik-norway-attacks | date=23 July 2011 | accessdate=25 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{citenews|url=http://www.klassekampen.no/kontakt_oss/54853/article/item/null|title=Sier nei til Kjærsgaard|work=[[Klassekampen]]|first=Hans Petter|last=Sjøli|authorlink=Hans Petter Sjøli|date=25 September 2008|accessdate=16 November 2009|language=Norwegian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | first=Pierre-Henry | last=Deshayes | title=Norway's government fights for survival | work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] | url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/norways-government-fights-for-survival-20090913-fm44.html | date=13 September 2009 | accessdate=25 July 2011}}</ref> and its youth wing [[Progress Party's Youth (Norway)|FpU]] from 1997 to 2007, acting as deputy chairman for one of the local Oslo chapters.<ref name="SFChronicle"/> According to current FpU leader Ove Vanebo, Breivik was active early in the 2000s, but left the party in 2007 as his viewpoints became more extreme.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.tv2.no/nyheter/innenriks/terrorsiktede-var-tidligere-medlem-av-fremskrittspartiet-3544743.html| title = Terrorsiktede var tidligere medlem av Fremskrittspartiet|last= Fondenes| first= Eivind| coauthors= Kathleen Buer| date=23 July 2011| publisher = TV 2 | location = NO | work = Nyhetene| language = Norwegian| accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> Breivik was an active member of an Oslo shooting club between 2005 and 2007, and since 2010. According to the club, who has banned him for life, Breivik had taken part in 13 organised training sessions and one competition since June 2010.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8655175/Norway-shooting-live.html| title=Norway shootings: live| date=28 July 2011|newspaper=The Telegraph}}</ref>. The club states that it does not evaluate the members' suitability regarding possession of weapons. [http://www.oslopk.com/ Oslo Pistolklubb] ===Knights Templar=== {{See also|Knights Templar and popular culture}} In his manifesto and during interrogation, Breivik claimed membership in an "international Christian military order" in the tradition of the [[Knights Templar]],<ref name="SFChronicle">[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/g/a/2011/07/23/bloomberg1376-LOT1Y50YHQ0X01-5IP6J74K6O8TL44JN3A8HEOBR0.DTL Norway Killing Suspect's Postings Offer Clues to Personality], Bloomberg (from the San Francisco Chronicle)</ref> which he calls the new "Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Solomonici". The name translates into "Poor Fellows of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon" and refers to the first headquarters of the Knights Templar, built on the place ascribed to the ruins of the [[Temple of Solomon]]. According to him, the order has been established as an "anti-[[Jihad]] crusader-organisation" that "fights" against "Islamic suppression" in London in April 2002 by nine men: two Englishmen, a Frenchman, a German, a Dutchman, a Greek, a Russian, a Norwegian, and a Serb and has between fifteen and eighty "ordinated [[knight]]s" besides an unknown number of "civilian members", who he expects to take political and military control of Western Europe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jeg er en del av en internasjonal orden|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10080706|language=Norwegian|trans_title=I am a part of an international order|date=24 July 2011|accessdate=24 July 2011}}</ref> Breivik gives his own code name as "Sigurd Jorsalfar" and that of his "mentor" as "Richard Lionheart" (recalling the twelfth-century [[Crusaders]] King [[Sigurd I of Norway]] and [[Richard the Lionheart]]),<ref name=db1>{{cite news|title=Skulle drepe 4848 nordmenn| url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/07/24/nyheter/utoya/innenriks/17437552/|language=Norwegian| trans_title=Planned to kill 4,848 Norwegians|date=24 July 2011|accessdate=24 July 2011}}</ref> claiming that the group has several "cells" in Western countries, including two more in Norway.<ref name="Haaretz1"/> ==Influences== Breivik identified himself in a multitude of [[social media]] services as an admirer of, among others, [[Zionism]]<ref name="jpost-islamophobia" />, [[Scorpions (Serbia)|Serbian paramilitarism]],<ref name="Eurasia">{{cite news| url=http://www.eurasiareview.com/norway%E2%80%99s-bomber-should-leave-the-balkans-alone-oped-26072011/ title=Norway’s Bomber Should Leave The Balkans Alone| authorBalkan Insight| date=26 July 2011| newspaper=eurasiareview.com}}</ref>, the [[Freedom Party of Austria]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Hasspredigten gegen den Islam und ihre Folgen für den Westen|url=http://diepresse.com/home/meinung/gastkommentar/682117/Hasspredigten-gegen-den-Islam-und-ihre-Folgen-fuer-den-Westen|accessdate=29 July 2011|newspaper=Die Presse|date=28 July 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=: Fall Breivik setzt Rechtspopulisten unter Druck|url=http://www.derwesten.de/nachrichten/politik/Fall-Breivik-setzt-Rechtspopulisten-unter-Druck-id4912896.html|accessdate=29 July 2011|newspaper=WAZ - Der Westen|date=27 July 2011}}</ref> , [[Hindu]] nationalism (''Hindutva'')<ref>{{cite news|title=Norway killer Breivik's common cause with Hindu nationalists |newspaper=[[Express India]] |publisher=Express News Service |date=27 July 2011 |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Norway-killer-Breiviks-common-cause-with-Hindu-nationalists/822839/ }}</ref>, the right-wing [[Swiss People's Party]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Eine Nordische Liga mit den Schweizern|url=http://bazonline.ch/ausland/terror-in-norwegen/Eine-Nordische-Liga-mit-den-Schweizern/story/11782322?dossier_id=996|accessdate=29 July 2011|newspaper=Basler Zeitung|date=24.07.2011}}</ref>, [[Winston Churchill]],<ref name="elmundo">{{cite news| location = ES | url = http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2011/07/23/internacional/1311378740.html | title = El presunto autor, un noruego nacionalista vinculado a la extrema derecha| last = Poza| first = Pedro | date=23 July 2011 | work = El Mundo| language = Spanish| accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> [[Max Manus]],<ref name = "elmundo" /><ref>{{cite web |url= http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:dfukNGwFw5YJ:https://www.facebook.com/people/Anders-Behring-Breivik/100002651290254+breivik+site:facebook.com&cd=9&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&source=www.google.com |title= Google cache of Facebook page of Anders Behring Breivik | |accessdate= 2011-07-25}} </ref> [[Robert Spencer (writer)|Robert Spencer]]<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news|last=Shane|first=Scott|title=Killings in Norway Spotlight Anti-Muslim Thought in U.S.|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/25/us/25debate.html?pagewanted=all|accessdate=26 July 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=24 July 2011}}</ref> former Japanese Prime Minister [[Taro Aso]],<ref name="Aso"/> Patrick Buchanan <ref>{{cite news|title=Norway Killer’s Hatred of Women|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/07/24/norway-massacre-anders-breivik-s-deadly-attack-fueled-by-hatred-of-women.html|accessdate=29 July 2011|newspaper=TDB}}</ref> and Dutch politician [[Geert Wilders]], whose political party he described on the website of the periodical ''[[Minerva (Norwegian periodical)|Minerva]]'' as one among the few that could "truly claim to be conservative parties in their whole culture".<ref>{{cite news |title= Wilders describes suspect as 'violent and sick' |author= Peter Cluskey |url= http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2011/0725/1224301315318.html |newspaper= [[The Irish Times]] |date=25 July 2011 |accessdate=25 July 2011}}</ref> On [[Twitter]], he paraphrased philosopher [[John Stuart Mill]]: "One person with a belief is equal to the force of 100,000 who have only interests".<ref name="VG-perp" /><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ostlendingen.no/nyheter/utoya-skytteren-flyttet-nylig-til-hedmark-1.6379846| title = Utøya-skytteren flyttet nylig til Hedmark|publisher= Ostlendingen.no | location = Norway |date=23 July 2011 | accessdate=23 July 2011|language= Norwegian}}</ref> Breivik has also frequently praised the writings of blogger [[Fjordman]].<ref>Abigail R. Esman, [http://blogs.forbes.com/abigailesman/2011/07/23/what-really-lies-behind-the-oslo-attacks-and-why-it-may-happen-again/ "What Really Lies Behind The Oslo Attacks – And Why It May Happen Again"], blogs, Forbes.com, 23 July 2011.</ref> In response to his knowledge of this following the 2011 attacks, Fjordman distanced himself from Breivik, whom he referred to as a "violent psychopath", and said he "intensely dislike[d]" that he was cited by Breivik.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10080731 |title=Viktig inspirator kaller Breivik «voldelig psykopat» |newspaper=VG Nett |date=25 July 2011 |agency=[[Associated Press|AP]] |language=Norwegian}}</ref> He also endorsed the writings of Australian historian [[Keith Windschuttle]] in the 2083 manifesto, as well as former Australian Prime Minister John Howard and Treasurer Peter Costello.<ref>{{cite web|author=Laura Westbrook |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/europe/5349226/Mass-killer-Anders-Behring-Breiviks-NZ-link |title=Mass killer Anders Behring Breivik's NZ link |publisher=Stuff.co.nz |date=2006-02-11 |accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref> He admired several historical leaders such as [[Charles Martel]], [[Richard Lionheart]], [[El Cid]], [[Vlad III the Impaler]], [[Jacques de Molay]], [[Nicholas I of Russia]] and [[John III Sobieski]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Atentante in Norvegia: Atacatorul il admira pe Vlad Tepes |date=July 24, 2011 |publisher=Ziare.com |language=Romanian |url=http://www.ziare.com/international/atentat-norvegia/atentante-in-norvegia-atacatorul-il-admira-pe-vlad-tepes-1109742 }}</ref> ==See also== * [[List of rampage killers]] ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} *[[Washington Times]]: ''[http://www.washingtontimes.com/blog/robbins-report/2011/jul/23/oslo-terrorist-his-own-words/ The Oslo Terrorist in His Own Words]'' — Summary of Breivik's political beliefs. *[[BBC]]: ''[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14276074/ Norway attacks: The victims]'' — The eight Oslo bomb victims and the 69 youth camp victims. {{Portal bar|Biography|Norway}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2011}} {{2011 Norway attacks}} {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --> | NAME = Breivik, Anders Behring | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | SHORT DESCRIPTION = self-admitted perpetrator of [[2011 Norway attacks]] | DATE OF BIRTH = 13 February 1979 | PLACE OF BIRTH = London, United Kingdom | DATE OF DEATH = | PLACE OF DEATH = }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Breivik, Anders Behring}} [[Category:1979 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:2011 Norway attacks]] [[Category:Norwegian businesspeople]] [[Category:Norwegian prisoners and detainees]] [[Category:Norwegian spree killers]] [[Category:Christian terrorism]] [[Category:Norwegian murderers of children]] [[Category:Opposition to Islam in Europe]] [[Category:People from Oslo]] [[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Norway]] [[Category:Terrorism in Norway]] [[Category:People from London]] [[ar:أندرس بهرنغ بريفيك]] [[av:Брейвик, Андерс Беринг]] [[be:Андэрс Берынг Брэйвік]] [[be-x-old:Андэрс Бэрынг Брэйвік]] [[bs:Anders Behring Breivik]] [[ca:Anders Behring Breivik]] [[cs:Anders Behring Breivik]] [[da:Anders Behring Breivik]] [[de:Anders Behring Breivik]] [[et:Anders Behring Breivik]] [[myv:Брейвик, Андерс Беринг]] [[es:Anders Behring Breivik]] [[eo:Anders Behring Breivik]] [[eu:Anders Behring Breivik]] [[fa:آندرس برینگ برویک]] [[fr:Anders Behring Breivik]] [[ko:아네르스 베링 브레이비크]] [[hy:Անդերս Բրեյվիկ]] [[hr:Anders Behring Breivik]] [[is:Anders Behring Breivik]] [[he:אנדרס ברינג בריוויק]] [[mrj:Брейвик, Андерс Беринг]] [[lbe:Брейвик, Андерс Беринг]] [[la:Andreas Behring Breivik]] [[lv:Anderss Bērings Breivīks]] [[lt:Anders Behring Breivik]] [[mdf:Брейвик, Андерс Беринг]] [[nl:Anders Behring Breivik]] [[ja:アンネシュ・ベーリング・ブレイビク]] [[no:Anders Behring Breivik]] [[ps:اندرس بېرينګ برېويک]] [[koi:Брейвик, Андерс Беринг]] [[pl:Anders Behring Breivik]] [[pt:Atentados de 22 de julho de 2011 na Noruega#O suspeito]] [[ru:Брейвик, Андерс Беринг]] [[sl:Anders Behring Breivik]] [[ckb:ئەندرێس برینگ بریفیک]] [[sh:Anders Behring Breivik]] [[fi:Anders Behring Breivik]] [[sv:Anders Behring Breivik]] [[tr:Anders Behring Breivik]] [[udm:Брейвик, Андерс Беринг]] [[uk:Андерс Беринг Брейвік]] [[ur:اینڈرز بحرینگ بریوک]] [[vi:Anders Behring Breivik]] [[zh:安德斯·贝林·布雷维克]]'