Wiktionary

京

See also: 亰
京 U+4EAC, 京
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EAC
← 享
[U+4EAB] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 亭 →
[U+4EAD]

Translingual

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Stroke order
 

Han character

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京 (Kangxi radical 8, 亠+6, 8 strokes, cangjie input 卜口火 (YRF), four-corner 00906, composition ⿳亠口小)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 88, character 19
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 299
  • Dae Jaweon: page 187, character 11
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 284, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+4EAC

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 京
alternative forms 亰
𡬱
𢂋
𦣿
 
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 京 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • 京 (Cantonese)
  • 京 (Classical)

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 京
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
       
 
j13492
 
j13493
 
j13494
 
j13495
 
j13496
 
j13497
 
j13498
 
j13499
 
j13500
 
j13501
 
j13502
 
j13503
 
j13504
 
j13505
 
j13506
 
j13507
 
j13508
 
b08306
 
b08307
 
b08308
 
b08309
 
b08310
 
b08311
 
b08312
 
b08313
 
b08314
 
b08315
 
b08316
 
b08317
 
b08318
 
b08319
 
b08320
 
b08321
 
b08322
 
b08323
 
b08324
 
s03835
Transcribed ancient scripts
 
L33123
 
L33124
 
L33125
 
L33126
 
L33127
 
L33128
 
L33129
 
L33130
 
L33131
 
L10565
 
L10566
 
L10567
 
L10568
 
L10569
 
L10570
 
L10571
 
L10572
 
L10573
 
L10574
 
L10575
 
L10576
 
L10577
 
L10578
 
L10579
 
L10580
 
L10581
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (京) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
涼 *ɡ·raŋ, *ɡ·raŋs, *ɡ·raŋs
凉 *ɡ·raŋ
椋 *ɡ·raŋ
綡 *ɡ·raŋ
輬 *ɡ·raŋ
諒 *ɡ·raŋs
掠 *ɡ·raŋs, *ɡ·raɡ
弶 *ɡaŋs
京 *kraŋ
麖 *kraŋ
鶁 *kraŋ
景 *kraŋʔ
鯨 *ɡraŋ
黥 *ɡraŋ
勍 *ɡraŋ
剠 *ɡraŋ
倞 *ɡraŋs
影 *qraŋʔ
璟 *qraŋʔ, *kʷraŋʔ
憬 *kʷraŋʔ
暻 *kʷraŋʔ
澋 *ɡʷraːŋʔ

Pictogram (象形) – a tall building (i.e. a tower). Compare 高.

When used as a component on top of the character, the character loses the bottom part 小. (e.g., 亮 and 亭).

Etymology 1

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Either from:

Within Chinese, cognate with 景 (OC *kraŋʔ, “large”), 鯨 (OC *ɡraŋ, “whale”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • gia1, giaⁿ1 - vernacular;
  • ging1 - literary.
Note:
  • kiaⁿ - vernacular;
  • keng - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 京
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /t͡ɕiŋ²¹/
Jinan /t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/
Qingdao /t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/
Xi'an /t͡ɕiŋ²¹/
Xining /t͡ɕiə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕĩn³¹/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Chengdu /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Guiyang /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Kunming /t͡ɕĩ⁴⁴/
Nanjing /t͡ɕin³¹/
Hefei /t͡ɕin²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕiəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /t͡ɕiŋ¹³/
/t͡ɕi¹³/ ～陵城
Hohhot /t͡ɕĩŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕiŋ⁵³/
Suzhou /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /t͡ɕin³³/
Wenzhou /t͡ɕaŋ³³/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕiʌ̃³¹/
Tunxi /t͡ɕiɛ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕin³³/
Xiangtan /t͡ɕin³³/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕin⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /kin⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /kin²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /keŋ⁵³/
Nanning /keŋ⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /kiŋ⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kiŋ⁵⁵/
/kiã⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kiŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /keiŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /kiã³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /keŋ²³/
Rime
Character 京
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 庚 (111)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 舉卿切
Baxter kjaeng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kˠiæŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kᵚiaŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kiaŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kiajŋ/
Li
Rong 		/kiɐŋ/
Wang
Li 		/kĭɐŋ/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ki̯ɐŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jīng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ging1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 京
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jīng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kjæng ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[k]raŋ/
English hill; capital city

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 京
Reading # 1/1
No. 6828
Phonetic
component 		京
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		驚
Old
Chinese 		/*kraŋ/

Definitions

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京

  1. ⁜ capital (city)
    京城  ―  jīngchéng  ―  capital city
    京畿  ―  jīngjī  ―  capital city and its surrounding area
    泰京  ―  Tàijīng  ―  (Thailand) Bangkok (the capital city of Thailand)
    墨京  ―  Mòjīng  ―  (dated) Mexico City (the capital city of Mexico)
  2. Short for 北京 (Běijīng, “Beijing”). after 1949
    京劇／京剧  ―  jīngjù  ―  Beijing opera
    京腔  ―  jīngqiāng  ―  Beijing accent
  3. Short for 南京 (Nánjīng, “Nanjing”). between 1927–1948
  4. Short for 京都 (jīngdū, “Kyoto”). when referring Japan-related topics
  5. ten quadrillion, 1016
  6. † tall mound
  7. † large barn
  8. † large; great
  9. † ten million, 107
  10. † septillion, 1024
  11. † A hundred nonillion, 1032
See also
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Chinese numerals
104 108 1012 1016 1020 1024 1028 1032 1036 1040 1044 1048
萬／万 (wàn) 億／亿 (yì) 兆 (zhào) (Taiwan) 京 (jīng) (Taiwan) 垓 (gāi) 秭 (zǐ) 穰 (ráng) 溝／沟 (gōu) 澗／涧 (jiàn) 正 (zhèng) 載／载 (zài) 極／极 (jí)
萬億／万亿 (wànyì)
(Mainland China) 		億億/亿亿
(Mainland China)

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (京):
  • → Japanese: 京(きょう) (kyō); 京(けい) (kei)
  • → Korean: 경(京) (gyeong)
  • → Vietnamese: kinh (京)

References

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Etymology 2

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From Vietnamese Kinh, in turn from Sino-Vietnamese word from 京 (“capital”).

Pronunciation

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  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 京
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /t͡ɕiŋ²¹/
Jinan /t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/
Qingdao /t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/
Xi'an /t͡ɕiŋ²¹/
Xining /t͡ɕiə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕĩn³¹/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Chengdu /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Guiyang /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Kunming /t͡ɕĩ⁴⁴/
Nanjing /t͡ɕin³¹/
Hefei /t͡ɕin²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕiəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /t͡ɕiŋ¹³/
/t͡ɕi¹³/ ～陵城
Hohhot /t͡ɕĩŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕiŋ⁵³/
Suzhou /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /t͡ɕin³³/
Wenzhou /t͡ɕaŋ³³/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕiʌ̃³¹/
Tunxi /t͡ɕiɛ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕin³³/
Xiangtan /t͡ɕin³³/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕin⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /kin⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /kin²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /keŋ⁵³/
Nanning /keŋ⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /kiŋ⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kiŋ⁵⁵/
/kiã⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kiŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /keiŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /kiã³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /keŋ²³/

Definitions

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京

  1. Gin (ethnic Vietnamese from China)

Compounds

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Japanese

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Kanji

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京

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. capital city
  2. ten quadrillion (short scale); ten thousand billion (long scale); 1016
  3. Tokyo
  4. Kyoto

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
京
きょう
Grade: 2
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 京 (MC kjaeng).

Noun

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京(きょう) • (kyō) ←きやう (kyau)?

  1. capital city
  2. Short for 京都 (Kyōto, “Kyōto (a city in Kyōto, Japan)”).
    京言葉(きょうことば) (kyōkotoba)
    京(きょう)料理(りょうり) (kyōryōri, literally “Kyōto cuisine”)
    京(きょう)の着倒(きだお)れ、大阪(おおさか)の食(く)い倒(だお)れ
    Kyō no kidaore, Ōsaka no kuidaore
    Spend Your Money on Fashion in Kyoto, eat till you’re broke in Osaka

Affix

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京(きょう) • (kyō) ←きやう (kyau)?

  1. capital city
    Synonym: (literary) 洛 (raku)
  2. (specifically) Kyōto (a city in Kyōto, Japan)
    Synonym: (literary) 洛 (raku)
  3. (especially) Tōkyō (a province of Japan)
    上京(じょうきょう) (jōkyō)

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
京
みやこ
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

宮 (miya, “imperial palace”) +‎ 処 (ko, “place”).

Noun

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京(みやこ) • (miyako) 

  1. the place where the emperor resides
  2. a city that acts as an economic and political center; capital
  3. metropolis

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
京
けい
Grade: 2
on'yomi

Number

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京(けい) • (kei) 

  1. 10,000,000,000,000,000, 1016, (US) ten quadrillion, (UK) ten thousand billion

See also

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Japanese numerical compounds with 京(けい) (kei)
1016 2 × 1016 3 × 1016 4 × 1016 5 × 1016 6 × 1016 7 × 1016 8 × 1016 9 × 1016 1017 1018
一(いっ)京(けい) (ikkei) 二(に)京(けい) (nikei) 三(さん)京(けい) (sankei) 四(よん)京(けい) (yonkei) 五(ご)京(けい) (gokei) 六(ろっ)京(けい) (rokkei) 七(なな)京(けい) (nanakei) 八(はっ)京(けい) (hakkei) 九(きゅう)京(けい) (kyūkei) 十(じゅっ)京(けい) (jukkei) 百(ひゃっ)京(けい) (hyakkei)

Korean

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 京 (MC kjaeng). (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “what is its historical reading?”)

Hanja

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京 (eumhun 서울 경 (seoul gyeong))
京 (eumhun 경 경 (gyeong gyeong))

  1. hanja form? of 경 (“capital”)
  2. hanja form? of 경 (“10,000,000,000,000,000, 1016, (US) ten quadrillion, (UK) ten thousand billion”)

Compounds

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See also

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]
  • Supreme Court of the Republic of Korea (대한민국 대법원, Daehanmin'guk Daebeobwon) (2018). Table of hanja for personal names (인명용 한자표 / 人名用漢字表, Inmyeong-yong hanja-pyo), page 3. [3]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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京: Hán Việt readings: kinh[1][2][3][4][5][6], nguyên
京: Nôm readings: kinh[1][2][3], kiêng[1][2][3][7], kềnh[1], kình[1]

Noun

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京 • (kinh)

  1. chữ Hán form of kinh (“capital city”).

Adjective

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京 • (Kinh)

  1. chữ Hán form of Kinh (“ethnically Vietnamese”).

Verb

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京 • (kiêng)

  1. Nôm form of kiêng (“to respect”).

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
  4. ^ Nguyễn (1974).
  5. ^ Trần (1999).
  6. ^ Thiều Chửu (1942).
  7. ^ Hồ (1976).
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