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==Fictional character biography==
Kyle Richmond was born to two wealthy parents and was brought up by his [[governess]] while his dad is away. When Kyle's mother died in an accident, his father sent him to boarding school. Due to his family's money, Kyle got into Grayburn College where he became involved with Mindy Williams who helped him focus through his education. One night, Kyle was caught in a drunk-driving accident in which Mindy was killed, and he was kicked out of school and was unable to return. Kyle later became anti-social, and learned that Grayburn College was closed down due to a lack of funds. Kyle Richmond attempted to join the army, but was rejected due to a heart murmur. Afterwards, Kyle received word that his father died in a plane crash and that Kyle has inherited Richmond Enterprises. Kyle turned to finding a cure for his heart murmur and physically training himself.<ref>''Defenders'' #32. Marvel Comics.</ref>
While drunk, Kyle Richmond concocted an [[alchemy]] serum that he found in an alchemy volume. The alchemy serum enabled Kyle to gain enhanced strength at night. Kyle took on various sports activities to strengthen his natural abilities where he eventually became Nighthawk. Nighthawk and three other [[supervillain]]s are brought together as the [[Squadron Sinister]] by the cosmic entity the [[Grandmaster (Marvel Comics)|Grandmaster]] to battle the superhero team the [[Avengers (comics)|Avengers]], which has been forced to act as the champions of the time-traveling conqueror [[Kang the Conqueror]]. Nighthawk battles the Avenger [[Captain America]], who outfights the villain. The Avengers eventually defeat the Squadron.<ref>''[[The Avengers (comic book)|The Avengers]]'' #69-71 (Oct.-Dec. 1969). Marvel Comics.</ref>
Reunited by the [[Extraterrestrial life|alien]] [[Nebulon (comics)|Nebulon]], the villains receive greater power in exchange for the planet Earth, and create a giant laser cannon in the [[Arctic]] with a plan to melt the [[polar ice caps]] and flood the entirety of the Earth's surface. Despite being asked to join the venture, Nighthawk asks for the aid of superhero team the [[Defenders (comics)|Defenders]], who prevent the scheme and defeat the villains and Nebulon.<ref>''[[Defenders (comics)|The Defenders]]'' #13-14 (May–July 1974). Marvel Comics.</ref>
The character suffers several setbacks as a superhero, including being charged with [[tax evasion]] and [[fraud]] by the [[United States]] government,<ref>''The Defenders'' #70 (April 1979). Marvel Comics.</ref> and arrested by the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] for operating as a hero while charges were pending.<ref>''The Defenders'' #81 (March 1980). Marvel Comics.</ref> This stipulation was waived<ref>''The Defenders'' #87 (Sept.1980). Marvel Comics.</ref> after he was forced to reveal his [[secret identity]].<ref>''[[Marvel Team-Up]]'' #101 (Jan. 1981). Marvel Comics.</ref> Nighthawk's cumulative wounds from battle eventually leave him [[paralyzed]].<ref>''The Defenders'' #93 (March 1981). Marvel Comics.</ref> Recovering to the point that he can move at [[night]],<ref>''The Defenders'' #95 (May 1981). Marvel Comics.</ref> Nighthawk continues to aid the Defenders, until resigning from the team.<ref>''The Defenders'' #98 (Aug. 1981). Marvel Comics.</ref> He is advised he is to be cleared of all charges if a predetermined amount is repaid to the government.<ref>''The Defenders'' #103 (Jan. 1982). Marvel Comics.</ref>
After apparently sacrificing his life to stop an organization bent on attacking the [[Soviet Union]], Richmond turns up alive but comatose. He has a [[Hallucination|vision]] of an [[angel]] that facilitates his healing and bestows on him a "second sight", which enables him to see criminal acts before they are committed. In return, he must punish the would-be criminals. Once healed, Richmond becomes Nighthawk once again and fights crime until forced into a confrontation with Daredevil, whom he kills. The "angel" then reveals itself to be the demon [[Mephisto (comics)|Mephisto]], who transports Nighthawk and Daredevil's corpse to [[Hell]], intending to claim Daredevil's [[soul]]. Nighthawk battles the demons of Hell and manages to revive Daredevil, and together they escape.<ref>''Nighthawk'' #1-3 (miniseries; Sept.-Nov. 1998). Marvel Comics.</ref> A [[Magician (fantasy)|sorcerer]] later purges him of Mephisto's gift.{{issue|date=January 2013}}
After an adventure with [[Fantastic Four]] member the [[Thing (comics)|Thing]]<ref>''The Thing'' (vol. 2) #1-3 (Jan.-March 2006). Marvel Comics.</ref> Nighthawk discovers his abilities are increasing, and learns that his former Squadron Sinister teammate [[Speed Demon (comics)|Speed Demon]] has joined the superhero team the [[New Thunderbolts]]. After encountering teammate [[Hyperion (comics)|Hyperion]], apparently resurrected after being thought dead, and a new [[Doctor Spectrum]] (Alice Nugent), Nighthawk briefly joins the New Thunderbolts,<ref>''New Thunderbolts'' #15-16 (Jan.- Feb. 2006). Marvel Comics.</ref> but upon discovering he is being used for his fortune, leaves and rejoins the Squadron Sinister.<ref>''New Thunderbolts'' #17-18 (March–April 2006), ''Thunderbolts'' #100-101 (May–June 2006). Marvel Comics.</ref> That team learns that the Grandmaster, using an interdimensional source of superhuman abilities, the Wellspring of Power, has been increasing the team-members' powers. After a battle between the Squadron and the New Thunderbolts, Nighthawk and the other members of the Squadron Sinister scatter and escape.<ref>''Thunderbolts'' #102-108 (July 2006 - Jan. 2007). Marvel Comics.</ref>
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He later joins the US government's [[Fifty State Initiative]] of registered heroes,<ref>''[[Avengers: The Initiative]]''#1 (June 2007). Marvel Comics.</ref> and forms a short-lived Initiative version of the Defenders with the [[mutant (Marvel Comics)|mutant]] [[Colossus (comics)|Colossus]], the [[Blazing Skull]], and [[She-Hulk]]. With She-Hulk and [[Krang (Marvel Comics)|Warlord Krang]], Nighthawk battles the group the [[Sons of the Serpent]], which culminates in a confrontation with his old Defenders foe [[Yandroth]]. Yandroth manipulates time and forces Nighthawk to battle a twisted version of his old team the Squadron Sinister before being rescued by a future incarnation of the Defenders. Noting that one of the future members is '''Joaquin Pennyworth''', an agent of [[S.H.I.E.L.D.]] and the son of the one-time leader of the Sons of the Serpent, Richmond asks him to commence training to become the new Nighthawk.<ref>''The Last Defenders'' #1-6 (May-Oct. 2008). Marvel Comics.</ref>
During the
==Powers and abilities==
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==Other versions==
===Kyle Richmond (Earth-712)===
Roy Thomas and penciller [[John Buscema]] created an [[Parallel universe (fiction)|alternate-universe]] team of heroes called the [[Squadron Supreme]], who debut in ''The Avengers'' #85 (Feb. 1971). After an initial skirmish with four Avengers, the teams unite to stop a common threat.<ref>''The Avengers'' #86 (March 1971). Marvel Comics.</ref> The characters (including Nighthawk) were identical in name and appearance to the Squadron Sinister, which caused confusion in Marvel's production department, as the covers of ''The Avengers'' #85 and #141 (Nov. 1975) "cover-blurbed" appearances by the Squadron Sinister, when in fact it was the Squadron Supreme that appeared in both issues.
The heroic Nighthawk and the Squadron Supreme have another series of skirmishes with the Avengers engineered by the group the '''Serpent Cartel''', but eventually team together and prevent the use of the [[Magic item|artifact]] the [[Serpent Crown]].<ref>''Avengers'' #141 - 144 (Nov. 1975 - Feb. 1976) & #147 - 149 (May - July 1976). Marvel Comics.</ref> The character and his teammates briefly feature in the title ''[[Thor (Marvel Comics)|Thor]]'', when the evil version of [[Hyperion (comics)#Zhib-Ran|Hyperion]] attacks the Earth-712 version and then the Thunder God Thor.<ref>''Thor'' #280 (Feb. 1979). Marvel Comics.</ref>
Richmond later retires as Nighthawk, feeling that he can better serve the public good as a politician, eventually becoming President of the United States. However, President Richmond is mentally assaulted by the alien entity known as the [[Overmind (comics)|Over-Mind]], who nearly obliterates the real Richmond's mind and then embarks on a campaign of world domination via an artificial duplicate of the President.
The Squadron's Earth lies in shambles after the Overmind's attempt to conquer the world. Led by Hyperion, the Squadron believe they have the knowledge and power to recreate the world and create a [[utopia]]. Nighthawk resigns in protest, believing that the Squadron should serve and not rule; he also ponders assassinating Hyperion to try and halt the Squadron's plans before they begin. At a joint press conference, Richmond resigns as President of the United States and the Squadron announces its plans to the public; Richmond comes prepared to kill Hyperion, but cannot bring himself to do so. The Squadron assumes control of the [[United States]] and remakes the nation into a virtual utopia. The team implements a series of sweeping changes, including revealing their secret identities; instituting a program of [[behavior modification]] in prisons; enforcing a strict gun control policy, and developing medical technology to resurrect the dead.{{issue|date=January 2013}}
Predicting a nightmarish outcome to the Squadron's so-called "Utopia Program", Nighthawk attempts in vain to solicit the aid of the Avengers,<ref>''Captain America'' #314 (Feb. 1986). Marvel Comics.</ref> and then recruits former Squadron foes and newly emerged superhumans to form a team called the Redeemers. They eventually confront the Squadron, and a brutal battle ensues in which several members of both teams are killed, including Nighthawk. A horrified Hyperion realizes Nighthawk was in fact right and ends the battle, and the Squadron disband and release control of the United States to the government.{{issue|date=January 2013}}
The Earth-712 Nighthawk lacks superhuman powers but possesses extensive training and uses a variety of advanced weaponry.
===Neal Richmond (Earth-712)===
When the remnants of the Squadron Supreme returns to their home universe<ref>''Avengers'' #5-6 (June–July 1998) & ''Avengers/Squadron Supreme Annual '98''. Marvel Comics.</ref> in the [[one-shot (comics)|one-shot]] ''Squadron Supreme: New World Order'', they encounter a new Nighthawk, adopted son of Kyle Richmond and biological son of Kyle's foe the '''Huckster'''. The Squadron's reality is now dominated by corporations using the Squadron's own Utopia technologies, with the characters eventually reinstating [[democracy]]. For years prior to the Squadron Supreme's return, Neal had organized and supervised a resistance force dubbed the "Nighthawks" who battle the Blue Eagles enlisted by the corporate New World Order. Nighthawk later joins the Squadron.<ref>''Squadron Supreme: New World Order'' (1998). Marvel Comics.</ref>
Nighthawk and the Squadron come into conflict with a new government when [[interdimensional doorway|interdimensional]] team the [[Exiles (Marvel Comics)|Exiles]] reveal that the government rigged the election with worldwide vote [[fraud]]. The Squadron and the Exiles depose the new government, and attempt to allow society to progress without superhuman involvement.<ref>''Exiles'' vol. 2, #77-78 (April–May 2006). Marvel Comics.</ref>
This character lacks powers but possesses extensive training and uses a variety of advanced weaponry.{{Issue|date=January 2019}}
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{{See also|Squadron Supreme (Supreme Power)}}
[[Image:Nighthawk HCV.jpg|185px|thumb|left|Cover to ''Supreme Power'' #2.<br>Art by [[Dan Buckley]].]]
The mature-audience [[Marvel MAX]] imprint showcases the adventures of the Earth-31916 version of the Squadron Supreme. This version of Kyle Richmond, an [[African-American]], first appears in the limited series ''[[Supreme Power]]'', and utilizes his [[wealth]] to train and develop advanced weaponry and devices to aid in his campaign on crime as a [[vigilante]].<ref>''Supreme Power'' #1-18 (Jan. 2003 - Oct. 2005). Marvel Comics.</ref> Although the character aids the loose formation of heroes that eventually become the [[Squadron Supreme (Supreme Power)|Squadron Supreme]], Nighthawk chooses to remain aloof and only interacts with them when necessary. The character also appears in the six-issue miniseries ''Supreme Power: Nighthawk'', in which he investigates an [[epidemic]] of [[drug addict]]ion in [[Chicago]], and learns it is the work of [[serial killer]] Whiteface . Nighthawk apprehends and executes the criminal, but not before he causes the deaths of the Mayor and his family.<ref>''Supreme Power: Nighthawk'' #1-6 (November 2005 - April 2006). Marvel Comics.</ref>
After the 2015 "[[Secret Wars (2015)|Secret Wars]]" storyline, Richmond was transported to the regular Marvel Universe. In 2016 Marvel published a comic featuring the character titled ''Nighthawk'', which ran for six issues.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/comic-riffs/wp/2016/09/08/what-marvel-canceling-nighthawk-means-for-superheroes-of-color/ |title=What Marvel Canceling ''Nighthawk'' Means for Superheroes of Color |first=David |last=Betancourt |date=September 8, 2016 |website=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=October 4, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inquisitr.com/3468301/marvels-nighthawk-cancelled-writer-david-walker-speaks-out/ |title=Marvel's ''Nighthawk'' Cancelled, Writer David Walker Speaks Out |first=Victoria |last=Johnson |date=August 30, 2016 |website=Inquisitr |access-date=October 4, 2016}}</ref> The character worked on reforming [[Chicago]] and targeted racism and police brutality with the aid of ex-supervillain [[Nightshade (Marvel Comics)|Deadly Nightshade]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsarama.com/29401-marvels-nighthawk-a-black-superhero-in-a-country-infected-by-the-disease-of-racism.html |title=Marvel's ''Nighthawk'': A 'Black Superhero in a Country Infected by the Disease of Racism' |first=George |last=Marston |date=May 23, 2016 |website=Newsarama |access-date=October 4, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://io9.gizmodo.com/marvel-s-version-of-batman-comes-back-angrier-than-befo-1779687627 |title=Marvel's Version of Batman Comes Back Angrier than Before |first=Evan |last=Narcisse |date=May 31, 2016 |website=[[Gizmodo]]|access-date=October 4, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://uk.complex.com/pop-culture/2016/05/marvel-nighthawk/ |title=Marvel's Nighthawk Is a Superhero Who Destroys Racists While Wearing Yeezys |first=Wil |last=Jones |date=May 31, 2016 |website=[[Complex UK]]|access-date=October 4, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbr.com/nighthawk-1/ |title=''Nighthawk'' #1 |first=Jim |last=Johnson |date=May 26, 2016 |website=CBR |access-date=October 4, 2016}}</ref> The character also joins the local reality's [[Squadron Supreme#Earth-616 version|Squadron Supreme]].
Nighthawk and Deadly Nightshade later encounter [[Hawkeye (Clint Barton)|Hawkeye]] and [[Red Wolf (comics)|Red Wolf]].<ref>''Occupy Avengers'' #3. Marvel Comics.</ref> He is machined-gunned to death shortly afterwards.<ref>''Occupy Avengers'' #8. Marvel Comics.</ref>
===Earth X===
In the [[Earth X]] series and its spin-offs, created by [[Alex Ross]], [[John Paul Leon]], and [[Jim Krueger]], Kyle Richmond is an elderly retired superhero. Kyle Richmond's eyes, given by a disguised [[Mephisto (comics)|Mephisto]], allow him to see into the future. He dictates what he sees to his colleague, [[Gargoyle (comics)|Isaac Christians]], so that a record can be kept of what will become of history. The Earth-9997 version lacks powers but possess extensive training and use a variety of advanced weaponry.<ref>''[[Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe#The Marvel Encyclopedia|Marvel Encyclopedia]] Volume 6: [[Fantastic Four]]''. Marvel Comics.</ref><ref>''[[Official Handbook to the Marvel Universe]]: Alternate Universes 2005''. Marvel Comics.</ref>
===Ultimate Marvel===
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Then the Squadron Supreme visited another oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico. The Squadron Supreme then made short work of Namor and the Defenders of the Deep.<ref>''Free Comic Book Day 2019 #Avengers. Marvel Comics.</ref>
During the
Nighthawk was with the Squadron Supreme when they attempted to apprehend Black Panther, when he infiltrated the Pentagon to confront Phil Coulson.<ref>''Avengers'' Vol. 8 #21. Marvel Comics.</ref>
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===Television===
* Nighthawk appears in ''[[The Super Hero Squad Show]]'' episode "Whom Continuity Would Destroy!", voiced by [[Adam West]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Parkin, John|url=http://robot6.comicbookresources.com/2010/07/tv-stars-invade-marvel-super-hero-squad/ |title=TV stars invade Marvel Super Hero Squad|publisher=CBR|date=July 14, 2010}}</ref> He is shown as a member of the Squadron Supreme. Grandmaster and Thanos pit Nighthawk against Iron Man. During the fight, Nighthawk mentioned that he once owned a pet turtle.
* Nighthawk appears in ''[[Avengers Assemble (TV series)|Avengers Assemble]]'', voiced by [[Anthony Ruivivar]].<ref>Hope, Stan (2016). [http://www.cwtvpr.com/the-cw/shows/frequency/bios/print?id=anthony-ruivivar "Anthony Ruivivar"]. [[The CW Press]]. Retrieved January 24, 2017.</ref> He is seen in a flashback in the episode "Hyperion" in which he is shown to be a member of Squadron Supreme on Hyperion's home world, but is stated to have died alongside the rest of the team. This is proven false when he appears in the episode "Nighthawk",<ref>[http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20141028disneyxd13/ "Listings: MARVEL'S AVENGERS ASSEMBLE"]. The Futon Critic. November 9, 2014. Retrieved January 4, 2017.</ref> when he appears in the disguise of S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Kyle Richmond. Nighthawk is portrayed as a tactical strategist who thinks of his team's members as nothing more than tools like how Nighthawk considers himself the architect and called Hyperion his hammer.
===Toys=== ▼
* In 2013 Nighthawk (Kyle Richmond) was released in wave 018 of the [[Marvel Universe (toyline)|Marvel Universe]] toyline from [[Hasbro]] 3.75.▼
===Films===
* Jackson Norriss appears in the [[Marvel One-Shot]] ''[[All Hail the King]]'', set in the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]], portrayed by [[Scoot McNairy]].<ref>[https://www.flickeringmyth.com/2014/01/first-clip-from-marvels-all-hail-king/ "First Clip from Marvel's All Hail the King Features a Defenders Easter Egg"]. Flickering Myth. January 15, 2014. Retrieved May 14, 2018.</ref> He's revealed to be a member of the [[Mandarin (comics)|Ten Rings]] undercover as a reporter demanding [[Trevor Slattery]] pay for his crimes impersonating [[Mandarin (comics)|The Mandarin]] following ''[[Iron Man 3]]''.
▲===Toys===
▲* In 2013 Nighthawk (Kyle Richmond) was released in wave 018 of the [[Marvel Universe (toyline)|Marvel Universe]] toyline from [[Hasbro]] 3.75.
==References==
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==External links==
* [https://marvel.fandom.com/wiki/Kyle_Richmond_(Mephisto's_Simulacrum)_(Earth-616) Nighthawk (Squadron Supreme of America version)] at Marvel Wiki
* {{cite web|url=http://www.fortunecity.com/tatooine/niven/142/revolvin/rdd13.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020228185522/http://www.fortunecity.com/tatooine/niven/142/revolvin/rdd13.html|title=Revolving Door of Death 13 - The Peculiar Resurrection of Nighthawk|archivedate=Feb 28, 2002}}
* {{Marvunapp|http://www.marvunapp.com/Appendix2/nighthawkrichmondneal.htm|Nighthawk III}}
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