The Sunuwar alphabet (previously the Jenticha script, occasionally Kõits script) is an alphabet developed by Krishna Bahadur Jentich in 1942,[1] to write the Sunwar language, a member of the Kiranti language family spoken in Eastern Nepal, as in Sikkim. It is recognised in Sikkim and used as an official writing system.[2] The alphabet has 33 letters, 10 numerals and 1 'auspicious sign'. [1]
| Sunuwar Jenticha script, Kõits script | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Script type | Alphabet
|
| Creator | Krishna Bahadur Jenticha |
| Created | 1942 |
Time period | 1942 to present |
| Direction | Left to right |
| Official script | Yes |
| Region | Nepal, Sikkim |
| Language | Sunuwar language |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | Original invention
|
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Sunu (274), Sunuwar |
| Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Sunuwar |
| U+11BC0–U+11BFF | |
It is a grammatological isolate,[3] though some symbols bear recognition to the Limbu and Latin scripts.[4] The script is written left to right. The writing system currently has no official standard.
When first created, the script was a pure alphabet, and has come to include a default non written /a/, giving it a feature of an abugida.
History
editWhen Jentich first created the alphabet, it was limited to 22 letters, in addition to the 10 digits. Vowel length was not written, letters could also represent their retroflex consonant equivalent, and aspirated consonants were written as digraphs, using the letter hamso. The letter na was used to represent both nasal consonants and vowel nasalisation, also through the use of digraphs. The velar nasal [ŋ] was shown with a digraph of the consonants na and gil, as in English /ng/. Tones were also not shown in the orthography, despite Sunwar being a tonal language. The letter secha was used to show both the voiceless postalveolar fricative [ʃ] and the voiceless alveolar sibilant [s].
During the tail end of the 20th century, users of the language added a further 11 letters into the script:
- aal - borrowed from Limbu to write /a/ with long vowel length
- kloko - to write the Glottal stop /ʔ/
- ṭentu, ṭhele, ḍonga - to improve clarity by having separate symbols for retroflexive consonants
- kha, chhelap, phar, thari - to improve clarity by having separate symbols for aspirated consonants
- sheyer - a letter for /ʃ/, to replace the digraph (sh)
- ngar - a letter for /ŋ/ to replace the digraph (ng)
- laissi - a character to denote Vowel length
Due to the lack of a set standard, the orthography can be vague, with digraphs still being used occasionally, and consonants still being used to denote retroflexives.[1]
Soon after the creation of the script, conferences were held in villages in Dolakha District, to promote it, and help shape its future.[5]
Letters
edit| Image | Letter | Name | Transcription | IPA | Devanagari | Non-original? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| aal | aa | [a] | आ | Yes |
|
| appho | a | [ə] | अ | |
|
| ava | bb | [ɓ] | ब | |
|
| bur | b | [b] | ब | |
|
| carmi | c | [tʃ] | च | |
|
| chelap | ch | [tʃʰ] | छ | Yes |
|
| devi | d | [d], [ɖ] | द, ड | |
|
| donga | dd | [ɖ] | ड | |
|
| eko | e | [e] | ए | |
|
| gil | g | [ɡ] | ग | |
|
| hamso | h | [h] | ह | |
|
| imar | i | [i] | इ | |
|
| jyah | j | [dʒ] | ज | |
|
| kha | kh | [kʰ] | ख | Yes |
|
| kik | k | [k] | क | |
|
| loacha | l | [l], [ɭ] | ल | |
|
| ma | m | [m] | म | |
|
| nah | n | [n] | न, ण | |
|
| ngar | ng | [ŋ] | ङ | Yes |
|
| otthi | o | [o] | ओ | |
|
| phar | ph | [pʰ] | फ | Yes |
|
| pip | p | [p] | प | |
|
| reu | r | [r], [ɽ] | र, ड़ | |
|
| shyele | s | [s], [ʃ] | स | |
|
| shyer | sh | [ʃ] | श, ष | Yes |
|
| tasla | t | [t], [ʈ] | त, ट | |
|
| tentu | tt | [ʈ] | ट | Yes |
|
| thari | th | [tʰ] | थ | Yes |
|
| thele | tth | [ʈʰ] | ठ | Yes |
|
| utthi | u | [u] | उ | |
|
| varca | v | [v] | व | |
|
| yat | y | [y] | य | |
|
| kloko | ' | [ʔ] | अ् | Yes |
The laissi symbol /:/ (or /ː/ when using the IPA symbol instead of the generic colon punctuation) is used to extend vowel length. It is a non-original character. A colon may also be used as punctuation; if it occurs after a word ending with a vowel letter it will typically be preceded by a space in order to remove ambiguity.[6]
The symbol pvo is used to mark the Voiceless bilabial implosive /ɓ̥/. It is referred to as an 'auspicious symbol'. In spoken Sunuwar, the consonant is often said twice, and is often found in salutations and well wishes.
Numbers
editSunuwar uses a set of ten numerals, in base 10, derived from Arabic numerals. They were also created by Jentrich.
| Name | ka | niashi | san | le | nga | raku | chani | sasi | yan | sum |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Image | 
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Character | | | | | | | | | | |
| Arabic | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 |
| Devanagari | १ | २ | ३ | ४ | ५ | ६ | ७ | ८ | ९ | ० |
Unicode
editThe Sunuwar alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in September, 2024 with the release of version 16.0.
The Unicode block for Sunuwar is U+11BC0–U+11BFF:
| Sunuwar[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+11BCx | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| U+11BDx | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| U+11BEx | | | ||||||||||||||
| U+11BFx | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
References
edit- ^ a b c Pandey, Anshuman (2021-12-06). "Proposal to encode the Sunuwar script in Unicode (L2/21-157R)" (PDF). Unicode. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
- ^ "Atlas of Endangered Alphabets: Indigenous and minority writing systems, and the people who are trying to save them". Retrieved 2022-10-19.
- ^ "Sunuwar alphabet". omniglot.com. Retrieved 2022-10-19.
- ^ "ScriptSource - Sunuwar". scriptsource.org. Retrieved 2022-10-19.
- ^ Sunuwar, Dev Kumar. "Digitizing the script of Koĩts Sunuwar Indigenous Peoples". www.devkumarsunuwar.com.np. Retrieved 2022-10-19.
- ^ "Unicode 16.0 / Core Specs / Chapter 13: §13.21 Sunuwar". unicode.org. Retrieved 2024-07-20.