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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
⚫
| name = ''Ceanothus fendleri''
| image = Ceanothus_fendleri1.jpg
| image = Ceanothus_fendleri1.jpg
⚫
| genus = Ceanothus
| image_width =
⚫
| species = fendleri
| image_caption =
| authority = A. Gray
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Rosales]]
| familia = [[Rhamnaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Ceanothus]]''
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
⚫
| species = '''''C. fendleri'''''
| binomial = ''Ceanothus fendleri''
| binomial_authority = A. Gray
}}
}}
⚫
'''''Ceanothus fendleri''''' or Fendler's ceanothus is a species of flowering [[shrub]] native to northern [[Mexico]], [[Arizona]], [[New Mexico]], west [[Texas]] and the northeastern [[Texas panhandle]], [[Utah]], [[Colorado]], eastern [[Wyoming]], and western [[South Dakota]].<ref name=Elmore>{{cite book | author=Elmore, Francis H. | title=Trees and Shrubs of the Southwest Uplands | publisher=Western National Parks Association | year=1976 | pages = 121 | isbn = 0-911408-41-X}}</ref><ref name=PLANTS>USDA, NRCS. 2008. [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CEFE Profile] at the PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov), 30 June 2008). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.</ref> Its typical [[habitat]] is [[pine]] forests from 1,500 to 3,000 meters (5000 to 10,000 feet) in altitude.<ref name=Elmore/>


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'''''Ceanothus fendleri''''' ('''Fendler['s] ceanothus,''' '''Fendler['s] buckbrush''', '''deer brier'''<ref name=BAMONA>{{cite web | title = ''Erynnis pacuvius'' | work = Butterflies and Moths of North America | url = http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Erynnis-pacuvius | accessdate = 2012-03-05}}</ref>) is a species of flowering [[shrub]] native to northern [[Mexico]], [[Arizona]], [[New Mexico]], west [[Texas]] and the northeastern [[Texas panhandle]], [[Utah]], [[Colorado]], eastern [[Wyoming]], and western [[South Dakota]].<ref name=Elmore>{{cite book | author=Elmore, Francis H. | title=Trees and Shrubs of the Southwest Uplands | publisher=Western National Parks Association | year=1976 | pages = 121 | isbn = 0-911408-41-X}}</ref><ref name=PLANTS>USDA, NRCS. 2008. [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CEFE Profile] at the PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov){{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 30 June 2008). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.</ref> Its typical [[habitat]] is [[pine]] forests from {{convert|1,500|to|3,000|m|ft|sp=us}} in altitude.<ref name=Elmore/>
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It seldom exceeds 1 m (3 ft) tall. The stems and twigs are grayish green when young, reddish brown when mature, armed with spines up to 2.5 cm (1 in) long. The leaves are grayish green and thick, with dense woolly hair on the underside.<ref name=Elmore/>


==Description==
⚫
The flowers are small and white, borne in thick clusters emanating from the leaf axils. They all open at once, so the plant is covered with bloom. This usually happens in June or July, but may be any time from April to October according to the altitude and weather. As in other ceanothuses, there are five spoon-shaped or hooded petals, each partly covering a stamen.<ref name=Elmore/>
⚫
Fendler's ceanothus seldom exceeds {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall. The stems and twigs are grayish green when young, reddish brown when mature, armed with spines up to {{convert|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} long. The leaves are green and thick, and three-veined from the base.<ref name=Elmore/>


The flowers are about 2&nbsp;mm across<ref name=Huffman>{{cite web | last = Huffman | first = David W. | title = Population Ecology of Fendler Ceanothus: Responses to Herbivory and Forest Restoration Treatments (Ph.D. thesis) | date = November 2003 | publisher = Northern Arizona University | url = https://library.eri.nau.edu:8443/bitstream/2019/334/1/Huffman.2003.PopulationEcologyOfFendlerCeanothus.pdf | accessdate = 2008-07-01 }}{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} See also {{cite journal | last = Huffman | first = David W. | author2 = Margaret M. Moore | year = 2003 | title = Ungulate herbivory on buckbrush in an Arizona ponderosa pine forest | journal = Journal of Range Management | volume = 56 | pages = 358–363 | url = https://library.eri.nau.edu:8443/bitstream/2019/164/1/HuffmanAndMoore.2003.UngulateHerbivoryOnBuckbrushIn.pdf | accessdate = 2008-07-01 | doi = 10.2307/4004039 | jstor = 4004039 | issue = 4 | publisher = Allen Press | hdl = 10150/643450 | hdl-access = free }}{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and white, borne in thick clusters emanating from the leaf axils,<ref name="
⚫
Some have dried the leaves as a substitute for [[tea]]. The [[Acoma Pueblo|Acoma]] and [[Laguna Pueblo]] people ate the fruits. The [[Navajo]]s combined this shrub and [[green gentian]] to make a medicine, applied internally or externally, for "alarm and nervousness".<ref name=Elmore/>
⚫
Elmore"/> particularly on the older stems.<ref name=Huffman/> They all open at once, so the plant is covered with bloom. This usually happens in June or July, but may be any time from April to October according to the altitude and weather. As in other ceanothuses, there are five spoon-shaped or hooded petals, each partly covering a stamen.<ref name=Elmore/>


The fruits are three-celled capsules,<ref>Huffman, ''Fendler Ceanothus'', p. 36</ref> pink and glossy, forming an approximate rounded equilateral triangle with the stem at the center.<ref name=PLANTS /> They typically ripen in August and September. When dry these pods exhibit [[explosive dehiscence]], throwing the seeds out forcefully. The seeds are glossy dark brown, about 2&nbsp;mm across.<ref>Huffman, ''Fendler Ceanothus'', pp. 36, 39</ref>
Deer are particularly fond of browsing on Fendler's ceanothus. [[Porcupine]]s eat it as well, and [[jackrabbit]]s and [[livestock]] do to a lesser extent.<ref name=Elmore/>

==Animal interactions==
Deer are particularly fond of browsing on Fendler's ceanothus.<ref name=Elmore/> In a study at Beaver Creek, Arizona, it was important to [[mule deer]] all year and constituted up to 6.9 percent of their summer diet<ref>Urness, P.J., D.J. Neff, and R.K. Watkins. 1975. Nutritive value of mule deer forages on ponderosa pine summer range in Arizona. USDA Forest Service Research Note RM-304. Cited by Huffman, ''Fendler Ceanothus''.</ref> and might constitute even more where other forage species are less common.<ref name=Huffman20>Huffman, ''Fendler Ceanothus'', 20</ref>
[[Elk]] also eat it,<ref name=Huffman20/> as do [[North American porcupine]]s, [[Hare|jackrabbits]], and [[livestock]] to a lesser extent.<ref name=Elmore/>

The caterpillars of ''[[Erynnis pacuvius]]'', the buckthorn duskywing, feed on this plant and other species of ''Ceanothus''.<ref name=BAMONA/>

==Ethnobotany==
* Some have dried the leaves as a substitute for [[tea]].
* The [[Acoma Pueblo|Acoma]] and [[Laguna Pueblo]] people ate the fruits.
⚫
* The [[Navajo people|Navajo]]s combined this shrub and [[Frasera|green gentian]] to make a medicine applied internally or externally, for "alarm and nervousness".<ref name=Elmore/>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons-inline}}
*[http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/ceacun/all.html Ecology]
*[http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/ceacun/all.html Ecology]
*[http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Ceanothus+cuneatus Photo gallery]
*[http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Ceanothus+fendleri Photo gallery] of seeds

{{Rhamnaceae-stub}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5055713}}
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[[Category:Rhamnaceae]]

[[Category:Ceanothus|fendleri]]
[[Category:Flora of Arizona]]
[[Category:Flora of Chihuahua (state)]]
[[Category:Flora of Coahuila]]
[[Category:Flora of New Mexico]]
[[Category:Flora of South Dakota]]
[[Category:Flora of Texas]]
⚫
[[Category:Flora of Utah]]
[[Category:Flora of Wyoming]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Asa Gray]]
[[Category:Plants used in Native American cuisine]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine]]
[[Category:Flora without expected TNC conservation status]]

Latest revision as of 22:46, 20 April 2024

Ceanothus fendleri
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rhamnaceae
Genus: Ceanothus
Species:
C. fendleri
Binomial name
Ceanothus fendleri
A. Gray

Ceanothus fendleri (Fendler['s] ceanothus, Fendler['s] buckbrush, deer brier[1]) is a species of flowering shrub native to northern Mexico, Arizona, New Mexico, west Texas and the northeastern Texas panhandle, Utah, Colorado, eastern Wyoming, and western South Dakota.[2][3] Its typical habitat is pine forests from 1,500 to 3,000 meters (4,900 to 9,800 ft) in altitude.[2]

Description

[edit]

Fendler's ceanothus seldom exceeds 1 m (3.3 ft) tall. The stems and twigs are grayish green when young, reddish brown when mature, armed with spines up to 2.5 cm (0.98 in) long. The leaves are green and thick, and three-veined from the base.[2]

The flowers are about 2 mm across[4] and white, borne in thick clusters emanating from the leaf axils,[2] particularly on the older stems.[4] They all open at once, so the plant is covered with bloom. This usually happens in June or July, but may be any time from April to October according to the altitude and weather. As in other ceanothuses, there are five spoon-shaped or hooded petals, each partly covering a stamen.[2]

The fruits are three-celled capsules,[5] pink and glossy, forming an approximate rounded equilateral triangle with the stem at the center.[3] They typically ripen in August and September. When dry these pods exhibit explosive dehiscence, throwing the seeds out forcefully. The seeds are glossy dark brown, about 2 mm across.[6]

Animal interactions

[edit]

Deer are particularly fond of browsing on Fendler's ceanothus.[2] In a study at Beaver Creek, Arizona, it was important to mule deer all year and constituted up to 6.9 percent of their summer diet[7] and might constitute even more where other forage species are less common.[8] Elk also eat it,[8] as do North American porcupines, jackrabbits, and livestock to a lesser extent.[2]

The caterpillars of Erynnis pacuvius, the buckthorn duskywing, feed on this plant and other species of Ceanothus.[1]

Ethnobotany

[edit]
  • Some have dried the leaves as a substitute for tea.
  • The Acoma and Laguna Pueblo people ate the fruits.
  • The Navajos combined this shrub and green gentian to make a medicine applied internally or externally, for "alarm and nervousness".[2]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Erynnis pacuvius". Butterflies and Moths of North America. Retrieved 2012-03-05.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Elmore, Francis H. (1976). Trees and Shrubs of the Southwest Uplands. Western National Parks Association. p. 121. ISBN 0-911408-41-X.
  3. ^ a b USDA, NRCS. 2008. Profile at the PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov)[permanent dead link‍], 30 June 2008). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
  4. ^ a b Huffman, David W. (November 2003). "Population Ecology of Fendler Ceanothus: Responses to Herbivory and Forest Restoration Treatments (Ph.D. thesis)" (PDF). Northern Arizona University. Retrieved 2008-07-01.[permanent dead link‍] See also Huffman, David W.; Margaret M. Moore (2003). "Ungulate herbivory on buckbrush in an Arizona ponderosa pine forest" (PDF). Journal of Range Management. 56 (4). Allen Press: 358–363. doi:10.2307/4004039. hdl:10150/643450. JSTOR 4004039. Retrieved 2008-07-01.[permanent dead link‍]
  5. ^ Huffman, Fendler Ceanothus, p. 36
  6. ^ Huffman, Fendler Ceanothus, pp. 36, 39
  7. ^ Urness, P.J., D.J. Neff, and R.K. Watkins. 1975. Nutritive value of mule deer forages on ponderosa pine summer range in Arizona. USDA Forest Service Research Note RM-304. Cited by Huffman, Fendler Ceanothus.
  8. ^ a b Huffman, Fendler Ceanothus, 20
[edit]

Media related to Ceanothus fendleri at Wikimedia Commons

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