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'''Andreas Gursky''' ([[1955]]) is a [[Germany|German]] [[photography|photographer]] known for the highly textured feel of his enormous photographs often using a high point of view.
{{Short description|German artist and photographer}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Andreas Gursky
| image = Gursky-andreas-010313-2.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
| caption = Gursky in 2013
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|01|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Leipzig]], [[East Germany]] (now Germany)
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| death_place =
| spouse =
| field = Photography
| training =
| movement = [[Düsseldorf School of Photography]]
| works = ''[[Rhein II]]''
| website = [http://www.andreasgursky.com/en Official website]
}}
'''Andreas Gursky''' (born 15 January 1955) is a German photographer and professor at the [[Kunstakademie Düsseldorf]], Germany.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kunstakademie Düsseldorf|title=Prof. Andreas Gursky|url=http://www.kunstakademie-duesseldorf.de/fachbereiche/kunst/freie-kunst/prof-andreas-gursky.html|access-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708135329/http://www.kunstakademie-duesseldorf.de/fachbereiche/kunst/freie-kunst/prof-andreas-gursky.html|archive-date=8 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>


He is known for his [[Large format (photography)|large format]] architecture and [[Landscape photography|landscape colour photographs]], often using a high point of view. His works reach some of the highest prices in the art market among living photographers. His photograph ''[[Rhein II]]'' was sold at Christie's for $4,338,500 on 8 November 2011. At the time it was the most expensive photograph ever sold at auction.<ref name=christies>{{cite web|title=Sale 2480 / Lot 44|url=http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=5496716|publisher=[[Christie's]]|access-date=13 November 2011}}</ref>
Gursky received a strong influence from his teachers, [[Bernd and Hilla Becher|Hilla and Bernd Becher]], who are known for their distinctive method of systematically cataloging industrial machinery. This method is similarly found in Gursky's methodical approach to his photography.


Gursky shares a studio with [[Laurenz Berges]], [[Thomas Ruff]] and [[Axel Hütte]] on the Hansaallee, in Düsseldorf.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ruff|first1=Thomas|title=FiftyFifty Gallery, Biography of|url=http://www.fiftyfifty-galerie.de/galerie/626/biografie|access-date=15 July 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808074647/http://www.fiftyfifty-galerie.de/galerie/626/biografie|archive-date=8 August 2014}}</ref> The building, a former electricity station, was transformed into an artists studio and living quarters, in 2001, by architects [[Herzog & de Meuron]], of [[Tate Modern]] fame.<ref>{{cite web|last1=de Meuron|first1=Herzog|title=Project 172|url=http://www.herzogdemeuron.com/index/projects/complete-works/151-175/172-studios-for-two-artists.html|access-date=15 July 2014}}</ref> In 2010–11, the architects worked again on the building, designing a gallery in the basement.<ref>{{cite web|last1=de Meuron|first1=Herzog|title=Project 340|url=http://www.herzogdemeuron.com/index/projects/complete-works/326-350/340-atelier-in-duesseldorf.html|access-date=15 July 2014}}</ref>
Before the mid [[1990s]], Gursky did not digitally manipulate his images. Today, however Gursky uses computers to edit his pictures and creates art in a larger space than the subject photographed. As of February 2007, Gursky holds the record for the highest price paid for a photograph for his work ''99 Cent II Diptychon'' which sold for GBP 1.7 million (USD 3.3 million) at [[Sotheby's]], [[London]]. [http://www.artnet.com/PDB/PublicLotDetails.aspx?lot_id=424863453&page=1]


==Early life and education==
Gursky's photograph of the ''Dance Valley'' festival near Amsterdam in 1995, depicts revellers facing a DJ stand in a large arena, with strobe lighting effects. The smoke pouring out looks like a hand holding the crowd in stasis. After producing that photo, Gursky has said that the only music he listens to is Techno music because its simple symmetry echos his own work while playing to a deeper more visceral emotion.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
Gursky was born in [[Leipzig]], [[East Germany]] in 1955. His family relocated to West Germany, moving to Essen and then Düsseldorf by the end of 1957.<ref name="Guggenheim" /> From 1978 to 1981, he attended the [[Universität Gesamthochschule Essen]], where he studied [[visual communication]], led by photographers [[Otto Steinert]] and [[Michael Schmidt (photographer)|Michael Schmidt]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.school-scout.de/vorschau/53507/andreas-gursky-kuenstlerpaket.pdf|title=PDF excerpt biography Andreas Gursky|accessdate=10 September 2021}}</ref> Gursky is said to have attended the university to hear Steinert, however Steinert died in 1978 and Gursky only got to attend a few of his lectures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fotofeinkost.de/andreas-gursky-werke-80-08/|title=fotofeinkost &#124; Andreas Gursky Werke 80-08|date=4 January 2009|access-date=23 December 2019|archive-date=23 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223220445/https://fotofeinkost.de/andreas-gursky-werke-80-08/|url-status=dead}}</ref>


Between 1981 and 1987 at the [[Kunstakademie Düsseldorf|Düsseldorf Art Academy]], Gursky received critical training and influence from his teachers [[Bernd and Hilla Becher|Hilla and Bernd Becher]],<ref name="Tomkins">Tomkins, Calvin. ''The New Yorker''. "The Big Picture." 22 January 2001.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Biro|first1=Matthew|title=From Analogue to Digital Photography: Bernd and Hilla Becher and Andreas Gursky|journal=[[History of Photography (journal)|History of Photography]]|year=2012|volume=36|issue=3|pages=353–366|issn=0308-7298|doi=10.1080/03087298.2012.686242|s2cid=194076676|via=[[Taylor & Francis]]}}</ref> a photographic team known for their distinctive, dispassionate method of systematically cataloging industrial machinery and architecture.<ref>Marien, Mary Warner. ''Photography''. 2006, pp. 371–72</ref> Gursky demonstrates a similarly methodical approach in his own larger-scale photography. Other notable influences are the British landscape photographer [[John Davies (photographer)|John Davies]], whose highly detailed high vantage point images had a strong effect on the street level photographs Gursky was then making, and to a lesser degree the American photographer [[Joel Sternfeld]].{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}
== See also ==
*[[List of most expensive photographs]]
*[[Aerial landscape art]]


== Exhibitions ==
==Career and style==
Before the 1990s, Gursky did not digitally manipulate his images.<ref>Warren, Lynne. ''Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography''. 2006, page 644</ref> In the years since, Gursky has been frank about his reliance on computers to edit and enhance his pictures, creating an art of spaces larger than the subjects photographed.{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} Writing in ''[[The New Yorker]]'' magazine, the critic [[Peter Schjeldahl]] called these pictures "vast," "splashy," "entertaining," and "literally unbelievable."<ref>Schjeldahl, Peter. ''The New Yorker''. "Reality Clicks." 27 May 2002.</ref> In the same publication, critic Calvin Tomkins described Gursky as one of the "two masters" of the [[Düsseldorf School of Photography]]. In 2001, Tomkins described the experience of confronting one of Gursky's large works:<ref name="Tomkins" />
*1989 Museum Haus Lange, Krefeld; Centre Genevois de Gravure Contemporaine, Genf, Switzerland
{{quote|text=
*1992 Kunsthalle Zürich, Switzerland
The first time I saw photographs by Andreas Gursky...I had the disorienting sensation that something was happening—happening to me, I suppose, although it felt more generalized than that. Gursky's huge, [[Panoramic photography|panoramic]] colour prints—some of them up to six feet high by ten feet long—had the presence, the formal power, and in several cases the majestic aura of nineteenth-century landscape paintings, without losing any of their meticulously detailed immediacy as photographs. Their subject matter was the contemporary world, seen dispassionately and from a distance.<ref name="Tomkins" />
*1994 Deichtorhallen, Hamburg; De Appel Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg
}}
*1995 Portikus Frankfurt; Rooseum, Malmö, Sweden; [[Tate Liverpool]], England

*1998 Kunsthalle Düsseldorf; Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg; Fotomuseum Winterthur, Switzerland; Milwaukee Art Museum, Milwaukee, USA; Museum of Contemporary Arts, Houston, USA
The perspective in many of Gursky's photographs is drawn from an elevated vantage point. This position enables the viewer to encounter scenes, encompassing both centre and periphery, which are ordinarily beyond reach.<ref>[https://whitecube.com/exhibitions/exhibition/andreas_gursky_masons_yard_2007 Andreas Gursky: New work, 23 March—5 May 2007] [[White Cube]], London, UK.</ref> This sweeping perspective has been linked to an engagement with [[globalization]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Williams-Wynn|first1=Christopher|title=Images of equivalence: exchange-value in Andreas Gursky's photographs and production method|journal=[[Photography & Culture]]|volume=9|issue=1|pages=3–24|year=2016|issn=1751-4517|doi=10.1080/17514517.2016.1153264|s2cid=147375671|via=[[Taylor & Francis]]}}</ref> Visually, Gursky is drawn to large, anonymous, man-made spaces—high-rise facades at night, office lobbies, stock exchanges, the interiors of [[big-box store|big box]] retailers (See his print ''[[99 Cent II Diptychon]]''). In a 2001 retrospective, New York's [[Museum of Modern Art]] described the artist's work, "a sophisticated art of unembellished observation. It is thanks to the artfulness of Gursky's fictions that we recognize his world as our own."<ref>Museum of Modern Art. "Andreas Gursky." Exhibition Catalog, 2001</ref> Gursky's style is enigmatic and deadpan. There is little to no explanation or manipulation on the works. His photography is straightforward.<ref>{{citation|title= From Shore to Gursky, Part I|author=David Grosz|work=Art+Auction|url=http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/25152/from-shore-to-gursky-part-i|access-date=16 April 2008}}</ref>
*1999 [[Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art]], Edinburgh, Scotland; Castello di Rivoli, Turin, Italy

*2000 Sprengel Museum, Hannover; Galerie für Zeitgenössische Kunst, Leipzig; Busch-Reisinger Museum, Havard University, Cambridge, USA
The photograph ''99 Cent'' (1999) was taken at a [[99 Cents Only Stores|99 Cents Only store]] on Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles, and depicts its interior as a stretched horizontal composition of parallel shelves, intersected by vertical white columns, in which the abundance of "neatly labeled packets are transformed into fields of colour, generated by endless arrays of identical products, reflecting off the shiny ceiling" ([[Wyatt Mason]]).<ref>[https://www.ubs.com/microsites/art_collection/home/the-collection/a-z/informations/gursky-andreas/99_cent.html Andreas Gursky, ''99 Cent'', 2001] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905033232/https://www.ubs.com/microsites/art_collection/home/the-collection/a-z/informations/gursky-andreas/99_cent.html |date=5 September 2014}} UBS Art Collection, Zürich. Retrieved 15 March 2016.</ref> ''[[Rhein II]]'' (1999), depicts a stretch of the river Rhine outside Düsseldorf, immediately legible as a view of a straight stretch of water, but also as an abstract configuration of horizontal bands of colour of varying widths.<ref>[http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ViewWork?workid=27163&tabview=text The Andreas Gursky: ''Rhine II'' (1999)] Tate Collection.</ref> In his six-part series ''Ocean I-VI'' (2009–2010), Gursky used high-definition satellite photographs which he augmented from various picture sources on the Internet.<ref>Andreas Gursky, 1 May-21 June 2010, Sprüth Magers, Berlin.</ref>
*2001 [[Museum of Modern Art]], [[New York]], USA; [[Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago]], USA; [[Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía]], [[Madrid]], [[Spain]]; [[Centre Georges Pompidou]], Paris, France;

*2003 [[San Francisco Museum of Modern Art]], [[San Francisco]], [[United States|U.S.]]
==Art market==
*2005 Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg; [[Juan March Institute]], Madrid, Spain
Most of Gursky's photographs come in editions of six with two artist's proofs.<ref>[[Sarah Thornton]] [http://www.economist.com/node/14484072 Bedfellows. Two artists who understand the beauty of business], ''The Economist''; 20 September 2009.</ref>
*2007 [[Haus der Kunst]], [[Munich]], [[Germany]]

*2007 [[White Cube]], [[London]], [[England]]
Since 2010, Gursky has been represented by [[Gagosian Gallery]].<ref>Carol Vogel (4 November 2010), [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/05/arts/design/05vogel.html New At The Galleries] ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref> He held the record for highest price paid at auction for a single photographic image from 2011 to 2022. His print ''[[Rhein II]]'' sold for US$4,338,500 at [[Christie's]], New York on 8 November 2011.<ref>[http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=5496716 Public Lot Details] (November 2011)</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/nov/11/andreas-gursky-rhine-ii-photograph|title=Andreas Gursky's Rhine II photograph sells for $4.3m|access-date=13 November 2011|author=Maev Kennedy|date=11 November 2011|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In 2013, ''[[Chicago Board of Trade III]]'' (1999–2009) sold for $3,298,755, an auction record for a Gursky exchange photo.<ref>[https://www.paulfrasercollectibles.com/blogs/art-photography/gurskys-chicago-stock-exchange-photo-sells-with-169-increase Gursky's Chicago stock exchange photo sells with 169% increase, Paul Fraser Collectibles]</ref>
*2007 [[Kunstmuseum Basel]], [[Basel]]

*2007 [[Istanbul Modern]], [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]]
==Publications==
*2007 [[Matthew Marks Gallery]], [[New York]], [[United States|U.S.]]
* ''Andreas Gursky''. Cologne: Galerie Johnen + Schöttle, 1988. Exhibition catalogue.
<!-- these need to be Anglicised -->
* ''Andreas Gursky''. Krefeld: Museum Haus Lange, 1989. Exhibition catalogue.
* ''Siemens Kulturprogramm: Projekte 1992.'' Munich: Siemens AG, 1992. Exhibition catalogue.
* ''Andreas Gursky.''Cologne: Buchhandlung Walther König; Zurich: Kunsthalle, 1992. Exhibition catalogue.
* ''Fotografien 1984–1993.'' Hamburg: Deichtorhallen; Munich: Schirmer/ Mosel, 1994. Exhibition catalogue.
* ''Montparnasse.'' Cologne: Portikus & Oktagon, 1995. Exhibition catalogue.
* ''Andreas Gursky.'' Malmö: Rooseum Center for Contemporary Art, Malmö; Cologne, Oktagon, 1995. Exhibition catalogue.
* ''Images.'' London: Tate, 1995. Exhibition catalogue.
* ''Andreas Gursky: Fotografien 1984 bis heute.'' Düsseldorf: Kunsthalle Düsseldorf; Munich: Schirmer/Mosel, 1998. Exhibition catalogue.
* ''Andreas Gursky. Fotografien 1994–1998.'' Wolfsburg: [[Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg]]; Ostfildern, [[Hatje Cantz Verlag|Hatje Cantz]], 1998. Exhibition catalogue.
* ''Currents 27. Andreas Gursky.'' Houston: Contemporary Arts Museum, Houston, 1998. Exhibition catalogue.
* ''Andreas Gursky.'' New York: Museum of Modern Art; Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2001. Exhibition catalogue.
* ''Andreas Gursky.'' Paris: Centre national d’art et de culture Georges-Pompidou, 2002. Exhibition catalogue.
* ''Andreas Gursky.'' Cologne: Snoeck, 2007. Edited by Thomas Weski. {{ISBN|978-3-936859-62-1}}. With an essay in English and German by Weski, and a text by [[Don DeLillo]], "In Yankee Stadium". Exhibition catalogue.
* ''Andreas Gursky.'' Basel: Kunstmuseum; Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2007. Exhibition catalogue.
* ''Kaiserringträger der Stadt Goslar 2008.'' Goslar: Mönchehaus Museum; Goslar, Verein zur Förderung moderner Kunst, 2008. Exhibition catalogue.
* ''Architektur.'' Darmstadt: Institut Mathildenhöhe; Ostfildern, Hatje Cantz, 2008. Exhibition catalogue.
* ''Werke – Works 80-08.'' [[Kunstmuseen Krefeld]]/ Moderna Museet, Stockholm/ Vancouver Art Gallery; Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2008. Exhibition catalogue.
* ''Andreas Gursky.'' Los Angeles: Gagosian Gallery; New York: Rizzoli, 2010. Exhibition catalogue. Two volumes.
* ''Andreas Gursky at Louisiana.'' Louisiana: Louisiana Museum of Modern Art; Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2011. Exhibition catalogue.
* ''Bangkok.'' Düsseldorf: Stiftung Museum Kunstpalast; Göttingen: [[Steidl]], 2012. Exhibition catalogue.
* ''Andreas Gursky.'' Tokyo: The National Art Centre; Osaka: The National Museum of Art; Tokyo/Osaka: Yomiuri Shimbun, 2013. Exhibition catalogue.
* ''Landscapes.'' Exhibition catalogue. Water Mills: Parrish Art Museum; New York: Rizzoli, 2015.
* ''Andreas Gursky.'' Steidl/Hayward Gallery, 2018. Exhibition catalog.

==Exhibitions==
Gursky first exhibited his work in Germany in 1985. His first solo gallery show was held at Galerie Johnen & Schöttle, Cologne, in 1988. Gursky's first one-person museum exhibition in the United States opened at the [[Milwaukee Art Museum]] in 1998,{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} and his work was the subject of a retrospective organized by The [[Museum of Modern Art]], New York, in 2001, and touring). Further museum exhibitions include ''Werke-Works 80-08,'' Kunstmuseen Krefeld (2008, and touring); and [[Haus der Kunst]], Munich (2007, and touring). His work has been seen in international exhibitions, including the Internationale Foto-Triennale in Esslingen (1989 and 1995), the [[Venice Biennale]] (1990 and 2004), and the [[Biennale of Sydney]] (1996 and 2000).<ref name="Guggenheim">[http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/show-full/bio/?artist_name=Andreas%20Gursky&page=1&f=Name&cr=2 Andreas Gursky profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402060741/http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/show-full/bio/?artist_name=Andreas%20Gursky&page=1&f=Name&cr=2 |date=2 April 2012 }}, Guggenheim.org. Retrieved 15 March 2016.</ref>
==Public collections==
Gursky's work is held, among others, in the following public collections:
{{col-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Art Institute of Chicago]], [[Chicago]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artic.edu/artworks/157154/shanghai|title=Shanghai|first=Andreas|last=Gursky|website=The Art Institute of Chicago|accessdate=10 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[Berardo Collection Museum]], [[Lisbon]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.museuberardo.pt/colecao/artistas/225|title=Gursky &#124; Museu Coleção Berardo &#124; Lisboa|website=pt.museuberardo.pt|accessdate=10 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[Castle of Rivoli]], [[Rivoli, Piedmont|Rivoli]], [[Turin]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.castellodirivoli.org/en/artista/andreas-gursky/|website=/castellodirivoli.org|accessdate=3 June 2022|title=Andreas Gursky }}</ref>
* [[Centre Pompidou]], [[Paris]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.centrepompidou.fr/fr/ressources/oeuvre/cL9RkM6|title=PCF, Paris|website=Centre Pompidou|accessdate=10 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[Kunsthaus Zürich|Kunsthaus]], [[Zürich]]<ref>[https://mplus.kunsthaus.ch/MpWeb-mpZuerichKunsthaus/v?mode=online&l=en#!m/Object/jxfVmSyaUzHR6uylD7a4bg/form/ObjCatalogueViewOnlineUser Andreas Gursky at the Kunsthaus Zürich (German)]</ref>
* [[Kunstmuseum Basel|Kunstmuseum]], [[Basel]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sammlungonline.kunstmuseumbasel.ch/eMuseumPlus?service=direct/1/ResultListView/result.t2.artist_list.$TspTitleLink$0.link&sp=10&sp=Sartist&sp=SfilterDefinition&sp=0&sp=1&sp=1&sp=SsimpleList&sp=100&sp=Sdetail&sp=0&sp=F&sp=T&sp=109|title=Stale Session|website=sammlungonline.kunstmuseumbasel.ch|accessdate=10 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[Kunstmuseum Bonn|Kunstmuseum]], [[Bonn]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kunstmuseum-bonn.de/en/collections/photography/|title=Andreas Gursky at the Kunstmuseum, Bonn|accessdate=10 September 2021|archive-date=8 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008211100/http://www.kunstmuseum-bonn.de/en/collections/photography/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen]], [[Düsseldorf]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kunstsammlung.de/en/collection/artists/andreas-gursky|title=Kunstsammlung NRW: Startseite|first=Kunstsammlung|last=Nordrhein-Westfalen|website=Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen|accessdate=10 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]], [[Los Angeles]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://collections.lacma.org/node/153142|title=Andreas Gursky &#124; LACMA Collections|website=collections.lacma.org|accessdate=10 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], [[New York City|New York]]<ref>[https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/267175 Andreas Gursky at the Metropolitan Museum of Art]</ref>
* [[Milwaukee Art Museum]], [[Milwaukee]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://collection.mam.org/details.php?id=12268|title=Milwaukee Art Museum &#124; Collection|website=collection.mam.org|accessdate=10 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[Colección Jumex|Museo Jumex]], in [[Mexico City]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fundacionjumex.org/en/fundacion/coleccion/251-frankfurt|title=Fundación Jumex Arte Contemporáneo|website=/fundacionjumex.org|accessdate=18 September 2022}}</ref>
* [[Museum Ludwig]], [[Cologne]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kulturelles-erbe-koeln.de/documents/obj/05119590|title=Kulturelles Erbe Köln: Gursky, Andreas, Paris, Montparnasse|website=www.kulturelles-erbe-koeln.de|accessdate=10 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago|Museum of Contemporary Art]], [[Chicago]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mcachicago.org/collection/items/andreas-gursky/2702-Chicago-Board-of-Trade-II|title=MCA – Collection: Chicago Board of Trade II|website=mcachicago.org|accessdate=10 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles|Museum of Contemporary Art]], [[Los Angeles]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moca.org/artist/andreas-gursky|title=Andreas Gursky|website=www.moca.org|accessdate=10 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[Museum of Modern Art]], [[New York City|New York]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/7806|title=Andreas Gursky &#124; MoMA|website=The Museum of Modern Art|accessdate=10 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[National Galleries of Scotland]], [[Edinburgh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/artists/andreas-gursky|title=Andreas Gursky|website=www.nationalgalleries.org|accessdate=10 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[National Gallery of Art]], [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.38439.html?artobj_artistId=38439&pageNumber=1|title=Artist Info|website=www.nga.gov|accessdate=10 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[San Francisco Museum of Modern Art]], [[San Francisco]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/andreas_gursky/|title=Gursky, Andreas|website=SFMOMA|accessdate=10 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]], [[New York City|New York]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/andreas-gursky|title=Andreas Gursky born 1955|website=www.guggenheim.org|accessdate=3 June 2022}}</ref>
* [[Stedelijk Museum]], [[Amsterdam]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stedelijk.nl/en/collection/90503-andreas-gursky-frankfurt |title=Andreas Gursky born 1955|website=www.stedelijk.nl|accessdate=18 September 2022}}</ref>
* [[Tate Modern]], [[London]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/andreas-gursky-2349|title=Andreas Gursky born 1955|website=Tate|accessdate=10 September 2021}}</ref>
}}

==See also==
* [[List of most expensive photographs]]
* [[Aerial landscape art]]
* [[Contemporary art]]
* [[Globalization]]

==References==
{{reflist|1=2}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|title=Art Now|editor-first1=Uta|editor-last1=Grosenick|editor-first2=Burkhard|editor-last2=Riemschneider|publisher=Taschen|location=Köln|edition=25th anniversary|year=2005|pages=124–127|isbn=9783822840931|oclc=191239335}}


==External links==
==External links==
* {{Official website|www.andreasgursky.com}} {{in lang|en|de}}
*[http://www.moma.org/exhibitions/2001/gursky/ 2001 Exhibition of Andreas Gursky @ MOMA].
* [http://www.boumbang.com/andreas-gursky/ The main works of Andreas Gursky]
*[http://www.pdnonline.com/pdn/newswire/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003466018 Gursky's "99 Cent"] Prints Fetch Millions At Auction November 29, 2006
*[http://only-sleeping.com/gursky/gursky1.htm A Podcast Considering the work of Andreas Gursky].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080506092821/http://www.frieze.com/issue/article/world_perfect Ralph Rugoff on Andreas Gursky]
* [http://www.artinfo24.com/shop/artikel.php?id=96 A.Gursky - Solo Exhibition 2007 in Munich]
* [http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/gursky_andreas.html Andreas Gursky on Artcyclopedia]
* {{MoMA artist|7806}}
* [http://d-sites.net/english/gursky.htm Andreas Gursky: from a World Spirit's-eye view]
* [http://www.goethe.de/kue/bku/thm/kab/en2181672.htm Portrait of the artist by the Goethe-Institut]
* [http://www.moma.org/exhibitions/2001/gursky/ 2001 Andreas Gursky Exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art].
* [http://www.artinfo24.com/shop/artikel.php?id=96 A.Gursky – Solo Exhibition 2007 in Munich]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080406162313/http://www.ekaterina-fondation.ru/eng/exhibitions/gursky.shtm Andreas Gursky's Personal Exhibition in the Ekaterina Cultural Foundation]
* [http://vernissage.tv/blog/2007/10/23/andreas-gursky-kunstmuseum-basel/ Andreas Gursky, Kunstmuseum Basel] Video at VernissageTV 2007

{{Andreas Gursky}}
{{Dusseldorf School of Photography}}

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[[Category:1955 births]]
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[[Category:Photographers from North Rhine-Westphalia]]
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[[Category:Artists from Düsseldorf]]
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[[Category:German contemporary artists]]

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Latest revision as of 16:52, 9 August 2024

Andreas Gursky
Gursky in 2013
Born (1955-01-15) 15 January 1955 (age 69)
Leipzig, East Germany (now Germany)
Known forPhotography
Notable workRhein II
MovementDüsseldorf School of Photography
WebsiteOfficial website

Andreas Gursky (born 15 January 1955) is a German photographer and professor at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, Germany.[1]

He is known for his large format architecture and landscape colour photographs, often using a high point of view. His works reach some of the highest prices in the art market among living photographers. His photograph Rhein II was sold at Christie's for $4,338,500 on 8 November 2011. At the time it was the most expensive photograph ever sold at auction.[2]

Gursky shares a studio with Laurenz Berges, Thomas Ruff and Axel Hütte on the Hansaallee, in Düsseldorf.[3] The building, a former electricity station, was transformed into an artists studio and living quarters, in 2001, by architects Herzog & de Meuron, of Tate Modern fame.[4] In 2010–11, the architects worked again on the building, designing a gallery in the basement.[5]

Early life and education

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Gursky was born in Leipzig, East Germany in 1955. His family relocated to West Germany, moving to Essen and then Düsseldorf by the end of 1957.[6] From 1978 to 1981, he attended the Universität Gesamthochschule Essen, where he studied visual communication, led by photographers Otto Steinert and Michael Schmidt.[7] Gursky is said to have attended the university to hear Steinert, however Steinert died in 1978 and Gursky only got to attend a few of his lectures.[8]

Between 1981 and 1987 at the Düsseldorf Art Academy, Gursky received critical training and influence from his teachers Hilla and Bernd Becher,[9][10] a photographic team known for their distinctive, dispassionate method of systematically cataloging industrial machinery and architecture.[11] Gursky demonstrates a similarly methodical approach in his own larger-scale photography. Other notable influences are the British landscape photographer John Davies, whose highly detailed high vantage point images had a strong effect on the street level photographs Gursky was then making, and to a lesser degree the American photographer Joel Sternfeld.[citation needed]

Career and style

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Before the 1990s, Gursky did not digitally manipulate his images.[12] In the years since, Gursky has been frank about his reliance on computers to edit and enhance his pictures, creating an art of spaces larger than the subjects photographed.[citation needed] Writing in The New Yorker magazine, the critic Peter Schjeldahl called these pictures "vast," "splashy," "entertaining," and "literally unbelievable."[13] In the same publication, critic Calvin Tomkins described Gursky as one of the "two masters" of the Düsseldorf School of Photography. In 2001, Tomkins described the experience of confronting one of Gursky's large works:[9]

The first time I saw photographs by Andreas Gursky...I had the disorienting sensation that something was happening—happening to me, I suppose, although it felt more generalized than that. Gursky's huge, panoramic colour prints—some of them up to six feet high by ten feet long—had the presence, the formal power, and in several cases the majestic aura of nineteenth-century landscape paintings, without losing any of their meticulously detailed immediacy as photographs. Their subject matter was the contemporary world, seen dispassionately and from a distance.[9]

The perspective in many of Gursky's photographs is drawn from an elevated vantage point. This position enables the viewer to encounter scenes, encompassing both centre and periphery, which are ordinarily beyond reach.[14] This sweeping perspective has been linked to an engagement with globalization.[15] Visually, Gursky is drawn to large, anonymous, man-made spaces—high-rise facades at night, office lobbies, stock exchanges, the interiors of big box retailers (See his print 99 Cent II Diptychon). In a 2001 retrospective, New York's Museum of Modern Art described the artist's work, "a sophisticated art of unembellished observation. It is thanks to the artfulness of Gursky's fictions that we recognize his world as our own."[16] Gursky's style is enigmatic and deadpan. There is little to no explanation or manipulation on the works. His photography is straightforward.[17]

The photograph 99 Cent (1999) was taken at a 99 Cents Only store on Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles, and depicts its interior as a stretched horizontal composition of parallel shelves, intersected by vertical white columns, in which the abundance of "neatly labeled packets are transformed into fields of colour, generated by endless arrays of identical products, reflecting off the shiny ceiling" (Wyatt Mason).[18] Rhein II (1999), depicts a stretch of the river Rhine outside Düsseldorf, immediately legible as a view of a straight stretch of water, but also as an abstract configuration of horizontal bands of colour of varying widths.[19] In his six-part series Ocean I-VI (2009–2010), Gursky used high-definition satellite photographs which he augmented from various picture sources on the Internet.[20]

Art market

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Most of Gursky's photographs come in editions of six with two artist's proofs.[21]

Since 2010, Gursky has been represented by Gagosian Gallery.[22] He held the record for highest price paid at auction for a single photographic image from 2011 to 2022. His print Rhein II sold for US$4,338,500 at Christie's, New York on 8 November 2011.[23][24] In 2013, Chicago Board of Trade III (1999–2009) sold for $3,298,755, an auction record for a Gursky exchange photo.[25]

Publications

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  • Andreas Gursky. Cologne: Galerie Johnen + Schöttle, 1988. Exhibition catalogue.
  • Andreas Gursky. Krefeld: Museum Haus Lange, 1989. Exhibition catalogue.
  • Siemens Kulturprogramm: Projekte 1992. Munich: Siemens AG, 1992. Exhibition catalogue.
  • Andreas Gursky.Cologne: Buchhandlung Walther König; Zurich: Kunsthalle, 1992. Exhibition catalogue.
  • Fotografien 1984–1993. Hamburg: Deichtorhallen; Munich: Schirmer/ Mosel, 1994. Exhibition catalogue.
  • Montparnasse. Cologne: Portikus & Oktagon, 1995. Exhibition catalogue.
  • Andreas Gursky. Malmö: Rooseum Center for Contemporary Art, Malmö; Cologne, Oktagon, 1995. Exhibition catalogue.
  • Images. London: Tate, 1995. Exhibition catalogue.
  • Andreas Gursky: Fotografien 1984 bis heute. Düsseldorf: Kunsthalle Düsseldorf; Munich: Schirmer/Mosel, 1998. Exhibition catalogue.
  • Andreas Gursky. Fotografien 1994–1998. Wolfsburg: Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg; Ostfildern, Hatje Cantz, 1998. Exhibition catalogue.
  • Currents 27. Andreas Gursky. Houston: Contemporary Arts Museum, Houston, 1998. Exhibition catalogue.
  • Andreas Gursky. New York: Museum of Modern Art; Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2001. Exhibition catalogue.
  • Andreas Gursky. Paris: Centre national d’art et de culture Georges-Pompidou, 2002. Exhibition catalogue.
  • Andreas Gursky. Cologne: Snoeck, 2007. Edited by Thomas Weski. ISBN 978-3-936859-62-1. With an essay in English and German by Weski, and a text by Don DeLillo, "In Yankee Stadium". Exhibition catalogue.
  • Andreas Gursky. Basel: Kunstmuseum; Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2007. Exhibition catalogue.
  • Kaiserringträger der Stadt Goslar 2008. Goslar: Mönchehaus Museum; Goslar, Verein zur Förderung moderner Kunst, 2008. Exhibition catalogue.
  • Architektur. Darmstadt: Institut Mathildenhöhe; Ostfildern, Hatje Cantz, 2008. Exhibition catalogue.
  • Werke – Works 80-08. Kunstmuseen Krefeld/ Moderna Museet, Stockholm/ Vancouver Art Gallery; Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2008. Exhibition catalogue.
  • Andreas Gursky. Los Angeles: Gagosian Gallery; New York: Rizzoli, 2010. Exhibition catalogue. Two volumes.
  • Andreas Gursky at Louisiana. Louisiana: Louisiana Museum of Modern Art; Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2011. Exhibition catalogue.
  • Bangkok. Düsseldorf: Stiftung Museum Kunstpalast; Göttingen: Steidl, 2012. Exhibition catalogue.
  • Andreas Gursky. Tokyo: The National Art Centre; Osaka: The National Museum of Art; Tokyo/Osaka: Yomiuri Shimbun, 2013. Exhibition catalogue.
  • Landscapes. Exhibition catalogue. Water Mills: Parrish Art Museum; New York: Rizzoli, 2015.
  • Andreas Gursky. Steidl/Hayward Gallery, 2018. Exhibition catalog.

Exhibitions

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Gursky first exhibited his work in Germany in 1985. His first solo gallery show was held at Galerie Johnen & Schöttle, Cologne, in 1988. Gursky's first one-person museum exhibition in the United States opened at the Milwaukee Art Museum in 1998,[citation needed] and his work was the subject of a retrospective organized by The Museum of Modern Art, New York, in 2001, and touring). Further museum exhibitions include Werke-Works 80-08, Kunstmuseen Krefeld (2008, and touring); and Haus der Kunst, Munich (2007, and touring). His work has been seen in international exhibitions, including the Internationale Foto-Triennale in Esslingen (1989 and 1995), the Venice Biennale (1990 and 2004), and the Biennale of Sydney (1996 and 2000).[6]

Public collections

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Gursky's work is held, among others, in the following public collections:

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Kunstakademie Düsseldorf. "Prof. Andreas Gursky". Archived from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  2. ^ "Sale 2480 / Lot 44". Christie's. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  3. ^ Ruff, Thomas. "FiftyFifty Gallery, Biography of". Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  4. ^ de Meuron, Herzog. "Project 172". Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  5. ^ de Meuron, Herzog. "Project 340". Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  6. ^ a b Andreas Gursky profile Archived 2 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Guggenheim.org. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
  7. ^ "PDF excerpt biography Andreas Gursky" (PDF). Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  8. ^ "fotofeinkost | Andreas Gursky Werke 80-08". 4 January 2009. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  9. ^ a b c Tomkins, Calvin. The New Yorker. "The Big Picture." 22 January 2001.
  10. ^ Biro, Matthew (2012). "From Analogue to Digital Photography: Bernd and Hilla Becher and Andreas Gursky". History of Photography. 36 (3): 353–366. doi:10.1080/03087298.2012.686242. ISSN 0308-7298. S2CID 194076676 – via Taylor & Francis.
  11. ^ Marien, Mary Warner. Photography. 2006, pp. 371–72
  12. ^ Warren, Lynne. Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography. 2006, page 644
  13. ^ Schjeldahl, Peter. The New Yorker. "Reality Clicks." 27 May 2002.
  14. ^ Andreas Gursky: New work, 23 March—5 May 2007 White Cube, London, UK.
  15. ^ Williams-Wynn, Christopher (2016). "Images of equivalence: exchange-value in Andreas Gursky's photographs and production method". Photography & Culture. 9 (1): 3–24. doi:10.1080/17514517.2016.1153264. ISSN 1751-4517. S2CID 147375671 – via Taylor & Francis.
  16. ^ Museum of Modern Art. "Andreas Gursky." Exhibition Catalog, 2001
  17. ^ David Grosz, "From Shore to Gursky, Part I", Art+Auction, retrieved 16 April 2008
  18. ^ Andreas Gursky, 99 Cent, 2001 Archived 5 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine UBS Art Collection, Zürich. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
  19. ^ The Andreas Gursky: Rhine II (1999) Tate Collection.
  20. ^ Andreas Gursky, 1 May-21 June 2010, Sprüth Magers, Berlin.
  21. ^ Sarah Thornton Bedfellows. Two artists who understand the beauty of business, The Economist; 20 September 2009.
  22. ^ Carol Vogel (4 November 2010), New At The Galleries The New York Times.
  23. ^ Public Lot Details (November 2011)
  24. ^ Maev Kennedy (11 November 2011). "Andreas Gursky's Rhine II photograph sells for $4.3m". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  25. ^ Gursky's Chicago stock exchange photo sells with 169% increase, Paul Fraser Collectibles
  26. ^ Gursky, Andreas. "Shanghai". The Art Institute of Chicago. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  27. ^ "Gursky | Museu Coleção Berardo | Lisboa". pt.museuberardo.pt. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  28. ^ "Andreas Gursky". /castellodirivoli.org. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  29. ^ "PCF, Paris". Centre Pompidou. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  30. ^ Andreas Gursky at the Kunsthaus Zürich (German)
  31. ^ "Stale Session". sammlungonline.kunstmuseumbasel.ch. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  32. ^ "Andreas Gursky at the Kunstmuseum, Bonn". Archived from the original on 8 October 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  33. ^ Nordrhein-Westfalen, Kunstsammlung. "Kunstsammlung NRW: Startseite". Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  34. ^ "Andreas Gursky | LACMA Collections". collections.lacma.org. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  35. ^ Andreas Gursky at the Metropolitan Museum of Art
  36. ^ "Milwaukee Art Museum | Collection". collection.mam.org. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  37. ^ "Fundación Jumex Arte Contemporáneo". /fundacionjumex.org. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
  38. ^ "Kulturelles Erbe Köln: Gursky, Andreas, Paris, Montparnasse". www.kulturelles-erbe-koeln.de. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  39. ^ "MCA – Collection: Chicago Board of Trade II". mcachicago.org. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  40. ^ "Andreas Gursky". www.moca.org. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  41. ^ "Andreas Gursky | MoMA". The Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  42. ^ "Andreas Gursky". www.nationalgalleries.org. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  43. ^ "Artist Info". www.nga.gov. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  44. ^ "Gursky, Andreas". SFMOMA. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  45. ^ "Andreas Gursky born 1955". www.guggenheim.org. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  46. ^ "Andreas Gursky born 1955". www.stedelijk.nl. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
  47. ^ "Andreas Gursky born 1955". Tate. Retrieved 10 September 2021.

Further reading

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  • Grosenick, Uta; Riemschneider, Burkhard, eds. (2005). Art Now (25th anniversary ed.). Köln: Taschen. pp. 124–127. ISBN 9783822840931. OCLC 191239335.
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