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The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program compiles official data on crime in the United States, published by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). UCR is "a nationwide, cooperative statistical effort of nearly 18,000 city, university and college, county, state, tribal, and federal law enforcement agencies voluntarily reporting data on crimes brought to their attention".[1]
| Uniform Crime Reporting | |
|---|---|
| Active | 1929 - present |
| Country | United States |
| Agency | Federal Bureau of Investigation |
| Type | Crime statistics program |
| Role | Collection and publishing |
| Part of | Criminal Justice Information Services Division |
| Abbreviation | UCR |
| Website | |
| Official website | |
Crime statistics are compiled from UCR data and published annually by the FBI in the Crime in the United States series. The FBI does not collect the data itself. Rather, law enforcement agencies across the United States provide the data to the FBI, which then compiles the Reports.
The Uniform Crime Reporting program began in 1929, and since then has become an important source of crime information for law enforcement, policymakers, scholars, and the media.
History
editFormation by the IACP & SSRC and Initial Reports (1927-1930)
editThe UCR Program was based upon work by the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) and the Social Science Research Council (SSRC)[2] throughout the 1920s to create a uniform national set of crime statistics, reliable for analysis. In 1927, the IACP created the Committee on Uniform Crime Reporting to determine statistics for national comparisons. The committee concluded that eight index crimes were fundamental to comparing crime rates across geographic locations: murder and non-negligent manslaughter, negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft. (From 1930 to 1957, negligent manslaughter was included as an index crime.[3] In 1979, arson would be added as an index crime by a congressional directive.)
The early program was managed by the IACP and published through a monthly report.[3] The first report in January 1930 reported data from 400 cities throughout 43 states, covering more than 20 million individuals, approximately twenty percent of the total U.S. population at the time.[4]
Transition to Oversight by the FBI (1930)
editThe intention of the IACP in developing the UCR program was always to have its management transferred to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).[4] Through IACP lobbying, on June 11, 1930 the United States Congress passed legislation enacting 28 U.S.C. § 534, which granted the office of the Attorney General the ability to "acquire, collect, classify, and preserve identification, criminal identification, crime, and other records" and the ability to appoint officials to oversee this duty, including the subordinate members of the Bureau of Investigation. The Attorney General, in turn, designated the FBI to serve as the national clearinghouse for the data collected, and the FBI assumed responsibility for managing the UCR Program in September 1930. In the July 1930 issue of the crime report the IACP announced the FBI's takeover of the program. While the IACP discontinued oversight of the program, they continued to advise the FBI on how to better the UCR.
Since 1935, the FBI served as a data clearinghouse, organizing, collecting, and disseminating information voluntarily submitted by local, state, federal and tribal law enforcement agencies. The UCR remained the primary tool for collection and analysis of data for the next half century.
Development of NIBRS (1980s-present)
editThroughout the 1980s, a series of National UCR Conferences were with members from the IACP, Department of Justice, including the FBI, and newly formed Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). The purpose was to determine necessary system revisions and then implement them. The result of these conferences was the release of a Blueprint for the Future of the Uniform Crime Reporting Program[5] release in May 1985, detailing the necessary revisions. The key recommendations made by the report were 1) a move to requesting data on each individual offense rather than monthly totals, 2) a move to requesting more detailed data about crime incidents including more specific data used to classify offenses and information like the victim and offender's demographic characteristics, their relationship, and the location of the crime, and 3) quality assurance measures like routine audits, minimum reporting-system standards, increased feedback to and from local agencies, and strengthening of state-level UCR Programs.
These recommendations were implemented in the form of the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). The FBI began accepting data in the new NIBRS format in January, 1989.[6] For many years, the FBI collected UCR data in both the NIBRS and traditional Summary Reporting System (SRS) formats. In 2015, in consultation with the their law enforcement partners and the Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Advisory Policy Board, the FBI announced that it would be retiring the SRS format.[7] As of January 1, 2021, the SRS has been discontinued and been fully replaced by (NIBRS).[8]
Coverage
editEach month, law enforcement agencies report the number of known index crimes in their jurisdiction to the FBI. This mainly includes crimes reported to the police by the general public, but may also include crimes that police officers discover, and known through other sources. Law enforcement agencies also report the number of crime cases cleared.
In 2003, FBI UCR data were compiled from more than 16,000 agencies, representing 93 percent of the population[9] in 46 states and the District of Columbia.[10] While nationally reporting is not mandated, many states have instituted laws requiring law enforcement within those states to provide UCR data.
Data Collection and Publications
editThe UCR Program has published data on crime in the United States since 1930. In addition, the UCR Program has published more specific reports based on its primary data collection efforts and overseen other data collection efforts related to crime and law enforcement in the U.S.
Crime in the United States
edit- National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) - NIBRS collects information about offenses known to and arrests made by law enforcement officers in the U.S. While the FBI began collecting NIBRS-format data in 1989,[6] the NIBRS data collection program ran concurrently with the traditional SRS for many years. As of January 1, 2021, NIBRS is the sole FBI data collection program used for crime data.[8] NIBRS-format data is reported at the incident-level rather than in totals per months (as the SRS was). For each incident, agencies are asked to report information about the crime victim(s), the offender(s), their relationship to each other, and the value of any property stolen, lost, damaged, etc. during the incident.[11]
- Summary Reporting System (SRS) - The SRS collected information about offenses known to and arrests made by law enforcement officers in the U.S. The SRS data collection program was in use from 1930 to 2020.[4][8] SRS-format data included monthly offense totals for the eight index crimes and arrest totals for all crime types broken down by age, sex, race, and (starting in 2013[12][13]) Hispanic-origin.[14]
- Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) - As part of the SRS program, agencies were also asked to submit detailed information about each homicide incident that occurred in their jurisdiction through the SHR. This information included the date, location, and circumstances of the killing, the method used to kill, and demographic characteristics of the homicide victim and the offender.[15] In addition, the Supplementary Homicide Reports included data about incidents of justifiable homicide, that is, non-crime incidents when a private citizen kills someone committing a crime or when law enforcement kills someone while acting in the line of duty. This information is now collected as part of NIBRS.
- Hate Crime Statistics - As part of the Hate Crime Statistics Act passed in 1990, the UCR began collecting additional information about hate crimes reported through the SRS and NIBRS.
- Cargo Theft
- Federal Crime Data
- Human Trafficking
Law Enforcement Data Collections
edit- Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted (LEOKA)
- Law Enforcement Suicide Data Collection
- The National Use-of-Force Data Collection
UCR crime categories
edit
NIBRS Categories
editUnder the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), offenses are classified as Group A or Group B offenses.[11] Additionally, Group A offenses can fall into one of three sub-categories: crimes against persons, crimes against property, or crimes against society.
Group A (Offenses & Arrests)
editAgencies are asked to fill out an incident report for every Group A offense reported to them (or that they otherwise come to know about), regardless of whether an arrest was made.[11] NIBRS's Group A therefore replaces and expands on the SRS's Part I offenses.
| Offense Category | Offense | Crime Type | Reported By |
|---|---|---|---|
| Homicide | Murder/Non-Negligent Manslaughter | Persons | All Agencies |
| Homicide | Negligent Manslaughter | Persons | All Agencies |
| Homicide | Justifiable Homicide | Not a Crime | All Agencies |
| Assault | Aggravated Assault | Persons | All Agencies |
| Assault | Simple Assault | Persons | All Agencies |
| Assault | Intimidation | Persons | All Agencies |
| Sex Offenses | Rape | Persons | All Agencies |
| Sex Offenses | Sodomy1 | Persons | Federal and Tribal Only |
| Sex Offenses | Sexual Assault with An Object1 | Persons | Federal and Tribal Only |
| Sex Offenses | Fondling | Persons | All Agencies |
| Sex Offenses | Incest | Persons | All Agencies |
| Sex Offenses | Statutory Rape | Persons | All Agencies |
| Sex Offenses | Failure to Register as a Sex Offender | Society | All Agencies |
| Human Trafficking | Commercial Sex Acts | Persons | All Agencies |
| Human Trafficking | Involuntary Servitude | Persons | All Agencies |
| Kidnapping/Abduction | Kidnapping/Abduction | Persons | All Agencies |
| Robbery | Robbery | Property | All Agencies |
| Burglary/B&E | Burglary/B&E | Property | All Agencies |
| Larceny/Theft | Pocket Picking | Property | All Agencies |
| Larceny/Theft | Purse Snatching | Property | All Agencies |
| Larceny/Theft | Shoplifting | Property | All Agencies |
| Larceny/Theft | Theft from Building | Property | All Agencies |
| Larceny/Theft | Theft from Coin-Operated Machine or Device | Property | All Agencies |
| Larceny/Theft | Theft from Motor Vehicle | Property | All Agencies |
| Larceny/Theft | Theft of Motor Vehicle Parts or Accessories | Property | All Agencies |
| Larceny/Theft | All Other Larceny | Property | All Agencies |
| Motor Vehicle Theft | Motor Vehicle Theft | Property | All Agencies |
| Arson | Arson | Property | All Agencies |
| Bribery | Bribery | Property | All Agencies |
| Counterfeiting/Forgery | Counterfeiting/Forgery | Property | All Agencies |
| Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property | Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property | Property | All Agencies |
| Embezzlement | Embezzlement | Property | All Agencies |
| Extortion/Blackmail | Extortion/Blackmail | Property | All Agencies |
| Stolen Property Offenses | Stolen Property Offenses (e.g., selling, possessing) | Property | All Agencies |
| Fraud | False Pretenses/Swindle/Confidence Games | Property | All Agencies |
| Fraud | Credit Card/Automatic Teller Machine Fraud | Property | All Agencies |
| Fraud | Impersonation | Property | All Agencies |
| Fraud | Welfare Fraud | Property | All Agencies |
| Fraud | Wire Fraud | Property | All Agencies |
| Fraud | Identity Theft | Property | All Agencies |
| Fraud | Hacking/Computer Invasion | Property | All Agencies |
| Fraud | Money Laundering | Society | All Agencies |
| Animal Cruelty | Animal Cruelty | Society | All Agencies |
| Commerce Violations | Import Violations | Society | Federal and Tribal Only |
| Commerce Violations | Export Violations | Society | Federal and Tribal Only |
| Commerce Violations | Federal Liquor Offenses | Society | Federal and Tribal Only |
| Commerce Violations | Federal Tobacco Offenses | Society | Federal and Tribal Only |
| Commerce Violations | Wildlife Trafficking | Society | Federal and Tribal Only |
| Drug/Narcotic Violations | Drug/Narcotic Violations | Society | All Agencies |
| Drug/Narcotic Violations | Drug/Narcotic Equip. Violations | Society | All Agencies |
| Espionage | Espionage | Society | All Agencies |
| Fugitive Offenses | Harboring Escapee/Concealing from Arrest | Society | Federal and Tribal Only |
| Fugitive Offenses | Flight to Avoid Prosecution | Society | Federal and Tribal Only |
| Fugitive Offenses | Flight to Avoid Deportation | Society | Federal and Tribal Only |
| Gambling Offenses | Betting/Wagering | Society | All Agencies |
| Gambling Offenses | Operating/Promoting/Assisting Gambling | Society | All Agencies |
| Gambling Offenses | Gambling Equip. Violations | Society | All Agencies |
| Gambling Offenses | Sports Tampering | Society | All Agencies |
| Immigration Violations | Illegal Entry into the United States | Society | Federal and Tribal Only |
| Immigration Violations | False Citizenship | Society | Federal and Tribal Only |
| Immigration Violations | Smuggling Aliens | Society | Federal and Tribal Only |
| Immigration Violations | Re-entry after Deportation | Society | Federal and Tribal Only |
| Pornography/Obscene Material | Pornography/Obscene Material | Society | All Agencies |
| Prostitution Offenses | Prostitution | Society | All Agencies |
| Prostitution Offenses | Assisting or Promoting Prostitution | Society | All Agencies |
| Prostitution Offenses | Purchasing Prostitution | Society | All Agencies |
| Treason | Treason | Society | All Agencies |
| Weapon Law Violations | Weapon Law Violations | Society | All Agencies |
| Weapon Law Violations | Violation of National Firearm Act of 1934 | Society | Federal and Tribal Only |
| Weapon Law Violations | Weapons of Mass Destruction | Society | Federal and Tribal Only |
| Weapon Law Violations | Explosives | Society | Federal and Tribal Only |
1 Federal and tribal law enforcement agencies report sodomy and sexual assault with an object separately from rape. Other law enforcement agencies report offenses of this type under the offense label of rape.
Group B (Arrests Only)
editAgencies only submit information to the FBI about Group B offenses if an arrest is made.
| Offense | Reported By |
|---|---|
| Curfew/Loitering/Vagrancy Violations | All Agencies |
| Disorderly Conduct | All Agencies |
| Driving Under the Influence | All Agencies |
| Failure to Appear | Federal and Tribal Only |
| Family Offenses, Nonviolent | All Agencies |
| Federal Resource Violations | Federal and Tribal Only |
| Liquor Law Violations | All Agencies |
| Perjury | Federal and Tribal Only |
| Trespass of Real Property | All Agencies |
| All Other Offenses | All Agencies |
SRS Categories
editThe UCR program's traditional Summary Reporting System (SRS) was in use from 1930 to 2020. As of January 1, 2021, the SRS has been discontinued and been fully replaced by the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). In the SRS, criminal offenses were divided into two major groups: Part I offenses and Part II offenses.
Part I Offenses (Offenses & Arrests)
editIn Part I, the UCR indexed reported incidents of major crimes, referred to as "index crimes," which were reported to the FBI via a document named "Return A – Monthly Return of Offenses Known to the Police." Agencies were asked to report each month the total number of index crimes reported to them (or that they otherwise came to know about) regardless of whether an arrest was made.
Crimes were included in the index based on their relative seriousness, their tendency to be reported more reliably than other crime types, and that reports for them are generally taken directly by the police and not a separate agency which aggregates the data and does not necessarily contribute to the UCR. The index crimes were broken into two categories: violent and property crimes. Murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault were classified as violent crimes and used to create an overall "violent crime index" while burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson were classified as property crimes and used to create an overall "property crime index."
Arson was not initially included as one of the Part I index crimes. It was added in 1979 by a congressional directive.
From 1930 to 1957, negligent manslaughter was included in UCR reporting as one of the violent index crimes.[3] As of 1958 annual report, it was no longer included in reporting about the index crimes, although the FBI continued to request information about the total number of negligent homicide offenses known to law enforcement agencies as part of Return A until 1985.[5] So, from 1958 to 1985, negligent manslaughter was a Part I offense but not an index crime.
Part II Offenses (Arrests Only)
editIn Part II, the following categories were tracked: simple assault, curfew offenses and loitering, embezzlement, forgery and counterfeiting, disorderly conduct, driving under the influence, drug offenses, fraud, gambling, liquor offenses, offenses against the family, prostitution, public drunkenness, runaways, sex offenses, stolen property, vandalism, vagrancy, and weapons offenses. Agencies were asked to report each month the total number of arrests made for all Part I and Part II offenses.
Advisory groups
editThe Criminal Justice Information Systems Committees of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) and the National Sheriffs' Association (NSA) serve in an advisory capacity to the UCR Program and encourage local police departments and sheriff's departments to participate fully in the program.
In 1988, a Data Providers' Advisory Policy Board was established to provide input for UCR matters. The Board operated until 1993 when it combined with the National Crime Information Center Advisory Policy Board to form a single Advisory Policy Board (APB) to address all issues regarding the FBI's criminal justice information services. In addition, the Association of State UCR Programs (ASUCRP) focuses on UCR issues within individual state law enforcement associations and promotes interest in the UCR Program. These organizations foster widespread and responsible use of UCR statistics and assist data contributors when needed.
Limitations
editThe UCR itself warns that it reflects crime reports by police, not later adjudication.[16] Because reporting quality, arrest likelihood, officers per capita, and funding vary by jurisdiction, the data should not be used to compare crime rates or frequencies between reporting agencies.[16]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Summary of the Uniform Crime Reporting Program". fbi.gov. 1987-09-30. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
- ^ Lawrence Rosen, "The Creation of the Uniform Crime Report", Social Science History 19:2 (Summer 1995):215–238.
- ^ a b c United States Department of Justice; Federal Bureau of Investigation (2003-06-19). "Uniform Crime Reports [United States], 1930-1959". Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.
- ^ a b c Crime in the United States 2000. (PDF). Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice. Washington, D.C.. Retrieved on 30 March 2008. Archived on 14 April 2010.
- ^ a b U.S. Department of Justice; Bureau of Justice Statistics; Federal Bureau of Investigation (1985). Blueprint for the Future of the Uniform Crime Reporting Program: Final Report of the UCR Study (PDF).
- ^ a b U.S. Department of Justice; Federal Bureau of Investigation (August 5, 1990). Crime in the United States: Uniform Crime Reports, 1989 (PDF).
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Christman, Michael A.; Piquero, Alexis R. (2022-10-05). "New and Better Crime Data for the Nation". U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs. Retrieved 2024-09-18.
- ^ a b c Federal Bureau of Investigation. "National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)". Retrieved September 17, 2024.
- ^ Frequently Asked Questions. Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice. Washington, D.C.. Uniform Crime Reports. Retrieved on 2008-03-30.
- ^ UCR and NIBRS Participation Archived 2006-04-25 at the Wayback Machine. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Washington, D.C. Retrieved on 2008-03-30.
- ^ a b c Criminal Justice Information Services Division; Federal Bureau of Investigation; U.S. Department of Justice (June 30, 2023). 2023.0 National Incident-Based Reporting System User Manual.
- ^ Federal Bureau of Investigation. "Crime in the United States 2012: Table 43: Arrests by Race, 2012". Retrieved September 23, 2024.
- ^ Federal Bureau of Investigation. "Crime in the United States 2013: Table 43: Arrests by Race, 2013".
- ^ Federal Bureau of Investigation; U.S. Department of Justice (2004). Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook (PDF).
- ^ Fox, James Alan; Pierce, Glenn L. (1987). Uniform Crime Reports (United States): Supplementary Homicide Reports, 1976-1983. Center for Applied Social Research, National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice.
- ^ a b Uniform Crime Reporting Program. UCR Statistics: Their Proper Use (Report). Federal Bureau of Investigation.
Further reading
edit- Lynch, J. P., & Addington, L. A. (2007). Understanding crime statistics: revisiting the divergence of the NCVS and UCR. Cambridge studies in criminology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521862042
- Kaplan, Jacob. 2021. Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program Data: A Practitioner's Guide.