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Eastmancolor is a trade name used by Eastman Kodak for a number of related film and processing technologies associated with color motion picture production and referring to George Eastman, founder of Kodak.

Eastmancolor, introduced in 1950, was one of the first widely successful "single-strip colour" processes, and eventually displaced the more cumbersome Technicolor. Eastmancolor was known by a variety of names, such as DeLuxe Color, Warnercolor, Metrocolor, Pathécolor, Columbiacolor, and others.^[1]^[2]^[3]

For more information on Eastmancolor, see

Color motion picture film, for background on Eastmancolor and other motion picture processes in general
Eastman Kodak Fine Grain color negative films (1950 onwards), within the "List of motion picture film stocks" article

Eastman Color Negative

Eastman Color Negative (ECN) is a photographic processing system created by Kodak in the 1950s for the development of monopack color negative motion picture film stock. It is part of the Eastmancolor family of products sold by Eastman Kodak.

The original process, known as ECN-1, was used from the mid to late-1950s to the early to mid-1970s, and involved development at approximately 25 °C for around 7–9 minutes. Later research enabled faster development and more environmentally friendly film and process (and thus quicker photo lab turnaround time).

This process allowed a higher development temperature of 41.1 °C for around three minutes. This new environmentally friendly development process is known as ECN-2. It is the standard development process for all modern motion picture color negative developing, including Fujifilm and other non-Kodak film manufacturers. All film stocks are specifically created for a particular development process, thus ECN-1 film could not be put into an ECN-2 development bath since the designs are incompatible.

The ECN-2 process has normally been reserved for high volume labs involving hundreds or thousands of feet of film in a linear processor. With companies like QWD that have made this available in a kit form for home use, this process now can be done on a small scale.

Eastman Color Positive

Eastman Color Positive (ECP) is a photographic processing system created by Kodak in the 1950s for the development of monopack color positive print for direct projection motion picture film stock. It is part of the Eastmancolor family of products sold by Kodak.

ECP is not used for positive intermediate films because these are "pre-print" elements (e.g. archival or "protection" elements) and are never used for direct projection. One essential difference is the presence of an orange "mask" (i.e., effectively an orange base) on all films processed by Eastman Color Negative, and no "mask" (i.e., effectively a clear base) on all films processed by ECP.

The original process, known as ECP-1, was used from the 1950s to the mid-1970s, and involved development at approximately 25°C for around 7–9 minutes. Later research enabled faster development and more environmentally friendly film and process (and thus quicker photo lab turnaround time).

This process allowed a higher development temperature of 41.1°C for around three minutes. This new environmentally friendly development process is known as ECP-2. It is the standard development process for all modern motion picture color print developing, including Fuji and other non-Kodak film manufacturers. All film stocks are specifically created for a particular development process, thus ECP-1 film could not be put into an ECP-2 development bath since the designs are incompatible.

Originally, all Eastman Color films, ECN and ECP alike, were on triacetate base (no Eastman Color films were ever made on nitrate base), but recent practice has been for ECN elements to be on triacetate base, so these may be easily spliceable (using lap-type cemented splices, also called "negative assembly" splices), and for ECP elements to be on polyester base, so these are not spliceable (except by using butt-type splices with polyester splicing tapes).

Examples of films that use Eastmancolor

The 1959 British satirical comedy film The Mouse That Roared was filmed using the Eastmancolor process.

Eastmancolor became very popular in the South Indian film industry during the early 1960s.

Royal Journey - (Canada) 1951
Carson City - (Warnercolor) 1952
Jigokumon - (Japan) 1953
The High and the Mighty - (Warnercolor) 1954
Valley of the Kings - 1954
Oklahoma! - 1955^[4]
Rebel Without a Cause (Warnercolor) - 1955
Foreign Intrigue 1956
The Bolshoi Ballet - 1957^[5]
Bayanihan - Filipino - 1959
Peeping Tom - British - 1960
The Guns of Navarone - British (Eastmancolor by Pathe) - 1961
Kandam Becha Kottu - Malayalam - 1961
The Human Pyramid - France/Ivory Coast 1961
Mere Mehboob - -Urdu (India) - 1963
Good Neighbor Sam -- 1964
Amara Shilpi Jakkanna - Telugu - 1964
Kathalikka Neramillai - Tamil - 1964
Karnan - Tamil 1964
Padagotti - Tamil - 1964
Amarashilpi Jakanachari - Kannada - 1964
The Umbrellas of Cherbourg - French, 1964
Thene Manasulu - Telugu - 1965
Chemmeen - Malayalam - 1965
Thiruvilaiyadal - Tamil - 1965
Aayirathil Oruvan - Tamil - 1965
Enga Veetu Pillai - Tamil - 1965
Idhaya kamalam - Tamil - 1965
Le Bonheur - French, 1965
Help! - British, 1965
Anbe Vaa - Tamil 1966
Teorema - Italian, 1968
2001: A Space Odyssey - American/British, 1968 (Color credited as "Metrocolor")
Macunaíma - Brazilian, 1969
A Clockwork Orange - British/American, 1971 (Color credited as "Warnercolor")
Piya Ka Ghar - Hindi, 1971
To Fly! - United States, 1976 (Eastman Color Negative)^[6]
The NeverEnding Story - German/American, 1984
Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown - Spanish, 1988
Jurassic Park - American, 1993
Lapitch the Little Shoemaker - Croatian, 1997

References

^ Merritt, russell (2008). "Crying In Color: How Hollywood Coped When Technicolor Died" (PDF). NFSA Journal. 3. Nfsa.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2015-05-06.
^ Peter Lev. Transforming the Screen, 1950-1959. University of California Press, 2003. p. 108.
^ Stephen Neale. Contemporary Hollywood Cinema. Psychology Press, 1998. p. 120.
^ "Oklahoma 1955 film". Alamy. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
^ "The Bolshoi Ballet (1957, UK) cert. U". The David Lean Cinema. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
^ MacGillivray, Greg; Freeman, Jim (1976-07-04). "Producing the IMAX Motion Picture: 'To Fly'". American Cinematographer. Vol. 57, no. 7. Hollywood: American Society of Cinematographers. pp. 750–809. ISSN 0002-7928. ProQuest 196332360.

[1] Merritt, russell (2008). "Crying In Color: How Hollywood Coped When Technicolor Died" (PDF). NFSA Journal. 3. Nfsa.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2015-05-06.

[2] Peter Lev. Transforming the Screen, 1950-1959. University of California Press, 2003. p. 108.

[3] Stephen Neale. Contemporary Hollywood Cinema. Psychology Press, 1998. p. 120.

[4] "Oklahoma 1955 film". Alamy. Retrieved 21 September 2020.

[cinema-5] "The Bolshoi Ballet (1957, UK) cert. U". The David Lean Cinema. Retrieved 2020-02-02.

[6] MacGillivray, Greg; Freeman, Jim (1976-07-04). "Producing the IMAX Motion Picture: 'To Fly'". American Cinematographer. Vol. 57, no. 7. Hollywood: American Society of Cinematographers. pp. 750–809. ISSN 0002-7928. ProQuest 196332360.

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[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|Trade name and color process for film}}
+{{More citations needed|date=June 2024}}
-'''Eastmancolor''' is a trade name used by [[Kodak|Eastman Kodak]] for a number of related film and processing technologies associated with color motion picture production.
+'''Eastmancolor''' is a trade name used by [[Kodak|Eastman Kodak]] for a number of related film and processing technologies associated with color motion picture production and referring to George Eastman, founder of Kodak.
-Eastmancolor, introduced in 1950, was one of the first widely successful "single-strip colour" processes, and eventually displaced the more cumbersome [[Technicolor]]. Eastmancolor was known by a variety of names such as [[DeLuxe Color]], Warnercolor, [[Metrocolor]], [[Pathécolor]], Columbiacolor, and others.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Merritt|first=russell|date=2008|title=Crying In Color: How Hollywood Coped When Technicolor Died|url=https://www.nfsa.gov.au/site_media/uploads/file/2010/09/09/NFSAJournal-Vol3-Nos2_3.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=NFSA Journal|publisher=Nfsa.gov|volume=3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225954/http://www.nfsa.gov.au/site_media/uploads/file/2010/09/09/NFSAJournal-Vol3-Nos2_3.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-03|access-date=2015-05-06}}</ref><ref>Peter Lev. ''Transforming the Screen, 1950-1959.'' University of California Press, 2003. p. 108.</ref><ref>Stephen Neale. ''Contemporary Hollywood Cinema.'' Psychology Press, 1998. p. 120.</ref>
+Eastmancolor, introduced in 1950, was one of the first widely successful "single-strip colour" processes, and eventually displaced the more cumbersome [[Technicolor]]. Eastmancolor was known by a variety of names, such as [[DeLuxe Color]], Warnercolor, [[Metrocolor]], [[Pathécolor]], Columbiacolor, and others.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Merritt|first=russell|date=2008|title=Crying In Color: How Hollywood Coped When Technicolor Died|url=https://www.nfsa.gov.au/site_media/uploads/file/2010/09/09/NFSAJournal-Vol3-Nos2_3.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=NFSA Journal|publisher=Nfsa.gov|volume=3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225954/http://www.nfsa.gov.au/site_media/uploads/file/2010/09/09/NFSAJournal-Vol3-Nos2_3.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-03|access-date=2015-05-06}}</ref><ref>Peter Lev. ''Transforming the Screen, 1950-1959.'' University of California Press, 2003. p. 108.</ref><ref>Stephen Neale. ''Contemporary Hollywood Cinema.'' Psychology Press, 1998. p. 120.</ref>
 For more information on Eastmancolor, see
-* [[Eastman Color Negative]] (ECN, ECN-1 and ECN-2), the photographic processing systems associated with Eastmancolor negative motion picture stock, and intermediate motion picture stocks (including interpositive and internegative stocks)
-* [[Eastman Color Positive]] (ECP, ECP-1 and ECP-2), the photographic processing systems associated with Eastmancolor positive print motion picture stock for direct projection
 * [[Color motion picture film]], for background on Eastmancolor and other motion picture processes in general
 * [[List of motion picture film stocks#eastmancolor|Eastman Kodak Fine Grain color negative films]] (1950 onwards), within the "List of motion picture film stocks" article
+==Eastman Color Negative==
+Eastman Color Negative (ECN) is a [[photographic processing]] system created by [[Kodak]] in the 1950s for the development of monopack [[color motion picture film|color negative motion picture]] [[film stock]]. It is part of the Eastmancolor family of products sold by Eastman Kodak.
+The original process, known as ECN-1, was used from the mid to late-1950s to the early to mid-1970s, and involved development at approximately 25&nbsp;°C for around 7–9 minutes. Later research enabled faster development and more [[environmentally friendly]] film and process (and thus quicker [[photo lab]] [[turnaround time]]).
+This process allowed a higher development temperature of 41.1&nbsp;°C for around three minutes. This new environmentally friendly development process is known as ECN-2.  It is the standard development process for all modern motion picture color negative developing, including [[Fujifilm]] and other non-Kodak film manufacturers. All film stocks are specifically created for a particular development process, thus ECN-1 film could not be put into an ECN-2 development bath since the designs are incompatible.
+The ECN-2 process has normally been reserved for high volume labs involving hundreds or thousands of feet of film in a linear processor. With companies like QWD that have made this available in a kit form for home use, this process now can be done on a small scale.
+==Eastman Color Positive==
+Eastman Color Positive (ECP) is a [[photographic processing]] system created by [[Kodak]] in the 1950s for the development of monopack [[color motion picture film|color positive print for direct projection motion picture]] [[film stock]].  It is part of the Eastmancolor family of products sold by Kodak.
+ECP is not used for positive intermediate films because these are "pre-print" elements (e.g. archival or "protection" elements) and are never used for direct projection. One essential difference is the presence of an orange "mask" (i.e., effectively an orange base) on all films processed by Eastman Color Negative, and no "mask" (i.e., effectively a clear base) on all films processed by ECP.
+The original process, known as ECP-1, was used from the 1950s to the mid-1970s, and involved development at approximately 25°C for around 7–9 minutes. Later research enabled faster development and more [[environmentally friendly]] film and process (and thus quicker [[photo lab]] turnaround time).
+This process allowed a higher development temperature of 41.1°C for around three minutes. This new environmentally friendly development process is known as ECP-2.  It is the standard development process for all modern motion picture color print developing, including [[Fuji film|Fuji]] and other non-Kodak film manufacturers. All film stocks are specifically created for a particular development process, thus ECP-1 film could not be put into an ECP-2 development bath since the designs are incompatible.
+Originally, all Eastman Color films, ECN and ECP alike, were on triacetate base (no Eastman Color films were ever made on nitrate base), but recent practice has been for ECN elements to be on triacetate base, so these may be easily spliceable (using ''lap''-type cemented splices, also called "negative assembly" splices), and for ECP elements to be on polyester base, so these are not spliceable (except by using ''butt''-type splices with polyester splicing tapes).
 ==Examples of films that use Eastmancolor==
+The 1959 British satirical comedy film ''[[The Mouse That Roared (film)|The Mouse That Roared]]'' was filmed using the Eastmancolor process.
-{{undue|date=September 2015}}
-The 1959 British satirical comedy film ''[[The Mouse That Roared (film)|The Mouse That Roared]]'' was filmed using the Eastmancolor process.
-Eastmancolor became very popular in the [[South Indian film industry]] during early '60s.
+Eastmancolor became very popular in the [[South Indian film industry]] during the early 1960s.
+{{div col}}
+*''[[Royal Journey]]'' - (Canada) 1951
 * ''[[Carson City (film)|Carson City]]'' - (Warnercolor) 1952
 * ''[[Jigokumon]]'' - (Japan) 1953
 * ''[[The High and the Mighty (film)|The High and the Mighty]]'' - (Warnercolor) 1954
+* ''[[Valley of the Kings (film)|Valley of the Kings]]'' - 1954
 * ''[[Oklahoma! (1955 film)|Oklahoma!]]'' - 1955<ref>{{cite web |title=Oklahoma 1955 film |url=https://www.alamy.com/oklahoma!-image68082566.html |website=Alamy |access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref>
 * ''[[Rebel Without a Cause]]'' (Warnercolor) - 1955
+* ''[[Foreign Intrigue (film)|Foreign Intrigue]]'' 1956
-* ''[[El Medico de las Locas]]'' - Mexican'' - 1955
-* ''[[Bad Day at Black Rock]]'' - 1955
-* ''Ikaw Kasi'' - Filipino - 1955
-* ''Hang Tuah - Malaysia/Singapore'' 1955
-* ''[[Con Quien Andan Nuestras Hijas]]'' - Mexican'' - 1955
-* ''[[Foreign_Intrigue_(film)|Foreign Intrigue]]'' 1956
 * ''[[The Bolshoi Ballet (film)|The Bolshoi Ballet]]'' - 1957<ref name="cinema">{{cite web|url=http://www.davidleancinema.org.uk/event/bolshoi-ballet_dec/|title=The Bolshoi Ballet (1957, UK) cert. U|publisher=The David Lean Cinema|access-date=2020-02-02}}</ref>
-* ''[[Tizoc]]'' - Mexican'' - 1957
 * ''Bayanihan'' - Filipino - 1959
 * ''[[Peeping Tom (1960 film)|Peeping Tom]] - British'' - 1960
+* ''[[The Guns of Navarone (film) |The Guns of Navarone]] - British (Eastmancolor by Pathe)'' - 1961
-* ''[[Kandam Becha Kottu]]'' - [[Malayalam]] 1961
+* ''[[Kandam Becha Kottu]]'' - [[Malayalam]] - 1961
 *''[[The Human Pyramid (1961 film)|The Human Pyramid]] ''- France/[[Ivory Coast]] 1961
+* [[Mere Mehboob]] - -Urdu (India) - 1963
-*''[[Savage Guns (1961 film)|Savage Guns]] - British/Spanish'' - 1961
-* [[Mere Mehboob]] - -Urdu (India)1963
+* ''[[Good Neighbor Sam]]'' -- 1964
-* ''[[Amara Shilpi Jakkanna]]'' - [[Telugu language|Telugu]] 1964
+* ''[[Amara Shilpi Jakkanna]]'' - [[Telugu language|Telugu]] - 1964
-* ''[[Kathalikka Neramillai]]'' - [[Tamil language|Tamil]] 1964
+* ''[[Kathalikka Neramillai]]'' - [[Tamil language|Tamil]] - 1964
 * ''[[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]]'' - Tamil 1964
-* ''[[Padagotti]]'' - Tamil 1964
+* ''[[Padagotti]]'' - Tamil - 1964
-* ''[[Amarashilpi Jakanachari (film)|Amarashilpi Jakanachari]]'' - [[Kannada]] 1964
+* ''[[Amarashilpi Jakanachari (film)|Amarashilpi Jakanachari]]'' - [[Kannada]] - 1964
 * ''[[The Umbrellas of Cherbourg]]'' - French, 1964
-* ''[[Thene Manasulu (1965 film)|Thene Manasulu]]''-Telugu,1965
+* ''[[Thene Manasulu (1965 film)|Thene Manasulu]]'' - Telugu - 1965
-* ''[[Chemmeen]]'' - Malayalam 1965
+* ''[[Chemmeen]]'' - Malayalam - 1965
-* ''[[Thiruvilaiyadal]]'' - Tamil 1965
+* ''[[Thiruvilaiyadal]]'' - Tamil - 1965
-* ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'' - Tamil 1965
+* ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'' - Tamil - 1965
-* ''[[Enga Veetu Pillai]]'' - Tamil 1965
+* ''[[Enga Veetu Pillai]]'' - Tamil - 1965
-* ''[[Idhaya kamalam]]'' - Tamil 1965
+* ''[[Idhaya kamalam]]'' - Tamil - 1965
 * ''[[Le Bonheur (1965 film)|Le Bonheur]]'' - French, 1965
 * ''[[Help! (film)|Help!]]'' - British, 1965
-* ''[[Anbe Vaa]]'' - Tamil 1966
+* ''[[Anbe Vaa (1966 film)|Anbe Vaa]]'' - Tamil 1966
 * ''[[Teorema (film)|Teorema]]'' - Italian, 1968
 * ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'' - American/British, 1968 <small>(Color credited as "[[Metrocolor]]")</small>
 * ''[[Macunaíma (film)|Macunaíma]]'' - Brazilian, 1969
-* ''[[Antonio das Mortes]]'' - Brazilian, 1969
 * ''[[A Clockwork Orange (film)|A Clockwork Orange]]'' - British/American, 1971 <small>(Color credited as "Warnercolor")</small>
-* ''[[They Call Me Hallelujah]]'' - Italian, 1971
-* ''Agathiyar'' 1972
-* ''[[Cries and Whispers]]'' - Swedish, 1972
-* ''[[The Spirit of the Beehive]]'' - Spanish, 1973
-* ''[[Deep Red]]'' - Italian, 1975
 * ''[[Piya Ka Ghar]]'' - Hindi, 1971
+* ''[[To Fly!]]'' - United States, 1976 ([[Eastman Color Negative]])<ref>{{Cite magazine|last1=MacGillivray|first1=Greg|author-link=Greg MacGillivray|last2=Freeman|first2=Jim|date=1976-07-04|title=Producing the IMAX Motion Picture: 'To Fly'|magazine=[[American Cinematographer]]|location=[[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]]|publisher=[[American Society of Cinematographers]]|volume=57|issue=7|pages=750–809|issn=0002-7928|id={{ProQuest|196332360}}}}</ref>
+* ''[[The NeverEnding Story (film)|The NeverEnding Story]]'' - German/American, 1984
 * ''[[Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown]]'' - Spanish, 1988
+* ''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]'' - American, 1993
+* ''[[Lapitch the Little Shoemaker]]'' - Croatian, 1997
+{{div col end}}
 ==References==
@@ Line 66: / Line 81: @@
 {{Eastman Kodak}}
 [[Category:Kodak]]
 [[Category:Film and video technology]]
 [[Category:Motion picture film formats]]
 [[Category:History of film]]
-{{film-tech-stub}}