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Coordinates: 34°41′24″N 1°55′48″W / 34.6900°N 1.9300°W / 34.6900; -1.9300
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{{Campaignbox Franco-Moroccan conflicts}}{{Campaignbox French conquest of Algeria}}
{{Campaignbox Franco-Moroccan conflicts}}{{Campaignbox French conquest of Algeria}}


The '''Battle of Isly''' was fought on August 14, 1844 between [[July Monarchy|France]] and [[Morocco]], near the [[Oued Isly|Isly River]]. French forces under Marshal [[Thomas Robert Bugeaud]] routed a much larger, but poorly organized, Moroccan force, mainly fighters from the tribes of [[Banu Snassen]], but also from the [[Banu Angad]] and [[Banu Oukil]];<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 August 2020|title=La bataille d'Isly, ou l’engagement constant du Maroc envers le Maghreb|url=https://sahara-question.com/fr/actualites/20325|url-status=live|website=Sahara Question}}</ref> under [[Muhammad IV of Morocco|Muhammad]], son of Sultan of Morocco, [[Abd al-Rahman of Morocco|Abd al-Rahman]]. [[Thomas Robert Bugeaud|Bugeaud]], attempting to complete the [[French conquest of Algeria]], instigated the battle without a declaration of war in order to force negotiations concerning Moroccan support for the [[Emirate of Abdelkader|Algerian resistance]] leader [[Emir Abdelkader|Abd el-Kader]] to conclude on terms favorable to the [[July Monarchy|French]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Hekking|first=Morgan|title=The Battle of Isly: Remembering Morocco’s Solidarity With Algeria|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/08/315455/the-battle-of-isly-remembering-moroccos-solidarity-with-algeria|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-11|website=Morocco World News|language=en}}</ref> who begged the Sultan of Morocco to withdraw support for Abd el-Kader.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Churchill|first=Charles Henry|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=inkoAAAAYAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en&redir_esc=y|title=The Life of Abdel Kader, Ex-sultan of the Arabs of Algeria: Written from His Own Dictation, and Comp. from Other Authentic Sources|date=1867|publisher=Chapman and Hall|year=1867|pages=236|language=en}}</ref>
The '''Battle of Isly''' ({{Lang-ar|معركة إيسلي}}) was fought on August 14, 1844 between [[July Monarchy|France]] and [[Morocco]], near the [[Oued Isly|Isly River]]. French forces under Marshal [[Thomas Robert Bugeaud]] routed a much larger, but poorly organized, Moroccan force, mainly fighters from the tribes of [[Banu Snassen]], but also from the [[Banu Angad]] and [[Banu Oukil]];<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 August 2020|title=La bataille d'Isly, ou l’engagement constant du Maroc envers le Maghreb|url=https://sahara-question.com/fr/actualites/20325|url-status=live|website=Sahara Question}}</ref> under [[Muhammad IV of Morocco|Muhammad]], son of Sultan of Morocco, [[Abd al-Rahman of Morocco|Abd al-Rahman]]. [[Thomas Robert Bugeaud|Bugeaud]], attempting to complete the [[French conquest of Algeria]], instigated the battle without a declaration of war in order to force negotiations concerning Moroccan support for the [[Emirate of Abdelkader|Algerian resistance]] leader [[Emir Abdelkader|Abd el-Kader]] to conclude on terms favorable to the [[July Monarchy|French]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Hekking|first=Morgan|title=The Battle of Isly: Remembering Morocco’s Solidarity With Algeria|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/08/315455/the-battle-of-isly-remembering-moroccos-solidarity-with-algeria|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-11|website=Morocco World News|language=en}}</ref> who begged the Sultan of Morocco to withdraw support for Abd el-Kader.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Churchill|first=Charles Henry|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=inkoAAAAYAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en&redir_esc=y|title=The Life of Abdel Kader, Ex-sultan of the Arabs of Algeria: Written from His Own Dictation, and Comp. from Other Authentic Sources|date=1867|publisher=Chapman and Hall|year=1867|pages=236|language=en}}</ref>


Bugeaud, who recovered the Moroccan commander's tent and umbrella (equivalent to capturing a military standard in European warfare), was made [[Duke]] of Isly for his victory.
Bugeaud, who recovered the Moroccan commander's tent and umbrella (equivalent to capturing a military standard in European warfare), was made [[Duke]] of Isly for his victory.

Revision as of 22:44, 11 August 2021

Battle of Isly
Part of the First Franco-Moroccan War
Battle of Isly by Horace Vernet
Battle of Isly, oil painting by Horace Vernet
Date14 August 1844
Location
Near Oujda, Morocco
34°41′24″N 1°55′48″W / 34.69000°N 1.93000°W / 34.69000; -1.93000
Result French victory
Belligerents
France Morocco
Commanders and leaders
Thomas Bugeaud
Joseph Vantini		 Abd al-Rahman
Muhammad IV
Strength
11,000 soldiers 20,000–25,000 cavalry
Casualties and losses
27 killed
99 wounded[1]		 800 killed
11 artillery
Battle of Isly is located in Morocco
Battle of Isly
Battle of Isly
class=notpageimage|
Location of the Battle of Isly

The Battle of Isly (Template:Lang-ar) was fought on August 14, 1844 between France and Morocco, near the Isly River. French forces under Marshal Thomas Robert Bugeaud routed a much larger, but poorly organized, Moroccan force, mainly fighters from the tribes of Banu Snassen, but also from the Banu Angad and Banu Oukil;[2] under Muhammad, son of Sultan of Morocco, Abd al-Rahman. Bugeaud, attempting to complete the French conquest of Algeria, instigated the battle without a declaration of war in order to force negotiations concerning Moroccan support for the Algerian resistance leader Abd el-Kader to conclude on terms favorable to the French[3] who begged the Sultan of Morocco to withdraw support for Abd el-Kader.[4]

Bugeaud, who recovered the Moroccan commander's tent and umbrella (equivalent to capturing a military standard in European warfare), was made Duke of Isly for his victory.

The day following the battle, the Bombardment of Mogador started.[5]

Background

The Battle of Isly

Since the Invasion of Algiers in 1830, Emir Abd el-Kader had taken lead of the tribes of the region of Mascara to oppose the French in 1832. A first treaty, signed by General Desmichels in 1834, was deemed too favorable to him. in 1837, Marshal Bugeaud was therefore instructed to sign a new one, the Treaty of Tafna, which required Abd el-Kader to recognize the sovereignty of France in North Africa, in exchange for which France recognized the authority of Abd el-Kader over a large part of Algeria; the whole Beylik of Oran (with the exception of the cities of Oran, Arzew, Mostaganem and Mazagran), the Beylik of Titteri and the province of Algiers (with the exception of the cities of Algiers and Blida), as well as the plain of Mitidja and the Algerian Sahel.[6]

The Sultan of Morocco Abd al-Rahman attempted seize Tlemcen from the French in October 1830, Moroccan soldiers rampaged through the streets of Tlemcen, looting and fighting, the sultan then had to retreat them.[7]

Nevertheless, Abd el-Kader never turned down his will to drive the French out of Algeria. To this end, he requested and obtained the support of the Sultan of Morocco Abd al-Rahman, in which in theory he was a vassal of the Moroccan sultan,[8] As well as the concession of the territory located between Oujda and Oued Tafna. Abd el-Kader had raised a real army, and in November 1839, supported by the Sultan of Morocco Abd al-Rahman, he declared war on France, following the crossing of the Bibans (Iron Gates) by the French army.[9]

In reaction, the French then truly undertook the systematic conquest of the country, which the July monarchy made a reason for national pride and military heroism. This conquest was the work of Marshal Bugeaud, appointed governor in 1840. Abd el-Kader saw his capital destroyed in Taguin in 1843 following the Battle of the Smala and was driven back into the desert. He then took refuge in Morocco, but, at the same time, the army of Sultan Abd al-Rahman was defeated at Isly, while the French fleet bombarded the ports of Tangier and Mogador. After three years of guerrilla warfare, Abd el-Kader went to Lamoricière in 1847.[10]

Battle

On the 6th of August, Tangier had been bombarded by French ships commanded by François d'Orléans, a son of the King of France, Louis Phillippe I.[11]

The Governor General having assembled all his forces, made up of 11,000 men, marched on the Moroccan camp established at Djarf el-Akhdar, a short distance from Oujda, on the right bank of Oued Isly, a sub-tributary of Tafna.[3]

Having to deal almost exclusively with cavalry, he had formed from his infantry a large diamond whose faces were themselves made up of small squares. The cavalry was in the interior of the lozenge which marched through one of its angles duly provided with artillery.[12]

At daybreak, seeing the French army advance, the Sultan sent the Moroccan cavalry with a mass of 20,000 to 25,000 cavalry. This charge did not succeed in forcing the lines of tirailleurs, and was soon separated in two by the squares of the advancing cavalry. Bugeaud then brought out his cavalry. This formed by echelons, charged the Moroccan cavalry which was to the left of the army and dispersed it after having defeated several hundred of its cavalry. The first echelon, composed of six squadrons of spahis commanded by Colonel Joseph seeing no more and rushed to a Moroccan camp and captured eleven pieces of artillery. The Moroccan artillerymen did not have time to reload.[13]

The Moroccan infantry dispersed in ravines where the French cavalry could not pursue them. While the first echelon marched on the camp, the second commanded by Colonel Morris moved on the part of the Moroccan cavalry which was on the right. It was an uphill struggle. After it was all over, the French army concentrated on the Moroccan camp, and soon set out in pursuit to prevent them from rallying.[12]

Consequences

As a result of the battle, the French captured eleven pieces of artillery, eighteen flags, and all the Moroccan tents. The Moroccans had 800 of their men killed when the French had 27 of their men killed and 99 of them wounded.[13]

Notes

  1. ^ Pierre Montagnon, The conquest of Algeria: The seeds of discordie, 2012.
  2. ^ "La bataille d'Isly, ou l'engagement constant du Maroc envers le Maghreb". Sahara Question. 13 August 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ a b Hekking, Morgan. "The Battle of Isly: Remembering Morocco's Solidarity With Algeria". Morocco World News. Retrieved 2021-08-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ^ Churchill, Charles Henry (1867). The Life of Abdel Kader, Ex-sultan of the Arabs of Algeria: Written from His Own Dictation, and Comp. from Other Authentic Sources. Chapman and Hall. p. 236.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  5. ^ E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936. BRILL. 1987. p. 550. ISBN 978-90-04-08265-6.
  6. ^ "Battle of Isly | Algerian-French history". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-08-11.
  7. ^ Miller, Susan Gilson (2013-04-15). A History of Modern Morocco. Cambridge University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-521-81070-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  8. ^ Miller, Susan Gilson (2013-04-15). A History of Modern Morocco. Cambridge University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-521-81070-8. 'Abd al-Qadir was careful, however, not to appear to challenge 'Abd al-Rahman's own claims of suzerainty, and made it known that he was acting merely as the Moroccan sultan's khalifa, or deputy. Still in theory a vassal of the Moroccan sultan{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  9. ^ Nodier, Charles (2004). Journal de l'expédition des portes de fer (in French). SERRE EDITEUR. p. 319. ISBN 978-2-906431-76-8.
  10. ^ "La bataille d'Isly | Histoire et analyse d'images et oeuvres". histoire-image.org (in French). Retrieved 2021-08-11.
  11. ^ Sondhaus, Lawrence (2004-05-04). Navies in Modern World History. Reaktion Books. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-86189-202-7.
  12. ^ a b Terrasse, Henri (1952). History of Morocco. Éditions Atlantides. p. 148.
  13. ^ a b Pennell, C. R. (2000). Morocco Since 1830: A History. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-85065-426-1.

34°41′24″N 1°55′48″W / 34.6900°N 1.9300°W / 34.6900; -1.9300


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