Battle of Wopławki

Battle of Wopławki
Part of the Lithuanian Crusade
Date 7 April 1311 Location Near Wopławki (Template:Lang-de) Result Teutonic victory
Belligerents
Grand Duchy of Lithuania	Teutonic Order
Commanders and leaders
Vytenis	Heinrich von Plötzke
Strength
4,000 Lithuanian warriors	80 or 150 Teutonic Knights; Prussian militiamen (the number is unknown)
Casualties and losses
from 2,800 to 3,000	40 or 60 men in the first assault; total death toll is unknown

The Battle of Wopławki or Woplauken was fought on 7 April 1311 in the area near the village of Woplauken (now the Polish village of Wopławki), north-east of Kętrzyn (former Rastenburg). The battle definitely had become a major and significant one by medieval standards during the military confrontation of the Teutonic Order and the then Lithuania. Its results temporarily changed the balance of power in favor of the Order.

Historical background

Such major battles during the Lithuanian Crusade were rare. Military operations were generally confined to raids aimed at causing economic damage to the enemy as much as possible through the devastation of lands, seizure of property and taking local residents captive, as repeatedly attested and thoroughly reported in the Order's chronicles such as Chronicon terrae Prussiae (Latin for The Chronicle of the Prussian Land) by Peter of Dusburg, the eponymous The Chronicle of Prussia by Nikolaus von Jeroschin and Chronica nova Prutenica (Latin for New Prussian Chronicle) by Wigand of Marburg.

Campaign and battle

On 3 April 1311, at the head of a force of 4,000 men (according to The Chronicle of the Prussian Land by Peter of Dusburg and The Chronicle of Prussia by Nikolaus von Jeroschin) Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytenis invaded Warmia, which was inhabited by baptized Warmians and German immigrants. His army totally looted and destroyed the lands of Warmia, killing most of local Christians and captured 1,200 people (according to Peter of Dusburg) or 1,300 (according to Nikolaus von Jeroschin).

Vytenis decided to return through the lands of Bartia. On 6 April, having reached the area near Woklauken, the Lithuanian army set up a camp on the hill, encircling it with abatis.

In the meantime, the Teutonic Order gathered an army under the command of Grosskomtur Heinrich von Plötzke and sent it to chase Vytenis. The army consisted of Teutonic Knights numbering 80 according to Nikolaus von Jeroschin or 150 according to Peter of Dusburg. Reporting on the number of the Teutonic Knights themselves, however, neither Peter of Dusburg nor Nikolaus von Jeroschin provides any data on the number of Sariantbrothers, i.e. not knighted members of the Order, who used to make up the bulk of the Order’s army at the time (including lances fournies). Peter of Dusburg just confines his report to "many men," as well as Nikolaus von Jeroschin mentiones "many other valiant heroes" and "many skilled and tested bold warriors."

Another chronicler of the Order, Wigand of Marburg, provides in Chronica nova Prutenica the titles of the units led by Heinrich von Plötzke: the Banner of the Commandery of Ragnit, the Banner of the Commander of Insterburg, the Banner of Saint George, the Banner of Saint Mary and the Banner of Preußisch Holland.. Besides, according to Konrad Gesselen (who translated into Low German the aforementined Chronica nova Prutenica), a part of the army was composed of Prussian militiamen. However, none of these authors provides the number of the not knighted crusaders or the Prussian militiamen.

The vanguard led by Komtur of Christburg Günther von Arnstein was dispatched ahead. On 7 April, having reached Vytenis’ camp, the vanguard immediately attacked the Lithuanians

The first storming was successfully repulsed by the Lithuanians. Taking advantage of the camp’s location, showering the crusaders with arrows and javelins, the Lithuanians forced them to retreat. At that time the main part of the army led by von Plötzke had arrived and formed up for battle. Joined by the vanguard, the main body launched a new assault on the camp. This time, the Lithuanian warriors were unable to withstand the onslaught. Being overcome with panic, the Lithuanian fighters began to retreat in disorder, and then the battle turned into a mass slaughter.

All the captured Christians were released, according to Nikolaus von Jeroschin.

Casualties

Lithuanian casualties

According to Nikolaus von Jeroschin, the crusaders captured 2,800 horses whose owners were killed in the camp, which in turn suggests that more than half of the Lithuanian riders were killed in pursuit.

Another source—Canonici Sambiensis epitome gestorum Prussie—states that 3,000 Lithuanians were killed in this battle.

As to Vitenus, he managed to survive together with the remnants of his army and reached his domain.

Crusaders casualties

According to Nikolaus von Jeroschin, "In the first assault the Christians lost 40 men," whereas Peter of Dusburg claims that 60 crusaders died in the first assault. Besides, there are no data of the crusaders’ total death toll.

Aftermath

The victory at Wopławki allowed the Teutonic Knights to gain a foothold on the border with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, as attested in the abovementioned chronicles both by Peter of Dusburg and Nikolaus von Jeroschin. In 1315, Vytenis tried to capture Christmemel but did not succeed.

Sources

Primary sources

• The Chronicle of Prussia by Nikolaus von Jeroschin (in English)
• Chronicon terrae Prussiae by Peter of Dusburg (in Russian)
• A History of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia 1190-1331: The Kronike Von Pruzinlant by Nikolaus von Jeroschin (in English)
• A History of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia 1190-1331: The Kronike Von Pruzinlant by Nikolaus von Jeroschin (in Russian)
• "Vigand iz Marburga. Novaya prusskaya khronika (1394)" [Wigand of Marburg.New Prussian Chronicle (1394)]. Dom-Knig [House of Books] (in Russian). Retrieved July 7, 2020.
• Canonici Sambiensis epitome gestorum Prussie (in Russian)
• Canonici Sambiensis epitome gestorum Prussie (in Russian)

Secondary sources

• Gagua, R.B. "Letopisnye soobshcheniya o bitve pri Voplavkakh" [Annalistic Records on the Battle of Wopławki]. Besplatnaya Internet Biblioteka – Sobranie dokumentov [Free Online Library – Compilation of Documents] (in Russian). Retrieved June 27, 2020.
• Khoteev, A.S. "O stoletnei voine Velikogo knyazhestva Litovskogo" [On the Hundred Years' War of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania]. Fond strategicheskoi kultury [Strategic Culture Fund] (in Russian). Retrieved June 27, 2020.
• Gagua, R.B. "Lokalizatsiya i rekonstruktsiya mesta bitvy pri Voplavkakh 7 aprelya 1311 goda" [Localization and Reconstruction of the Site of the Battle of Wopławki on 7 April 1311]. Docplayer (in Russian). Retrieved July 4, 2020.
• Gagua, R.B. "Kharakter vedeniya voennykh deystviy na prussko-litovskom pogranich'e na rubezhe XIII i XIV stoletiy" [The Nature of the Conduct of Warfare in Prussian and Lithuanian Borderlands at the Turn of the 13th and 14th Centuries]. CyberLeninka (in Russian). Retrieved July 4, 2020.