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Translingual
editHan character
edit寡 (Kangxi radical 40, 宀+11, 14 strokes, cangjie input 十一金竹 (JMCH), four-corner 30227, composition ⿳宀頁刀)
Derived characters
editReferences
edit- Kangxi Dictionary: page 290, character 19
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7286
- Dae Jaweon: page 574, character 26
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 947, character 7
- Unihan data for U+5BE1
Chinese
edit| simp. and trad. |
寡 | |
|---|---|---|
| 2nd round simp. | 𠆣 | |
| alternative forms | 𧵿 𡩼 𠆣 | |
Glyph origin
edit| Historical forms of the character 寡 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | ||
| Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script |
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In the bronze script from the Western Zhou period, it was originally an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 宀 (“house”) + 頁 (“head”) — only one person in the house; alone.
In the bronze script from the Warring States period, two decorative strokes were added around 頁. The seal script found in Shuowen adds two additional strokes, making the component under 宀 appear as 分 and 頁, leading Shuowen to erroneously interpret the character as an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 宀 (“house”) + 頒 (“to distribute”).
Etymology
editRelated to 鰥 (OC *kruːn, *kruːns, “widower”), 孤 (OC *kʷaː, “orphan; alone”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan དགོན་པ (dgon pa, “solitary place; desert; wilderness”), Tibetan སྒོས (sgos, “private; individual”).
Pronunciation
edit- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): gua3
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): gua3
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): gua2
- Northern Min (KCR): guǎ
- Eastern Min (BUC): guā
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5ko; 5kua
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gua3
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄚˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: guǎ
- Wade–Giles: kua3
- Yale: gwǎ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: goa
- Palladius: гуа (gua)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ku̯ä²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: gua3
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gua
- Sinological IPA (key): /kua⁵³/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: gwaa2
- Yale: gwá
- Cantonese Pinyin: gwaa2
- Guangdong Romanization: gua2
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʷaː³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: ga2
- Sinological IPA (key): /ka⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: gua3
- Sinological IPA (key): /kua²¹³/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kóa
- Hakka Romanization System: guaˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: gua3
- Sinological IPA: /ku̯a³¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: gua2
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /kua⁵³/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: guǎ
- Sinological IPA (key): /kua²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: guā
- Sinological IPA (key): /kua³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, variant in Taiwan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kóaⁿ
- Tâi-lô: kuánn
- Phofsit Daibuun: kvoar
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /kuã⁴¹/
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /kuã⁵³/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: guan2 / gua2
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kuáⁿ / kuá
- Sinological IPA (key): /kũã⁵²/, /kua⁵²/
- Wu
Note:
- 2ko - vernacular;
- 2kua - literary.
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: gua3
- Sinological IPA (key): /ku̯a̠⁴¹/
- (Changsha)
- Middle Chinese: kwaeX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[C.k]ʷˤraʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*kʷraːʔ/
Definitions
edit寡
- few; scant
- widowed
- widow
- alone; friendless
- tasteless
- (Hokkien) some
- 我去菜市仔買寡青菜。 [Taiwanese Hokkien, trad.]
- Góa khì chhài-chhī-á bé kóa chheⁿ-chhài. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
- I'm going to the market to buy some vegetables.
我去菜市仔买寡青菜。 [Taiwanese Hokkien, simp.]
- (Central Min) one
Synonyms
edit| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 些 | |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 些 |
| Singapore | 些 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 啲 |
| Hong Kong | 啲 | |
| Taishan | 尼 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 啲 | |
| Hakka | Meixian | 兜 |
| Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 兜 | |
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 兜 | |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 兜 | |
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 兜 | |
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 兜 | |
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 兜 | |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 寡 |
| Zhangzhou | 寡 | |
| Tainan | 寡 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 寡 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 寡 | |
| Shantou | 撮 | |
| Jieyang | 撮 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 撮 | |
| Wu | Shanghai | 眼, 點, 些 formal or Mandarin-influenced |
| Wenzhou | 厘兒 | |
Compounds
edit- 一寡 (chi̍t-kóa) (Min Nan)
- 一寡仔 (chi̍t-kóa-á) (Min Nan)
- 乖寡
- 九寡
- 仁柔寡斷／仁柔寡断
- 以寡擊眾／以寡击众
- 以寡敵眾／以寡敌众
- 以眾克寡／以众克寡
- 以眾暴寡／以众暴寡
- 優柔寡斷／优柔寡断 (yōuróuguǎduàn)
- 兵微將寡／兵微将寡 (bīngwēijiàngguǎ)
- 凋寡
- 刻薄寡恩
- 吃寡酒
- 吃寡醋
- 單寡／单寡
- 喝寡酒
- 單鵠寡鳧／单鹄寡凫
- 因陋就寡
- 填寡
- 多寡 (duōguǎ)
- 多端寡要
- 多賤寡貴／多贱寡贵
- 失道寡助 (shīdàoguǎzhù)
- 女兒寡／女儿寡
- 孀寡
- 孤儔寡匹／孤俦寡匹
- 孤兒寡婦／孤儿寡妇
- 孤家寡人 (gūjiāguǎrén)
- 孤寡 (gūguǎ)
- 孤寡不穀／孤寡不谷
- 孤寡鰥獨／孤寡鳏独
- 孤立寡與／孤立寡与
- 孤辰寡宿
- 孤陋寡聞／孤陋寡闻 (gūlòuguǎwén)
- 孤雌寡鶴／孤雌寡鹤
- 孤鴻寡鵠／孤鸿寡鹄
- 孤鸞寡鶴／孤鸾寡鹤
- 守寡 (shǒuguǎ)
- 守活寡 (shǒuhuóguǎ)
- 寡不勝眾／寡不胜众
- 寡不敵眾／寡不敌众 (guǎbùdízhòng)
- 寡乏
- 寡事
- 寡二少雙／寡二少双
- 寡交
- 寡人 (guǎrén)
- 寡仇
- 寡佬
- 寡信 (guǎxìn)
- 寡便宜
- 寡偶
- 寡儔／寡俦
- 寡兄
- 寡刻
- 寡剌
- 寡力
- 寡功
- 寡劣
- 寡助 (guǎzhù)
- 寡占 (guǎzhàn)
- 寡合
- 寡君 (guǎjūn)
- 寡味
- 寡命
- 寡和
- 寡嗛
- 寡大夫
- 寡夫 (guǎfū)
- 寡女
- 寡姊
- 寡妻 (guǎqī)
- 寡婦／寡妇
- 寡婦笱／寡妇笱
- 寡婦臉子／寡妇脸子
- 寡婦莎／寡妇莎
- 寡嫂
- 寡嫠 (guǎlí)
- 寡嬸／寡婶
- 寡孀
- 寡孤
- 寡學／寡学
- 寡宿孤辰
- 寡將／寡将
- 寡小君
- 寡少
- 寡尤
- 寡居
- 寡廉鮮恥／寡廉鲜耻 (guǎliánxiǎnchǐ)
- 寡弱
- 寡彈／寡弹
- 寡徒
- 寡德
- 寡怨
- 寡恩 (guǎ'ēn)
- 寡恩少義／寡恩少义
- 寡悔
- 寡情
- 寡情少義／寡情少义
- 寡情薄意
- 寡愛／寡爱
- 寡態／寡态
- 寡慮／寡虑
- 寡慾／寡欲 (guǎyù)
- 寡拉
- 寡拉主兒／寡拉主儿
- 寡斷／寡断
- 寡方
- 寡昧
- 寡智
- 寡欲 (guǎyù)
- 寡歡／寡欢 (guǎhuān)
- 寡母
- 寡民 (guǎmín)
- 寡氣／寡气
- 寡淺／寡浅
- 寡淡 (guǎdàn)
- 寡漢／寡汉
- 寡為／寡为
- 寡營／寡营
- 寡特
- 寡狀／寡状
- 寡狹／寡狭
- 寡獨／寡独
- 寡瘦
- 寡白
- 寡知
- 寡立
- 寡糖 (guǎtáng)
- 寡約／寡约
- 寡老
- 寡耦
- 寡聞／寡闻
- 寡聞少見／寡闻少见
- 寡能
- 寡臣
- 寡與／寡与
- 寡色
- 寡草
- 寡萌
- 寡薄
- 寡處／寡处
- 寡虞
- 寡蛋
- 寡見／寡见
- 寡見少聞／寡见少闻
- 寡見鮮聞／寡见鲜闻
- 寡言 (guǎyán)
- 寡訥／寡讷
- 寡誠／寡诚
- 寡謀／寡谋
- 寡識／寡识
- 寡讎／寡雠
- 寡貌
- 寡辣
- 寡過／寡过
- 寡酒
- 寡醋
- 寡闇／寡暗
- 寡陋
- 寡雙／寡双
- 寡青
- 寡頭／寡头 (guǎtóu)
- 寡頭政治／寡头政治 (guǎtóu zhèngzhì)
- 寡髮／寡发
- 寡鮮／寡鲜
- 寡鵠／寡鹄
- 寡鵠孤鸞／寡鹄孤鸾
- 寡鶴／寡鹤
- 寡黃／寡黄
- 寡默
- 寡黨／寡党
- 小國寡民／小国寡民 (xiǎoguóguǎmín)
- 小寡
- 少私寡慾／少私寡欲
- 少言寡語／少言寡语 (shǎoyánguǎyǔ)
- 屁雌寡淡
- 居寡
- 巴寡婦清／巴寡妇清
- 希寡
- 弱寡
- 形孤影寡
- 彼眾我寡／彼众我寡 (bǐzhòngwǒguǎ)
- 恤孤念寡
- 恬淡寡欲
- 惜孤念寡
- 惸寡
- 惸獨鰥寡／惸独鳏寡
- 憐孤惜寡／怜孤惜寡
- 抑鬱寡歡／抑郁寡欢
- 指寡
- 振窮恤寡／振穷恤寡
- 撫孤恤寡／抚孤恤寡
- 擔孤受寡／担孤受寡
- 敦默寡言
- 敵眾我寡／敌众我寡 (dízhòngwǒguǎ)
- 文君新寡
- 文君早寡
- 新寡
- 早寡
- 曲高和寡 (qǔgāohèguǎ)
- 望門寡／望门寡
- 果寡糖
- 柔懦寡斷／柔懦寡断
- 柔茹寡斷／柔茹寡断
- 款學寡聞／款学寡闻
- 款啟寡聞／款启寡闻
- 沉厚寡言
- 沈密寡言
- 沉重寡言
- 沈靜寡言
- 沉默寡言 (chénmòguǎyán)
- 沈默寡言 (chénmòguǎyán)
- 活守寡
- 活寡
- 清心寡慾／清心寡欲 (qīngxīnguǎyù)
- 清湯寡水／清汤寡水 (qīngtāngguǎshuǐ)
- 淺見寡聞／浅见寡闻
- 淺見寡識／浅见寡识
- 清貧寡欲／清贫寡欲
- 清靜寡欲／清静寡欲
- 澹泊寡欲
- 犯寡
- 獨學寡聞／独学寡闻
- 生眾食寡／生众食寡
- 瘦寡
- 省愆寡過／省愆寡过
- 眾寡／众寡
- 眾寡不敵／众寡不敌
- 眾寡勢殊／众寡势殊
- 眾寡懸殊／众寡悬殊
- 眾寡懸絕／众寡悬绝
- 眾寡莫敵／众寡莫敌
- 眾寡難敵／众寡难敌
- 矜寡 (guānguǎ)
- 矜寡孤獨／矜寡孤独
- 碌碌寡合
- 稀湯寡水／稀汤寡水
- 稱孤道寡／称孤道寡 (chēnggūdàoguǎ)
- 窮寡／穷寡
- 簡寡／简寡
- 糧寡兵微／粮寡兵微
- 索然寡味 (suǒránguǎwèi)
- 罕言寡語／罕言寡语
- 老寡
- 耍寡嘴
- 臉黃皮寡／脸黄皮寡
- 菲才寡學／菲才寡学
- 落寞寡歡／落寞寡欢
- 落落寡合
- 落落寡歡／落落寡欢
- 蚤寡
- 衆寡懸絶／众寡悬绝
- 裒多增寡
- 裒多益寡
- 說寡嘴／说寡嘴
- 論高寡合／论高寡合
- 諷多要寡／讽多要寡
- 財政寡頭／财政寡头 (cáizhèng guǎtóu)
- 貧寡／贫寡
- 足謀寡斷／足谋寡断
- 輕言寡信／轻言寡信
- 輕諾寡信／轻诺寡信
- 道寡稱孤／道寡称孤
- 闖寡門／闯寡门
- 陵弱暴寡
- 鬱鬱寡歡／郁郁寡欢 (yùyùguǎhuān)
- 鮮廉寡恥／鲜廉寡耻
- 鰥寡／鳏寡 (guānguǎ)
- 鰥寡孤惸／鳏寡孤惸
- 鰥寡孤獨／鳏寡孤独 (guānguǎgūdú)
- 鰥寡惸獨／鳏寡惸独
- 鸞孤鳳寡／鸾孤凤寡
- 黃皮寡瘦／黄皮寡瘦
- 黑寡婦／黑寡妇
Further reading
edit- “Entry #10471”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.
Japanese
editKanji
edit寡
(Jōyō kanji)}
Readings
editCompounds
edit- (widow, alone): 寡夫 (kafu), 寡婦 (kafu), 鰥寡孤独 (kankakodoku)
- (few, minority): 寡占 (kasen), 寡頭政治 (katōseiji), 寡聞 (kabun), 寡兵 (kahei), 寡黙 (kamoku), 衆寡 (shūka)
Etymology 1
edit| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 寡 |
| か Grade: S |
| kan'on |
From Middle Chinese 寡 (MC kwaeX).
Pronunciation
editNoun
editAntonyms
editEtymology 2
edit| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 寡 |
| やもめ Grade: S |
| kun'yomi |
| For pronunciation and definitions of 寡 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
| (This term, 寡, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) |
References
editKorean
editHanja
editVietnamese
editHan character
edit寡: Hán Nôm readings: quả, góa/goá
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
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