Jump to content

Anantarika-karma: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
mNo edit summary
Tag: Reverted
No edit summary
 
(45 intermediate revisions by 24 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Heinous offenses in Buddhism}}
{{Short description|Heinous offenses in Buddhism}}

{{Citation style|details=cites used are non-standard and unclear|date=October 2022}}
[[File:Buddha statue Giac Lam.jpg|alt=Lord Buddha|thumb|The Buddha]]
[[File:Buddha statue Giac Lam.jpg|alt= The Buddha|thumb|The Buddha]]
'''Ānantarya Karma''' ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]) or '''Ānantarika Kamma''' ([[Pāli language|Pāli]]) <ref>{{Cite web |title=SuttaCentral |url=https://suttacentral.net/ |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=SuttaCentral |language=en}}</ref> are the most serious offences in Buddhism that, at death, through the overwhelming karmic strength of '''any single one of them''', bring immediate disaster.<ref>{{citation|title=The Work of Culture: Symbolic Transformation in Psychoanalysis and Anthropology |author= Gananath Obeyesekere|year=1990|publisher=[[University of Chicago]]|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-nLv_IiMTA4C&pg=PA305|isbn=978-0-226-61599-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 3269825|title = The Buddha's Bad Karma: A Problem in the History of Theravâda Buddhism|journal = Numen|volume = 37|issue = 1|pages = 70–95|last1 = Walters|first1 = Jonathan S.|year = 1990| doi=10.2307/3269825 }}</ref> Both Buddhists and non-Buddhists must avoid them at all costs. Such offenses prevent perpetrators from attaining any of the stages of enlightenment<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9gm9CzNd5EC&pg=PA285|title=Ways of Thinking of Eastern Peoples: India, China, Tibet, Japan|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|page=285|authorlink=Hajime Nakamura|last1=Nakamura|first1=Hajime|year=1991|isbn=978-8120807648}}</ref> and from ordaining into the Sangha. The offences are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buddhism.org/Sutras/2/Sutras33.htm|title=The Sutra Preached by the Buddha on the Total Extinction of the Dharma|publisher=buddhism.org|accessdate=10 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Buddhist Dictionary: Manual of Buddhist Terms and Doctrines|author= Nyanatiloka|year= 1980|publisher=Buddhist Publication Society|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ztIxd_OGs3YC&q=Anantarika-Kamma&pg=PA30|isbn=978-955-24-0019-3}}</ref><ref>[http://www.triplegem.plus.com/glossary.htm Triplegem glossary] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061228033221/http://www.triplegem.plus.com/glossary.htm |date=2006-12-28 }}</ref>
'''Ānantarya karma''' ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]) or '''Ānantarika kamma''' ([[Pāli language|Pāli]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=SuttaCentral |url=https://suttacentral.net/ |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=SuttaCentral |language=en}}</ref> are the most serious offences in Buddhism that, at death, through the overwhelming karmic strength of any single one of them, bring immediate disaster.<ref>{{citation|title=The Work of Culture: Symbolic Transformation in Psychoanalysis and Anthropology |author= Gananath Obeyesekere|year=1990|publisher=[[University of Chicago]]|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-nLv_IiMTA4C&pg=PA305|isbn=978-0-226-61599-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 3269825|title = The Buddha's Bad Karma: A Problem in the History of Theravâda Buddhism|journal = Numen|volume = 37|issue = 1|pages = 70–95|last1 = Walters|first1 = Jonathan S.|year = 1990| doi=10.2307/3269825 }}</ref> Both Buddhists and non-Buddhists must avoid them at all costs. Such offenses prevent perpetrators from attaining any of the stages of enlightenment<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9gm9CzNd5EC&pg=PA285|title=Ways of Thinking of Eastern Peoples: India, China, Tibet, Japan|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|page=285|authorlink=Hajime Nakamura|last1=Nakamura|first1=Hajime|year=1991|isbn=978-8120807648}}</ref> and from ordaining into the Sangha. The offences are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buddhism.org/Sutras/2/Sutras33.htm|title=The Sutra Preached by the Buddha on the Total Extinction of the Dharma|publisher=buddhism.org|accessdate=10 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Buddhist Dictionary: Manual of Buddhist Terms and Doctrines|author= Nyanatiloka|year= 1980|publisher=Buddhist Publication Society|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ztIxd_OGs3YC&q=Anantarika-Kamma&pg=PA30|isbn=978-955-24-0019-3}}</ref><ref>[http://www.triplegem.plus.com/glossary.htm Triplegem glossary] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061228033221/http://www.triplegem.plus.com/glossary.htm |date=2006-12-28 }}</ref>


# Killing one's mother
# Killing one's mother
# Killing one's father
# Killing one's father
# Killing an [[Arhat|Arahant]]
# Killing an [[Arhat|Arahant]]
# Wounding a [[Tathāgata|Tathagata]]
# Wounding a [[Tathāgata]]
# Creating schism in the [[Sangha]] ([https://suttacentral.net/an?view=normal Anguttara iii 440])
# Creating schism in the [[Sangha]]<ref>Creating a division in the Sangha / dividing the Sangha in terms of Buddhist beliefs</ref>

Ānantarika Kamma is so serious that even [[Amitābha|Amitabha Buddha]] abandoned all hope. His Vow 18 reads:<ref>https://www.fgsitc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Amitabha-Sutra_ChiEng.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=October 2022}}</ref>

⚫
{{blockquote|"If I attain Buddhahood and a sentient being aspires with faith and joy to be reborn in my Sukhavati Pure Land: if they recite my name just ten times and, in spite of this, are not reborn there, then may I myself not attain enlightenment [in the first place]. Two exceptions to this solemn promise are in respect of, firstly, those who have committed the five terrible offences and, secondly, of those who have vilified the Sublime Dharma [because such people cannot be reborn in Sukhavati]."|}}

There are another five unlisted Ānantarika Kamma offences found in the scriptures:

# Physically obstructing the Lord Buddha's path
# Rejecting the Lord Buddha's claim to supernatural insight
# Accusing the Lord Buddha or an Arhat of sexual misconduct
# Wounding an Arhat
# Raping ordained monastics

== Physically obstructing the Lord Buddha's path ==

When [[Suppabuddha]] blocked the Lord Buddha's path, forcing him to turn back, he was reborn in hell. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://suttanta.tripod.com/khuddhaka/dhammapada/dha105.html|title=King Suppabuddha blocks the Buddha's path|website=suttanta.tripod.com}}</ref>

== Rejecting the Lord Buddha's claim to supernormal insight ==

Some people rejected the Buddha's claim to supernormal insight, saying:

{{Blockquote|text="The recluse Gotama does not have any outstanding knowledge and vision. He teaches Dhamma that has been merely hammered out in his head, following his own line of inquiry."|}}

The Buddha said that unless such people abandon these assertions and relinquish such views, they would be cast into hell. ([https://suttacentral.net/mn?view=normal Majjhima i 71])

== Accusing the Lord Buddha or an Arahant of sexual misconduct ==

1) The Bodhisatta accused Paccekabuddhas Surabhi and Sabbābhibhu of sexual misconduct and was consigned to hell.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/buddhism/book/the-great-chronicle-of-buddhas/d/doc364687.html|title=The Twelve Saṃsāric Debts of the Buddha [Part 32]|date=September 13, 2019|website=www.wisdomlib.org}}</ref>

2) The bhikkhu Kokālika accused Sāriputta and Moggallāna of having unvirtuous desires and was consigned to hell. (Suttanipata p.&nbsp;123).<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://suttacentral.net/|title=SuttaCentral|website=SuttaCentral}}</ref>

3) Ciñcā Māṇavikā accused the Buddha of sleeping with her and was consigned to hell.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancient-buddhist-texts.net/English-Texts/Buddhist-Legends/13-09.htm|title=Buddhist Legends, XIII. 9. Ciñcā falsely accuses the Buddha|website=www.ancient-buddhist-texts.net}}</ref>

== Wounding an Arahant ==
When [[Maudgalyayana|MahaMoggallana]] was Mara Dusi, he made a young boy attack the chief disciple of a previous Buddha and split his head. For this, Dusi was cast into hell.<ref name="auto"/>

Usually it is the killing of the Arahant that counts.

== Raping ordained monastics ==

=== Raping nuns: Ānantarika Kamma ===

A group of nuns on the road to Savatthi were raped (''ekaccā bhikkhuṇiyo dusesuṃ''). The Buddha said those who rape nuns should not be ordained (''bhikkhuṇidusako na upasampādetabbo'') ([[Pali Canon|Vinaya i 089]][https://suttacentral.net/pitaka/vinaya]). The danger of raping nuns is this: the man who raped (''dusesi'') the nun [[Uppalavanna]] was cast into hell. The rule against ordaining, and the descent into hell, are both signs of Ānantarika Kamma.

=== Raping monks: Ānantarika Kamma ===

The rape of monks and novices is likely Ānantarika Kamma, too. just as ordination confers special protection on women, it likely confers the same protection on men.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

== Other considerations ==

=== The different meanings of ''Dussati'': rape, fondle, molest, make love ===

* A group of nuns on the road to Savatthi were raped ''(ekaccā bhikkhuṇiyo dusesuṃ'').

* In the course of showing her round his new hut, Udayin fondled a visitor's wife 'limb by limb' and was accused of molesting her (''duseyyu ti'', [[Pali Canon|Vinaya iii 119]][https://suttacentral.net/pitaka/vinaya]).
* A doctor treating a nun, lanced a boil 'in the area between her navel and knees,' then started to molest her (''dūsetuṃ upakkami'') ([[Pali Canon|Vinaya iv 316]][https://suttacentral.net/pitaka/vinaya]).

* Then the layman Sāḷha asked the nun Sundarīnandā : “What is wrong with you? Why are you lying down?” “Surely, it is this, sir: you do not want me.” “How could I not want you? But I never had a chance to make love with you” (''okāsaṃ na labhāmi taṃ dūsetun ti''). Then, filled with lust, Sāḷha touched the nun Sundarīnandā, who was also filled with lust (''avassuto avassutāya sundarīnandāya bhikkhuniyā kāyasaṃsaggaṃ samapajji'').

=== Relations with consenting monastics ===

Ānantarika Kamma involves actions undertaken without consent. Acts that are consensual are not Ānantarika Kamma, however unskilful they may be.

For example:

* two nuns sexually abuse each other: Pacittiya offence ([[Pali Canon|Vinaya iv 261]]).
* a monk invites a novice to sexually abuse him: Sanghadisesa offence (Sd 1, case 29; [[Pali Canon|Vinaya iii 118]]).
* a monk or nun consents to sex: Parajika offence ([[Pali Canon|Vinaya iii 040]]).

If a woman rapes a monk it is Ānantarika Kamma: if she seduces him, it is not.

=== Sexually abusing laywomen: Sanghadisesa offence===

Sexually abusing laywomen is a Sanghadisesa Offence. For example, a monk sexually abusing a baby girl ([[Pali Canon|Vinaya iii 35]]).

=== Five precepts infringements ===
Hell usually is the result of repeated infringements of the five precepts. Therefore such infringements are not Anantarika Karma (A iv 248).

===Acknowledging another teacher===
In its exposition of the Six Great Offences, the ''Tatiya Abhabbaṭṭhāna Sutta'' groups 'acknowledging another teacher' (''aññaṃ satthāraṃ uddisituṃ'') with the five Anantarika Karma (A iii 439). But the implication is unfounded. Acknowledging another teacher could not be Anantarika Karma, because Buddhist monastics who leave the Buddhist training and join other religious traditions are allowed to re-ordain as Buddhists, except under the following conditions:

1) If a monastic joins another religious tradition having rudely refuted their preceptor in an argument (Vin i 060).

2) If a monastic joins another sects in Buddhist robes without properly disrobing (Vin ii 279).

If monastics are allowed to return to Buddhism after leaving to train under another teacher, except under these two circumstances, this conduct cannot therefore be considered Anantarika Karma.


Ānantarika kamma is considered so serious that even [[Amitābha|Amitabha Buddha]] abandoned all hope. His 18th Vow reads:<ref>{{cite web |title=The Amitabha Sutra as discoursed by the Buddha |url=https://www.fgsitc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Amitabha-Sutra_ChiEng.pdf |publisher=Fo Guang Shan International Translation Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022214833/https://www.fgsitc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Amitabha-Sutra_ChiEng.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2022 |date=2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== Citations to Pali text===


⚫
{{blockquote|If I attain Buddhahood and a sentient being aspires with faith and joy to be reborn in my Sukhavati Pure Land: if they recite my name just ten times and, in spite of this, are not reborn there, then may I myself not attain enlightenment [in the first place]. Two exceptions to this solemn promise are in respect of, firstly, those who have committed the five terrible offences and, secondly, of those who have vilified the Sublime Dharma because such people cannot be reborn in Sukhavati.|Amitabha Buddha}}
All citations in this article are to the [[Pali Text Society]] Pali page numbers. For example, (Majjhima ii 156), means PTS Majjhima Nikaya, Volume 2, page 156.


==See also==
==See also==
Line 105: Line 19:
* [[Buddhist views on sin]]
* [[Buddhist views on sin]]
* [[Devadatta]]
* [[Devadatta]]
* [[Icchantika]]
* [[Karma in Buddhism]]
* [[Karma in Buddhism]]
* [[Merit (Buddhism)]]
* [[Merit (Buddhism)]]
Line 117: Line 32:


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* Silk, Jonathan A. (2007). Good and Evil in Indian Buddhism: The Five Sins of Immediate Retribution, Journal of Indian Philosophy 35 (3), 253-286
* Silk, Jonathan A. (2007). Good and Evil in Indian Buddhism: The Five Sins of Immediate Retribution, Journal of Indian Philosophy 35 (3), 253–286


{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Buddhism topics}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Anantarika-Karma}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Anantarika-karma}}
[[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Karma in Buddhism]]
[[Category:Karma in Buddhism]]

Latest revision as of 14:21, 8 September 2024

The Buddha
The Buddha

Ānantarya karma (Sanskrit) or Ānantarika kamma (Pāli)[1] are the most serious offences in Buddhism that, at death, through the overwhelming karmic strength of any single one of them, bring immediate disaster.[2][3] Both Buddhists and non-Buddhists must avoid them at all costs. Such offenses prevent perpetrators from attaining any of the stages of enlightenment[4] and from ordaining into the Sangha. The offences are:[5][6][7]

  1. Killing one's mother
  2. Killing one's father
  3. Killing an Arahant
  4. Wounding a Tathāgata
  5. Creating schism in the Sangha[8]

Ānantarika kamma is considered so serious that even Amitabha Buddha abandoned all hope. His 18th Vow reads:[9]

If I attain Buddhahood and a sentient being aspires with faith and joy to be reborn in my Sukhavati Pure Land: if they recite my name just ten times and, in spite of this, are not reborn there, then may I myself not attain enlightenment [in the first place]. Two exceptions to this solemn promise are in respect of, firstly, those who have committed the five terrible offences and, secondly, of those who have vilified the Sublime Dharma because such people cannot be reborn in Sukhavati.

— Amitabha Buddha

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "SuttaCentral". SuttaCentral. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
  2. ^ Gananath Obeyesekere (1990), The Work of Culture: Symbolic Transformation in Psychoanalysis and Anthropology, University of Chicago, ISBN 978-0-226-61599-8
  3. ^ Walters, Jonathan S. (1990). "The Buddha's Bad Karma: A Problem in the History of Theravâda Buddhism". Numen. 37 (1): 70–95. doi:10.2307/3269825. JSTOR 3269825.
  4. ^ Nakamura, Hajime (1991). Ways of Thinking of Eastern Peoples: India, China, Tibet, Japan. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 285. ISBN 978-8120807648.
  5. ^ "The Sutra Preached by the Buddha on the Total Extinction of the Dharma". buddhism.org. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
  6. ^ Nyanatiloka (1980), Buddhist Dictionary: Manual of Buddhist Terms and Doctrines, Buddhist Publication Society, ISBN 978-955-24-0019-3
  7. ^ Triplegem glossary Archived 2006-12-28 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ Creating a division in the Sangha / dividing the Sangha in terms of Buddhist beliefs
  9. ^ "The Amitabha Sutra as discoursed by the Buddha" (PDF). Fo Guang Shan International Translation Center. 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2022.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Silk, Jonathan A. (2007). Good and Evil in Indian Buddhism: The Five Sins of Immediate Retribution, Journal of Indian Philosophy 35 (3), 253–286
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anantarika-karma&oldid=1244677014"