Organ pipe mud dauber

Organ pipe mud dauber
	Organ pipe mud dauber with a spider, Woodbridge, Virginia
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Crabronidae
Genus:	Trypoxylon
Species:	T. politum
Binomial name
	Trypoxylon politum; Drury, 1773

The organ pipe mud dauber (Trypoxylon politum) is a predatory wasp in the family Crabronidae. It is fairly large, ranging from 3.9–5.1 cm, and has been recorded to fly from May to September. Females and males are similar in colour, a shiny black, with the end part of the back leg being pale yellow to white.^[1] The organ pipe mud dauber feeds mainly on three genera of spider: Neoscona, Araneus, and Eustala.^[2] Melittobia, a parasitoid wasp, is a common ectoparasite of T. politum prepupae.^[3] Other sources of parasitism include the bombyliid fly Anthrax, chrysidid wasps, and various species of scavenger flies (Miltogramminae).^[4] The tufted titmouse (Parus bicolor) is a known predator of T. politum, and may feed on them more commonly than previously thought, as the holes made by the titmouse are similar in shape and size to those made by T. politum leaving the nest after pupation.^[5]

Organ pipe mud daubers are also an exceedingly docile species of wasp, and generally beneficial to have around, as they serve to keep spider populations down; larvae feed on living paralyzed spiders. ^[6]

Distribution and habitat

The organ pipe mud dauber ranges from Southeastern Canada to the Eastern United States^[1] Mud daubers use tree holes or the underside of bridges to construct their nests out of mud. Nest site choice usually depends on three specifications - a smooth, vertical surface with ample shade and rainfall protection, a source of mud nearby, and an adjacent forest.^[7] The females form long mud tubes consisting of multiple cells, which they fortify with paralyzed spiders. The female then lays an egg in each cell and leaves the nest; once the eggs hatch, the larvae feed on the spiders. The larvae then pupate until they become adults. A female can either build a new nest, use an abandoned one, challenge another female making one to claim it as her own, or (on rare occasions) enter a freshly constructed one and remove the egg to replace it with her own.^[8] The female typically constructs five or six pipes in a cluster, either side-by-side or on top of each other. When pipes are added in layers, the survivability of the freshly hatched adults decreases, as they must chew their way out of a pipe to emerge. The more pipes clustered on top of one another, the less successful the new mud daubers are going to be to chew their way out alive.^[9] A newly hatched adult female usually begins building her new nest within 48 hours of leaving her birth nest.^[7]

Life history

In the southern populations, T. politum has a partially bivoltine life-history pattern: Some wasps in these populations have offspring that emerge after winter, before the end of June. Other offspring in this geographical range overwinter and reproduce after winter. North of central Virginia, the wasps have a univoltine life-history pattern, and only produce one generation per year.^[10]

Behaviour

Mud daubers of this species are unique, compared to many other wasps, in that males stay at the mouth of the nest to protect the offspring. The male guards the young from intruders, parasites, and other males. This energy investment, to increase the likelihood in the survivability of their offspring, is known as parental care. The male may also help the female in nest construction.^[8] Like other wasps, T. politum is haplodiploid. The unfertilized eggs generate males and fertilized eggs become females. Adult mothers feed the fertilized (female) eggs more than the unfertilized eggs.^[11] Because of this additional food allotment, females tend to be the larger of the two sexes. This uneven division of resources is called sex allocation. Females showed a positive correlation between body size and increased fecundity, which offers an explanation as to why the bias for increased female food provision and body size exists.^[12]

Gallery

New organ pipe wasp nest showing different muds gathered at different places
An organ pipe wasp gathering mud in South Carolina
Paralyzed spiders taken from a cell in an organ pipe wasp nest
Trypoxylon figulus. A Palearctic species
An organ pipe mud dauber adding to her nest in Virginia
Nest underside

References

^ ^a ^b Coville, R. E. (1981). Coville. R. V. (1982). Wasps of the Genus Trypoxylon Subgenus Trypargilum in North America. University of California Publications in Entomology, 97, p.40-43. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520096516.
^ "Rehnberg, B.G. (1987). Selection of spider prey by Trypoxylon politum (Say) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Canadian Entomologist, 119, p.189-194".
^ "Torres, C. S. A. S. (2004). Host location by Melittobia digitata Dahms (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a larval parasitoid of mud daubers, Trypoxylon politum Say (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). University of Georgia Theses and Dissertations".
^ "MOLUMBY, A. (1995), Dynamics of parasitism in the organ-pipe wasp, Trypoxylon politurn: effects of spatial scale on parasitoid functional response. Ecological Entomology, 20: 159-168. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1995.tb00442.x".
^ Coward, Stuart J.; Matthews, Robert W. (1995). "S. J. Coward. & R. W. Matthews. (1995). Tufted Titmouse (Parus bicolor) Predation on Mud-Dauber Wasp Prepupae (Trypoxylon politum). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 68, p. 371-373". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 68 (3): 371–373. JSTOR 25085605.
^ Cross, Earle A.; Mostafa, Amal E.-S.; Bauman, Thomas R.; Lancaster, Iva J. (1 October 1978). "Some Aspects of Energy Transfer Between the Organ-Pipe Mud-Dauber Trypoxylon politum and Its Araneid Spider Prey 1". Environmental Entomology. 7 (5): 647–652. doi:10.1093/ee/7.5.647.
^ ^a ^b "Cross. E. A., Stith. M. G. & Bauman. T. R. (1975). Bionomics of the Organ-Pipe Mud-Dauber, Trypoxylon Politum (Hymenoptera: Sphecoidea). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 68, p.901-916".
^ ^a ^b Brockmann, H. Jane (1980). "Brockman. J. (1980) Diversity in Nesting Behavior of Mud-Daubers (Trypoxylon politum Say; Sphecidae). Florida Entomological Society, 63(1), pp 53-64". The Florida Entomologist. 63 (1): 53–64. doi:10.2307/3494656. JSTOR 3494656.
^ Downing, H. (1995). "Downing, H. (1995). Methods of Escape for Both Fly Parasites and Wasps from the Clustered Pipes of Trypoxylon politum Nests (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 68(4), 473 476". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 68 (4): 473–476. JSTOR 25085623.
^ Brockmann, H. Jane (2004). "Brockmann, H. J. (2004). Variable Life-History and Emergence Patterns of the Pipe-Organ Mud-Daubing Wasp, Trypoxylon politum (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 77(4), 503-527". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 77 (4): 503–527. doi:10.2317/E43.1. JSTOR 25086238. S2CID 85731935.
^ Brockmann, H. Jane; Grafen, Alan (1989). "Mate conflict and male behaviour in a solitary wasp, Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) politum (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)". Animal Behaviour. 37: 232–255. doi:10.1016/0003-3472(89)90113-9. S2CID 53184615.
^ Molumby, A (1997). "Why make daughters larger? Maternal sex-allocation and sex-dependent selection for body size in a mass-provisioning wasp, Trypoxylon politum". Behavioral Ecology. 8 (3): 279–287. doi:10.1093/beheco/8.3.279.