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{{Short description|Deep image of the Universe}} |
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The '''COSMOS field''', or the '''Cosmic Evolution Survey Deep Field''', is a [[Image stitching|stitched photograph]] of deep space, which was photographed with the [[Hubble Space Telescope|Hubble Space Telescope's]] [[Advanced Camera for Surveys]] in segments from 2003 to 2005, and was supported by several other ground-based and space-based telescopes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The COSMOS Hubble ACS Field |url=https://webbtelescope.org/contents/media/images/2021/042/01FD7GZBGRTJ7H8AVYGK3CP7ZV?news=true |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=Webbtelescope.org}}</ref> It was the capstone of the [[Cosmic Evolution Survey|COSMOS project]], which aimed to observe and study how [[Galaxy|galaxies]] are affected by [[Galaxy#Modern research|celestial environments]]. |
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| ⚫ | [[File:COSMOS field in the constellation of Sextans.jpg|thumb |
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The '''COSMOS Field''', or the '''Cosmic Evolution Survey Deep Field''', is the [[Hubble Space Telescope|Hubble Space Telescope's]] largest ever [[Astronomical survey|contiguous survey]] of the [[Universe]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=WebbTelescope.org |url=https://webbtelescope.org/contents/media/images/2021/042/01FD7GZBGRTJ7H8AVYGK3CP7ZV?news=true}}</ref> and was carried out by an international team of 70 astronomers on July 1, 2013. In making the COSMOS survey, Hubble photographed 575 adjacent and slightly overlapping views of the universe using its [[Advanced Camera for Surveys|Advanced Camera for Surveys' (ACS)]] [[Wide Field Camera 3|Wide Field Camera]]. It took nearly 1,000 hours of observations. The distances to the galaxies were determined from their [[redshift]]s, using [[European Southern Observatory|ESO's]] [[Very Large Telescope]], the [[Subaru Telescope|Subaru]] and [[Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope|CFHT telescopes]] in [[Hawaii]] and the [[Magellan Telescopes|Magellan telescopes]] in [[Chile]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Excerpt of the COSMOS survey in full resolution |url=https://esahubble.org/images/heic0701h/ |website=www.spacetelescope.org |access-date=26 March 2024 |language=en}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=information@eso.org |title=The COSMOS field |url=https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1124a/ |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=www.eso.org |language=en}}</ref> |
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==Description |
==Description== |
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| ⚫ | The project and COSMOS field was a study of the way in which galaxies are influenced by [[Physical property|physical properties]] and the [[Environment (systems)|environment]] that surrounds them. The COSMOS field was chosen to be the focal point of research due to its abundance of galaxies and other celestial bodies, and its scarcity of gas. The research from the project has been used to identify deep-space galaxies and their [[Physics#Astrophysics|astrophysics]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=For the Public |url=https://cosmos.astro.caltech.edu/page/public |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=COSMOS}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | [[Cosmic Evolution Survey|The Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS)]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=COSMOS Overview |url=https://irsa.ipac.caltech.edu/data/COSMOS/overview.html |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=irsa.ipac.caltech.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Casey |first1=Caitlin M. |title=COSMOS-Web: An Overview of the JWST Cosmic Origins Survey |date=2023-03-08 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=954 |issue=1 |page=31 |arxiv=2211.07865 |bibcode=2023ApJ...954...31C |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/acc2bc |last2=Kartaltepe |first2=Jeyhan S. |last3=Drakos |first3=Nicole E. |last4=Franco |first4=Maximilien |last5=Harish |first5=Santosh |last6=Paquereau |first6=Louise |last7=Ilbert |first7=Olivier |last8=Rose |first8=Caitlin |last9=Cox |first9=Isabella G. |author-link=Caitlin Casey |author-link2=Jeyhan Kartaltepe |doi-access=free}}</ref> was a wide field [[Observational astronomy|observational astronomy project]]. It was aimed at observing the correlation between [[Galaxy|galaxies]], [[star formation]]s, [[Active galactic nucleus|active galactic nuclei]] and [[dark matter]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Darvish |first1=Behnam |last2=Mobasher |first2=Bahram |last3=Martin |first3=D. Christopher |last4=Sobral |first4=David |last5=Scoville |first5=Nick |last6=Stroe |first6=Andra |last7=Hemmati |first7=Shoubaneh |last8=Kartaltepe |first8=Jeyhan |author-link8=Jeyhan Kartaltepe |date=2017-03-01 |title=Cosmic Web of Galaxies in the COSMOS Field: Public Catalog and Different Quenching for Centrals and Satellites |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=837 |issue=1 |pages=16 |arxiv=1611.05451 |bibcode=2017ApJ...837...16D |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/837/1/16 |issn=0004-637X |doi-access=free}}</ref> and how they evolve, with large-scale structures of the universe. The survey included imaging in multiple wavelengths and [[Spectroscopy|spectroscopic analysis]] from [[X-ray]]s to [[radio wave]]s, in a region of two square degrees in the [[Sextans|Constellation Sextans]].<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1093/mnras/staa3318 | title=BIRTH of the COSMOS field: Primordial and evolved density reconstructions during cosmic high noon | date=2021 | last1=Ata | first1=Metin | last2=Kitaura | first2=Francisco-Shu | last3=Lee | first3=Khee-Gan | last4=Lemaux | first4=Brian C. | last5=Kashino | first5=Daichi | last6=Cucciati | first6=Olga | last7=Hernández-Sánchez | first7=Mónica | last8=Le Fèvre | first8=Oliver | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume=500 | issue=3 | pages=3194–3212 | doi-access=free | arxiv=2004.11027 }}</ref> |
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There are more than 200,000 confirmed galaxies<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Darvish |first1=Behnam |last2=Mobasher |first2=Bahram |last3=Martin |first3=D. Christopher |last4=Sobral |first4=David |last5=Scoville |first5=Nick |last6=Stroe |first6=Andra |last7=Hemmati |first7=Shoubaneh |last8=Kartaltepe |first8=Jeyhan |date=February 2017 |title=Cosmic Web of Galaxies in the COSMOS Field: Public Catalog and Different Quenching for Centrals and Satellites |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |language=en |volume=837 |issue=1 |pages=16 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/837/1/16 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017ApJ...837...16D |issn=0004-637X|arxiv=1611.05451 }}</ref> in the image, and up to 2 million unconfirmed galaxies<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zatloukal |first1=M. |last2=Röser |first2=H.-J. |last3=Wolf |first3=C. |last4=Hippelein |first4=H. |last5=Falter |first5=S. |date=2007-10-01 |title=Distant galaxy clusters in the COSMOS field found by HIROCS |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2007/40/aa8063-07/aa8063-07.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=474 |issue=1 |pages=L5–L8 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078063 |arxiv=0709.0411 |bibcode=2007A&A...474L...5Z |issn=0004-6361}}</ref> may be there as well. Many of those remain unidentified. [[NASA]] and the ESO have worked on identifying them. The photo is larger than the Hubble-Webb Field, another Sky Survey conducted using the Hubble. The image itself covers a 2 square degree [[Equatorial coordinate system|equatorial field]], with spectroscopy and X-ray to radio imaging. Over 2 million galaxies are detected, spanning 75% of the age of the Universe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Page |url=https://cosmos.astro.caltech.edu/ |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=COSMOS}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | COSMOS, when it was proposed in 2003 as an exploratory survey to be carried out with the Advanced Camera for Surveys of the Hubble, was the largest HST project ever approved. Combined with the fact that the area of sky proposed as a survey had never been the subject of observations,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The PAU Survey: an improved photo-z sample in the COSMOS field |url=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/501/4/6103/6108279 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=academic.oup.com}}</ref> the project has stimulated the main world astronomical structures to explore the sky in this direction, thus resulting in one of the most substantial, deepest and most uniform data sets in the entire [[electromagnetic spectrum]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SEDS COSMOS Field |url=https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/SEDS/schedules/COSMOS/cosmos.html |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=lweb.cfa.harvard.edu}}</ref> |
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== Background == |
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=== Purpose === |
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| ⚫ | The project was a study of the way in which galaxies are influenced by [[Physical property|physical properties]] and the [[Environment (systems)|environment]] that surrounds them. The COSMOS field was chosen to be the focal point of research due to its abundance of galaxies and other celestial bodies, and its scarcity of gas. The research from the project |
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Over two million galaxies have been identified in the COSMOS field.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=COSMOS Field Compared to Other Hubble Surveys |url=https://hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/2007/01/2025-Image.html |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=HubbleSite.org}}</ref> [[NASA]] and the [[European Southern Observatory|ESO]] studied the COSMOS region, the region in which the mosaic was taken, and further research is ongoing. The mosaic itself covers a 2 square degree [[Equatorial coordinate system|equatorial field]]. The age of the galaxies differ, spanning 75% of the age of the [[observable universe]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Page |url=https://cosmos.astro.caltech.edu/ |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=COSMOS}}</ref> HubbleSite states that "the COSMOS field is Hubble's largest contiguous survey of the universe, that covers two square degrees of sky. By comparison, the Earth's [[Moon]] is one-half degree across. The field is being imaged by most major space-based and [[ground-based telescope]]s". To compare, the well-known [[Hubble Ultra-Deep Field]] is the farthest visible view into the universe."<ref name=":0" /> The COSMOS field is the largest-ever contiguous survey of the Universe taken by the Hubble, and was the largest Hubble project ever approved before the [[Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey|CANDELS]] project<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kartaltepe |first=Jeyhan |author-link=Jeyhan Kartaltepe |date=2012-07-04 |title=CANDELS: COSMOS: The Cosmic Evolution Survey |url=https://candels-collaboration.blogspot.com/2012/07/cosmos-cosmic-evolution-survey.html |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=CANDELS}}</ref> was carried out from 2010 to 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey |url=https://www.ipac.caltech.edu/project/candels |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=IPAC}}</ref> |
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=== COSMOS project === |
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| ⚫ | [[Cosmic Evolution Survey|The Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS)]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=COSMOS Overview |url=https://irsa.ipac.caltech.edu/data/COSMOS/overview.html |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=irsa.ipac.caltech.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Casey |first1=Caitlin M. |title=COSMOS-Web: An Overview of the JWST Cosmic Origins Survey |date=2023-03-08 |arxiv=2211.07865 |last2=Kartaltepe |first2=Jeyhan S. |last3=Drakos |first3=Nicole E. |last4=Franco |first4=Maximilien |last5=Harish |first5=Santosh |last6=Paquereau |first6=Louise |last7=Ilbert |first7=Olivier |last8=Rose |first8=Caitlin |last9=Cox |first9=Isabella G. |
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| ⚫ | COSMOS, when it was proposed in 2003 as an exploratory survey to be carried out with the Advanced Camera for Surveys of the Hubble, was the largest HST project ever approved. Combined with the fact that the area of sky proposed as a survey had never been the subject of observations, the project has stimulated the main world astronomical structures to explore the sky in this direction, thus resulting in one of the most substantial, deepest and most uniform data sets in the entire [[electromagnetic spectrum]]. |
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== Area == |
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The area, corresponding to a width of about 16 full moons, was chosen for its relative scarcity of stars, gas and debris compared to other areas of the galaxy. The project began with observations with the Hubble telescope. These were followed by analyses by multiple telescopes in the visible, spectroscopic and X-ray wavelengths with the Subaru and [[Newtonian telescope|Newton X-ray space telescopes]]. |
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== Comparisons == |
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The [[Hubble Space Telescope]] has a narrow field of view, which is only a fraction of the angular diameter of the Moon. Despite this, Hubble has taken some of the most well-known and deep images of the universe. The COSMOS field is the largest contiguous survey of the universe, that covers two square degrees of sky. By comparison, the Earth's [[Moon]] is one-half degree across. The field is being imaged by most major space-based and [[ground-based telescope]]s. To compare, the well-known [[Hubble Ultra-Deep Field]] is the farthest visible view into the universe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HubbleSite |url=https://hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/2007/01/2025-Image.html}}</ref> |
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== Gallery == |
== Gallery == |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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* [[ |
* [[Cosmic Evolution Survey]] |
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* [[Hubble Deep Field]], another large sky survey image taken by the Hubble |
* [[Hubble Deep Field]], another large sky survey image taken by the Hubble |
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* [[Hubble Ultra-Deep Field]], another deep-space sky survey image taken by the Hubble |
* [[Hubble Ultra-Deep Field]], another deep-space sky survey image taken by the Hubble |
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* [[ |
* [[List of deep fields]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Latest revision as of 19:07, 25 September 2024
The COSMOS field, or the Cosmic Evolution Survey Deep Field, is a stitched photograph of deep space, which was photographed with the Hubble Space Telescope's Advanced Camera for Surveys in segments from 2003 to 2005, and was supported by several other ground-based and space-based telescopes.[1] It was the capstone of the COSMOS project, which aimed to observe and study how galaxies are affected by celestial environments.
Description
[edit]The project and COSMOS field was a study of the way in which galaxies are influenced by physical properties and the environment that surrounds them. The COSMOS field was chosen to be the focal point of research due to its abundance of galaxies and other celestial bodies, and its scarcity of gas. The research from the project has been used to identify deep-space galaxies and their astrophysics.[2]
The Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS)[3][4] was a wide field observational astronomy project. It was aimed at observing the correlation between galaxies, star formations, active galactic nuclei and dark matter[5] and how they evolve, with large-scale structures of the universe. The survey included imaging in multiple wavelengths and spectroscopic analysis from X-rays to radio waves, in a region of two square degrees in the Constellation Sextans.[6]
COSMOS, when it was proposed in 2003 as an exploratory survey to be carried out with the Advanced Camera for Surveys of the Hubble, was the largest HST project ever approved. Combined with the fact that the area of sky proposed as a survey had never been the subject of observations,[7] the project has stimulated the main world astronomical structures to explore the sky in this direction, thus resulting in one of the most substantial, deepest and most uniform data sets in the entire electromagnetic spectrum.[8]
Over two million galaxies have been identified in the COSMOS field.[9] NASA and the ESO studied the COSMOS region, the region in which the mosaic was taken, and further research is ongoing. The mosaic itself covers a 2 square degree equatorial field. The age of the galaxies differ, spanning 75% of the age of the observable universe.[10] HubbleSite states that "the COSMOS field is Hubble's largest contiguous survey of the universe, that covers two square degrees of sky. By comparison, the Earth's Moon is one-half degree across. The field is being imaged by most major space-based and ground-based telescopes". To compare, the well-known Hubble Ultra-Deep Field is the farthest visible view into the universe."[9] The COSMOS field is the largest-ever contiguous survey of the Universe taken by the Hubble, and was the largest Hubble project ever approved before the CANDELS project[11] was carried out from 2010 to 2013.[12]
Gallery
[edit]-
COSMOS field imaged by the Canada France Hawaii Telescope (CFHT). Red crosses mark some of the active galaxies with supermassive black holes at their centers. -
The full mosaic composed of 575 separate ACS images -
Sample of non-star-forming galaxies from the COSMOS survey
See also
[edit]- Cosmic Evolution Survey
- Hubble Deep Field, another large sky survey image taken by the Hubble
- Hubble Ultra-Deep Field, another deep-space sky survey image taken by the Hubble
- List of deep fields
References
[edit]- ^ "The COSMOS Hubble ACS Field". Webbtelescope.org. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
- ^ "For the Public". COSMOS. Retrieved 2024-03-26.
- ^ "COSMOS Overview". irsa.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
- ^ Casey, Caitlin M.; Kartaltepe, Jeyhan S.; Drakos, Nicole E.; Franco, Maximilien; Harish, Santosh; Paquereau, Louise; Ilbert, Olivier; Rose, Caitlin; Cox, Isabella G. (2023-03-08), "COSMOS-Web: An Overview of the JWST Cosmic Origins Survey", The Astrophysical Journal, 954 (1): 31, arXiv:2211.07865, Bibcode:2023ApJ...954...31C, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acc2bc
- ^ Darvish, Behnam; Mobasher, Bahram; Martin, D. Christopher; Sobral, David; Scoville, Nick; Stroe, Andra; Hemmati, Shoubaneh; Kartaltepe, Jeyhan (2017-03-01). "Cosmic Web of Galaxies in the COSMOS Field: Public Catalog and Different Quenching for Centrals and Satellites". The Astrophysical Journal. 837 (1): 16. arXiv:1611.05451. Bibcode:2017ApJ...837...16D. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/837/1/16. ISSN 0004-637X.
- ^ Ata, Metin; Kitaura, Francisco-Shu; Lee, Khee-Gan; Lemaux, Brian C.; Kashino, Daichi; Cucciati, Olga; Hernández-Sánchez, Mónica; Le Fèvre, Oliver (2021). "BIRTH of the COSMOS field: Primordial and evolved density reconstructions during cosmic high noon". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 500 (3): 3194–3212. arXiv:2004.11027. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3318.
- ^ "The PAU Survey: an improved photo-z sample in the COSMOS field". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 2024-04-15.
- ^ "SEDS COSMOS Field". lweb.cfa.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-15.
- ^ a b "COSMOS Field Compared to Other Hubble Surveys". HubbleSite.org. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- ^ "Home Page". COSMOS. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
- ^ Kartaltepe, Jeyhan (2012-07-04). "CANDELS: COSMOS: The Cosmic Evolution Survey". CANDELS. Retrieved 2024-04-17.
- ^ "Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey". IPAC. Retrieved 2024-04-17.