Central Asmat language: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description| |
{{Short description|Papuan language of West New Guinea}} |
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{{Infobox language |
{{Infobox language |
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| name = Central Asmat |
| name = Central Asmat |
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| nativename = |
| nativename = |
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| states= [[Indonesia]] |
| states= [[Indonesia]] |
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| region = [[ |
| region = [[Asmat Regency]], [[South Papua]] |
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| ethnicity = [[Asmat people]] |
| ethnicity = [[Asmat people]] |
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| speakers = 7,000 |
| speakers = 7,000 |
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Yaosakor Asmat, assigned its own ISO code, is a variety of Central Asmat, not a distinct language. |
Yaosakor Asmat, assigned its own ISO code, is a variety of Central Asmat, not a distinct language. |
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== Phonology == |
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=== Consonants === |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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! |
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![[Labial consonant|Labial]] |
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![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] |
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![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] |
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![[Velar consonant|Velar]] |
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|- |
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![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |
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|{{IPA link|m}} |
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|{{IPA link|n}} |
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|- |
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![[Plosive]] |
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|{{IPA link|p}} |
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|{{IPA link|t}} |
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|{{IPA link|tʃ}} |
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|{{IPA link|k}} |
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|- |
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![[Fricative]] |
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|{{IPA link|f}} |
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|{{IPA link|s}} |
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|{{IPA link|ʝ}} |
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| |
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|- |
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![[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]] |
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|{{IPA link|r}} |
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|- |
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![[Approximant]] |
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|{{IPA link|w}} |
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* /p/ can be heard as a fricative {{IPAblink|ɸ}} when in intervocalic positions, as {{IPAblink|pʷ}} in the speech of older speakers when preceding /e/. |
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* /tʃ/ can be heard as a palatalized {{IPAblink|tʲ}} when in word-final positions following /i/. |
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* /k/ can be heard as a fricative {{IPAblink|x}} when following a vowel and preceding a consonant. |
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* /s/ can be heard as fricatives {{IPAblink|θ}} or {{IPAblink|ʃ}} among some older speakers. |
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* /r/ can be heard as a flap {{IPAblink|ɾ}} in word-medial and word-final positions. |
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* /ʝ/ can be heard as {{IPAblink|dʒ}} or {{IPAblink|j}} in word-initial positions. |
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* Nasals /m, n/ may fluctuate to voiced stops [{{IPA link|b}}, {{IPA link|d}}] in word-initial positions, and as prenasal stops [{{IPA link|ᵐb}}, {{IPA link|ⁿd}}] when in syllable-initial positions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Voorhoeve |first=Clemens L. |title=The Flamingo Bay Dialect of the Asmat Language |publisher=The Hague: M.Nijhoff |year=1965}}</ref> |
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=== Vowels === |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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! |
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![[Front vowel|Front]] |
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![[Central vowel|Central]] |
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![[Back vowel|Back]] |
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|- |
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![[High vowel|High]] |
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|{{IPA link|i}} |
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| |
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|{{IPA link|u}} |
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|- |
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![[Mid vowel|Mid]] |
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|{{IPA link|e}} |
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|{{IPA link|ə}} |
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|{{IPA link|o}} |
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|- |
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![[Low vowel|Low]] |
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|{{IPA link|a}} |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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!Phoneme |
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!Allophones |
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|- |
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|/i/ |
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|{{IPAblink|i}}, {{IPAblink|y}}, {{IPAblink|ɪ}} |
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|- |
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|/e/ |
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|{{IPAblink|e}}, {{IPAblink|ɛ}}, {{IPAblink|ø}} |
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|- |
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|/a/ |
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|{{IPAblink|ä}}, {{IPAblink|a}}, {{IPAblink|æ}} |
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|- |
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|/o/ |
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|{{IPAblink|o}}, {{IPAblink|ɤ}}, {{IPAblink|ɔ}} |
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|- |
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|/u/ |
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|{{IPAblink|u}}, {{IPAblink|ʉ}} |
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|} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Latest revision as of 04:38, 8 March 2024
| Central Asmat | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Asmat Regency, South Papua |
| Ethnicity | Asmat people |
Native speakers | (7,000 cited 1972)[1] 2,000 Yaosakor (1991), perhaps counted above |
Trans–New Guinea
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | cns – inclusive codeIndividual code: asy – Yaosakor Asmat |
| Glottolog | cent2247 |
Central Asmat is a Papuan language of West New Guinea, spoken by the Asmat people.
Dialects
[edit]Central Asmat has a number of dialects, which are:[2]
- Keenok
- Sokoni
- Keenakap
- Kawenak (subdialects: Simai, Kainak, Mismam, Mecemup)
Yaosakor Asmat, assigned its own ISO code, is a variety of Central Asmat, not a distinct language.
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ||
| Plosive | p | t | tʃ | k |
| Fricative | f | s | ʝ | |
| Rhotic | r | |||
| Approximant | w |
- /p/ can be heard as a fricative [ɸ] when in intervocalic positions, as [pʷ] in the speech of older speakers when preceding /e/.
- /tʃ/ can be heard as a palatalized [tʲ] when in word-final positions following /i/.
- /k/ can be heard as a fricative [x] when following a vowel and preceding a consonant.
- /s/ can be heard as fricatives [θ] or [ʃ] among some older speakers.
- /r/ can be heard as a flap [ɾ] in word-medial and word-final positions.
- /ʝ/ can be heard as [dʒ] or [j] in word-initial positions.
- Nasals /m, n/ may fluctuate to voiced stops [b, d] in word-initial positions, and as prenasal stops [ᵐb, ⁿd] when in syllable-initial positions.[3]
Vowels
[edit]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Low | a |
| Phoneme | Allophones |
|---|---|
| /i/ | [i], [y], [ɪ] |
| /e/ | [e], [ɛ], [ø] |
| /a/ | [ä], [a], [æ] |
| /o/ | [o], [ɤ], [ɔ] |
| /u/ | [u], [ʉ] |
References
[edit]- ^ Central Asmat at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Yaosakor Asmat at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ Usher, Timothy; Suter, Edgar (2020). "The Asmat-Muli Languages of Southwestern New Guinea" (PDF). Language & Linguistics in Melanesia. 38. Port Moresby: Journal of the Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea. ISSN 0023-1959.
- ^ Voorhoeve, Clemens L. (1965). The Flamingo Bay Dialect of the Asmat Language. The Hague: M.Nijhoff.