Jewish history: Difference between revisions

'''Jewish history''' is the history of the [[Jews]], their [[Jewish peoplehood|nation]], [[Judaism|religion]], and [[Jewish culture|culture]], as it developed and interacted with other peoples, religions, and cultures.

 

 

After the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian Achaemenid Empire]] conquered the region, the exiled Jews were [[Return to Zion|allowed to return]] and [[Second Temple|rebuild the temple]]; these events mark the beginning of the [[Second Temple period]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Jonathan Stökl, Caroline Waerzegger |title=Exile and Return: The Babylonian Context |date=2015 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co |pages=7–11, 30, 226}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia Judaica |edition=2nd |volume=3 |page=27}}</ref> After several centuries of foreign rule, the [[Maccabean Revolt]] against the [[Seleucid Empire]] led to an [[Hasmonean dynasty|independent Hasmonean kingdom]],<ref name="BangScheidel2013">{{cite book |author1=Peter Fibiger Bang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GCj09AmtvvwC&pg=PAPA184 |title=The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean |author2=Walter Scheidel |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-518831-8 |pages=184–187 |access-date=January 16, 2023 |archive-date=April 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160404/https://books.google.com/books?id=GCj09AmtvvwC&pg=PAPA184 |url-status=live }}</ref> but it was gradually incorporated into [[Roman Empire|Roman]] rule.<ref name="Malamat1976">{{cite book |author=Abraham Malamat |url={{Google books|2kSovzudhFUC|page=PA223|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=A History of the Jewish People |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |pages=223–239}}</ref> The [[Jewish–Roman wars|Jewish-Roman wars]], a series of unsuccessful revolts against the Romans in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE, resulted in the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)|destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Zissu |first=Boaz |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/988856967 |title=Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE |date=2018 |others=Joshua Schwartz, Peter J. Tomson |isbn=978-90-04-34986-5 |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |pages=19 |chapter=Interbellum Judea 70-132 CE: An Archaeological Perspective |oclc=988856967}}</ref> and the expulsion of many Jews.<ref name="FahlbuschBromiley2005">{{cite book |author1=Erwin Fahlbusch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V7oyy69zgC&pg=PAPA15 |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |author2=Geoffrey William Bromiley |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8028-2416-5 |pages=15– |access-date=January 16, 2023 |archive-date=April 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160412/https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V7oyy69zgC&pg=PAPA15 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Jewish population in [[Syria Palaestina]] gradually decreased during the following centuries, enhancing the role of the Jewish diaspora and shifting the spiritual and demographic centre from the depopulated [[Judea]] to [[Galilee]] and then to [[Asoristan|Babylon]], with smaller communities spread out across the [[Roman Empire]]. During the same period, the [[Mishnah]] and the [[Talmud]], central Jewish texts, were composed. In the following millennia, the diaspora communities [[Coalescent theory|coalesced]] into three major [[Jewish ethnic divisions|ethnic subdivisions]] according to where their ancestors settled: the ''[[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazim]]'' ([[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern European Jewry|Eastern Europe]]), the ''[[Sephardi Jews|Sephardim]]'' (initially in the [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews|Iberian Peninsula]]), and the ''[[Mizrahi Jews|Mizrahim]]'' ([[History of the Jews under Muslim rule|Middle East]] and [[North Africa]]).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GkzdBDuhoRgC&pg=PA87 "Heritage: Civilization and the Jews; The Uses of Adversity." Page 87.] Eban, Abba Solomon. "Heritage: Civilization and the Jews." Summit Books, A Division of Simon and Schuster, Inc. Syracuse, New York: 1984. Page 87.</ref><ref name="Dosick">Dosick (2007), pp. 59, 60.</ref>