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rm qualifier - coercive is what it's called in the literature (http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=animal+coercive++(sex+OR+sexual)&btnG=Search) |
→Evolution: re ESSs |
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Others have argued that the practice of traumatic insemination may have evolved as a means for males to circumvent [[Sexual conflict|female resistance to mating]];<ref name="Arn"/> to eliminate [[courtship]] time, allowing one male to inseminate many mates when contact with between them is brief,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Trowbridge |first=C. D. |title=Hypodermic insemination, oviposition, and embryonic development of a pool-dwelling ascoglossan(=sacoglossan) opisthobranch: Ercolania felina (Hutton, 1882) on New Zealand shores |journal=The Veliger |volume=38 |pages=203–211 |date=1995}}</ref> or that it evolved as a new development in the [[sperm competition]] as a means to deposit sperm as close to the ovaries as possible.
{{quote|This bizarre method of insemination probably evolved as male bed bugs competed with each other to place their sperm closer and closer to the mother lode of eggs, the ovaries. Some male insects evolved long penises with which they enter the vagina but bypass the female's storage pouch and deposit their sperm further upstream close to the ovaries. A few males, notably among bed bugs, evolved traumatic insemination instead, and eventually this strange procedure became the norm among these insects.|Gilbert Waldbauer|<ref name="Wald">{{cite book |last=Waldbauer |first=Gilbert |title=Insects through the seasons |date=[[1998-02-11]] |year=1998 |month=February |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0674454897 |page=63}}</ref>}}
Traumatic insemination appears to be another of the [[Evolutionarily stable strategy|evolutionarily stable reproductive strategies]] that may appear questionable or even counterproductive, but that once established, resist change. It is possible that the behavior or trait in question came about in response to an evolutionary pressure that is no longer present, but the response to it remains.
==Health repercussions==
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