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Feminism and bisexuality: copied from biphobia on the 29th of January 2020
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===Feminism and bisexuality===
Feminist positions on [[bisexuality]] range greatly, from acceptance of bisexuality as a feminist issue to rejection of bisexuality as reactionary and anti-feminist [[Backlash (sociology)|backlash]] to [[lesbian feminism]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilkinson |first1=Sue |editor1-first=Lynne |editor1-last=Harne |others=Elaine Miller |title=All the Rage: Reasserting Radical Lesbian Feminism |year= 1996|publisher= [[Teachers College, Columbia University|Teacher's College Press]]|location= New York City|isbn= 978-0-807-76285-1 |oclc= 35202923|pages=75–89 |chapter=Bisexuality as Backlash }}<!--|accessdate=October 4, 2012 --></ref>
The lesbian quarterly ''[[Common Lives/Lesbian Lives]]'' had a policy that all work published in CL/LL was produced by self-defined lesbians, and all of the project's volunteers were lesbians. Due to this policy, a complaint was filed with the [[University of Iowa]] [[Human Rights Commission]] by a bisexual woman whose submission to the magazine was not published.<ref name="sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu">{{cite web |url=http://sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu/iwa/findingaids/html/CommonlIves.html |title=Common Lives/Lesbian Lives Records, Iowa Women's Archives, University of Iowa Libraries, Iowa City, Iowa |accessdate=29 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821003341/http://sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu/iwa/findingaids/html/CommonLives.html |archivedate=21 August 2015 }}</ref>
 
TheA lesbian quarterly ''[[Common Lives/Lesbian LivesBisexuality|bisexual]]'' hadwoman filed a policylawsuit thatagainst allthe worklesbian publishedfeminist inmagazine CL/LL was produced by self-defined lesbians, and all of the project's volunteers were lesbians. Due to this policy, a complaint was filed with the '[[UniversityCommon ofLives/Lesbian IowaLives]]'', [[Humanalleging Rightsdiscrimination Commission]]against bybisexuals awhen bisexual woman whoseher submission to the magazine was not published.<ref name="sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu">{{cite web |url=[http://sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu/iwa/findingaids/html/CommonlIves.html |title=Common Lives/Lesbian Lives Records, Iowa Women's Archives, University of Iowa Libraries, Iowa City, Iowa] |accessdate=29 November 2014 {{webarchive|url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821003341/http://sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu/iwa/findingaids/html/CommonLivesCommonlIves.html |archivedatedate=21 August 2015-08-21 }}</ref>
A number of women who were at one time involved in lesbian-feminist activism have since [[Coming out|come out]] as bisexual after realizing their attractions to men. A widely studied example of lesbian-bisexual conflict within feminism was the Northampton Pride March during the years between 1989 and 1993, where many feminists involved debated over whether bisexuals should be included and whether or not bisexuality was compatible with feminism. Common lesbian-feminist critiques leveled at bisexuality were that bisexuality was [[Antifeminism|anti-feminist]], that bisexuality was a form of [[false consciousness]], and that bisexual women who pursue relationships with men were "deluded and desperate." However, tensions between bisexual feminists and lesbian feminists have eased since the 1990s, as bisexual women have become more accepted within the feminist community.<ref name="Gerstner 2006">{{cite book |title= Routledge International Encyclopedia of Queer Culture|last= Gerstner|first= David A.|year= 2006|publisher= [[Routledge]]|location= United Kingdom|isbn= 978-0-415-30651-5|page= |pages= 82–3|accessdate=October 3, 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XS_SnVPixE8C&pg=PA82&lpg=PA82&dq=%22bisexual+feminism%22&source=bl&ots=n32nIC-3XC&sig=h7jkH9Tq2dtkR0gs9Q7hmvNMzZ4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zrdsUIKQLeWC0QHKqYHwAQ&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
 
A number of women who were at one time involved in lesbian-feminist activism have since [[Coming out|come out]] as bisexual after realizing their attractions to men. A widely studied example of lesbian-bisexual conflict within feminism was the Northampton Pride March during the years between 1989 and 1993, where many feminists involved debated over whether bisexuals should be included and whether or not bisexuality was compatible with feminism. Common lesbian-feminist critiques leveled at bisexuality were that bisexuality was [[Antifeminism|anti-feminist]], that bisexuality was a form of [[false consciousness]], and that bisexual women who pursue relationships with men were "deluded and desperate." However, tensions between bisexual feminists and lesbian feminists have eased since the 1990s, as bisexual women have become more accepted within the feminist community.<ref name="Gerstner 2006">{{cite book |title= Routledge International Encyclopedia of Queer Culture|last= Gerstner|first= David A.|authorlink= |year= 2006|publisher= [[Routledge]]|location= United Kingdom|isbn= 978-0-415-30651-5|page= |pages= 82–3|accessdate=October 3, 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XS_SnVPixE8C&pg=PA82&lpg=PA82&dq=%22bisexual+feminism%22&source=bl&ots=n32nIC-3XC&sig=h7jkH9Tq2dtkR0gs9Q7hmvNMzZ4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zrdsUIKQLeWC0QHKqYHwAQ&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
Nevertheless, some lesbian feminists such as [[Julie Bindel]] are still critical of bisexuality. Bindel has described female bisexuality as a "fashionable trend" being promoted due to "sexual hedonism" and broached the question of whether bisexuality even exists.<ref name="Bindel">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/julie-bindel/where-is-the-politics-in-_b_1589435.html |title=Where's the Politics in Sex? |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |accessdate=2012-10-03 |first=Julie |last=Bindel |date=2012-06-12}}</ref> She has also made [[tongue-in-cheek]] comparisons of bisexuals to [[Animal fancy|cat fanciers]] and [[Satanism|devil worshippers]].<ref name="guardian.co.uk">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/nov/08/lesbianism |title=It's not me. It's you |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=2012-10-03 |location=London |first=Julie |last=Bindel |date=2008-11-08}}</ref>
 
Nevertheless, some lesbian feminists such as [[Julie Bindel]] are still critical of bisexuality. Bindel has described female bisexuality as a "fashionable trend" being promoted due to "sexual hedonism" and broached the question of whether bisexuality even exists.<ref name="Bindel">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/julie-bindel/where-is-the-politics-in-_b_1589435.html |title=Where's the Politics in Sex? |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |accessdate=2012-10-03 |first=Julie |last=Bindel |date=2012-06-June 12, 2012}}</ref> She has also made [[tongue-in-cheek]] comparisons of bisexuals to [[Animal fancy|cat fanciers]] and [[Satanism|devil worshippers]].<ref name="guardian.co.uk">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/nov/08/lesbianism |title=It's not me. It's you |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=2012-10-03 |location=London |first=Julie |last=Bindel |date=November 8, 2008-11-08}}</ref>
For further reading on feminism and bisexuality, please see ''Closer to Home: Bisexuality & Feminism'' (1992), an anthology edited by Elizabeth Reba Weise. Also please see "Bisexuality: The Best Thing That Ever Happened to Lesbian Feminism?", by Beth Elliot, "The Fine Art of Labeling: The Convergence of Anarchism, Feminism, and Bisexuality", by Lucy Friedland and Liz Highleyman, "Bisexual Feminist Man", by Dave Matteson, and "Bi-Lovable Japanese Feminist", by Kei Uwano, in the anthology ''[[Bi Any Other Name: Bisexual People Speak Out]]'' (1991).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lanikaahumanu.com/bianyothername.shtml|title=b i · a n y · o t h e r · n a m e|publisher=}}</ref>
 
Lesbian feminist [[Sheila Jeffreys]] writes in ''The Lesbian Heresy'' (1993) that while many feminists are comfortable working alongside gay men, they are uncomfortable interacting with bisexual men. Jeffreys states that while gay men are unlikely to [[Sexual harassment|sexually harass]] women, bisexual men are just as likely to be bothersome to women as heterosexual men.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Lesbian Heresy|last= Jeffreys|first= Sheila|authorlink= |year= 1993|publisher= Spinifex Press Pty Ltf|location= [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]] |isbn= 978-1-875559-17-6|page= 124|accessdate=October 4, 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FFWxDu9gn0C&pg=PA124#v=onepage}}</ref>
 
[[Donna Haraway]] was the inspiration and genesis for [[cyberfeminism]] with her 1985 essay "A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century" which was reprinted in ''Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature'' (1991). Haraway's essay states that the cyborg "has no truck with bisexuality, pre-oedipal symbiosis, unalienated labor, or other seductions to organic wholeness through a final appropriation of all powers of the parts into a higher unity."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egs.edu/faculty/donna-haraway/articles/donna-haraway-a-cyborg-manifesto/ |title=Donna Haraway - A Cyborg Manifesto |publisher=Egs.edu |accessdate=2015-09-15 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922114218/http://www.egs.edu/faculty/donna-haraway/articles/donna-haraway-a-cyborg-manifesto/ |archivedate=2013-09-22 }}</ref>
 
===Feminism and gay men===