Eryx colubrinus: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of snake}} |
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{{italic title}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
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{{speciesbox |
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| image = |
| image = Eryx colubrinus close up.jpg |
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| status = LC |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author1=Baha El Din, S. |author2=Wagner, P. |author3=Wilms, T. |author4=Malonza, P.K. |author5=Spawls, S. |author6=Beraduccii, J. |author7=Safari, I. |date=2021 |title=''Eryx colubrinus'' |page=e.T13264792A13264801 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T13264792A13264801.en |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> |
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| genus = Eryx |
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| species = colubrinus |
| species = colubrinus |
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| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]) |
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]) |
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''''' |
'''''Eryx colubrinus''''', the '''Egyptian''' or '''Kenyan sand boa''',<ref name="Meh87">Mehrtens JM (1987). ''Living Snakes of the World in Color''. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. {{ISBN|0-8069-6460-X}}.</ref> is a [[species]] of snake in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Boidae]]. The species is [[Endemism|endemic]] to Northern and Eastern [[Africa]]. Three [[subspecies]] are recognized.<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS|id=634813|taxon=''Gongylophis colubrinus ''|accessdate=23 November 2007}}</ref> |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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Adult female specimens of ''G. colubrinus'' are rarely more than 91 cm (3 feet) in total length (including tail).<ref name="Meh87"/> The |
The Egyptian sand boa is a heavily-built snake with a small head, small eyes, vertical pupils, and a short tail. Scale texture is extremely smooth, except on the tail, which is covered in bumps. Adult female specimens of ''G. colubrinus'' are rarely more than 91 cm (3 feet) in total length (including tail).<ref name="Meh87"/> The average Egyptian sand boa grows no longer than 12-24" (30-60cm) long, with males being significantly smaller than females. |
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The color pattern usually consists of a yellow or orange coloration overlaid with dark brown splotches. The belly is white- or cream-colored. It is readily available in the pet trade due to its small size, docility and ease of care. In recent years, there have been a number of new [[Polymorphism (biology)|color morph]]s made available by both commercial and hobby breeders. Some of the more popular morphs available include anerythristic (black and white lacking orange/red simple [[recessive]] trait), albino (lacking black pigment simple recessive trait), snow (double recessive combination of an anerythristic and an albino), stripes (normal-colored, anerythristic, albino and snow), hypo/ghost, paradox albinos (simple recessive trait), paradox snows (double recessive trait), splash (recessive trait), paint (recessive trait) and stripe combinations with any of the listed recessive traits. In addition, many line bred traits have been accentuated on the above morphs, such as Nuclears (extreme red), High Whites and Reduced Patterns, for example. |
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<gallery class="center" widths="200"> |
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File:Gongylophis colubrinus loveridgei.jpg|''loveridgei'' subspecies "normal" morph |
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File:Eryx colubrinus albino morph.jpg|Albino morph |
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File:Stripe morph Eryx colubrinus.jpg|Stripe morph |
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File:Eryx colubrinus stripe morph lateral view.jpg|Lateral view of a stripe morph showing the specialized head shape for burrowing |
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</gallery> |
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==Common names== |
==Common names== |
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[[Common name]]s for '' |
[[Common name]]s for ''E. colubrinus'' include East African sand boa, Egyptian sand boa, Kenyan sand boa, and sand boa. |
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==Geographic range== |
==Geographic range== |
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'' |
''Eryx colubrinus'' is found in [[North Africa]] from [[Egypt]] as far west as [[Niger]] (Aïr), including [[Somalia]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Sudan]], [[Kenya]], and northern [[Tanzania]]. A single specimen has been reported from [[Yemen]]. The [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] given is "Ægypto".<ref name="McD99"/> |
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==Habitat== |
==Habitat== |
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'' |
''Eryx colubrinus'' occurs in [[Semi-arid climate|semi-desert]] and scrub [[Savanna|savannahs]] and rock outcroppings. It prefers sandy, [[Friability|friable]] soil.<ref name="Meh87"/> |
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==Behavior== |
==Behavior== |
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During the hotter times of the year, '' |
''Eryx colubrinus'' is most active at night, but may be irregularly active during the day. This species is [[fossorial]] and spends most of its time underground. During the hotter times of the year, ''E. colubrinus'' seeks refuge beneath stones and in the burrows of small mammals.<ref name="Meh87"/> However, they have also been known to occasionally climb trees. |
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==Diet== |
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==Behavior and diet== |
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'' |
''Eryx colubrinus'' feeds on small mammals (such as [[rodent]]s), lizards and birds that are quickly seized when passing within striking range and killed by constriction.<ref name="Meh87"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.oaklandzoo.org/animals/kenyan-sand-boa | title=Oakland Zoo | Kenyan Sand Boa }}</ref> Occasionally, they have been known to hunt out the nests of small mammals and birds.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.lvzoo.org/animals/kenyan-sand-boa/ | title=Kenyan Sand Boa }}</ref> |
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==Reproduction== |
==Reproduction== |
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'' |
''Eryx colubrinus'' is [[Ovoviviparity|ovoviviparous]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shop.reptilecollective.com/blogs/news/15508596-kenyan-sand-boas|title = Kenyan Sand Boas}}</ref> In captivity, it breeds readily November through April in the United States, delivering live birth averaging 10-20 babies born spring through late summer.<ref>Huntley, Mark (2012). ''SandBoaMorph.com’s East African Sand Boa Care Guide''. CreateSpace Publishing. 36 pp. {{ISBN|1481003429}}. {{ISBN|978-1481003421}}</ref> The young at birth typically are 20–25 cm (8-10 inches) in length.<ref name="Meh87"/> |
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==Taxonomy== |
==Taxonomy== |
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A synonym for this species, '' |
A synonym for this species, ''Eryx colubrinus'', is ''Anguis colubrina'', given by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]].<ref>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus C]] (1758). ''Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio Decima, Reformata'' [10th Edition]. Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii. 824 pp. (''Anguis colubrina'', new species, p. 228). (in Latin).</ref> |
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[[Andrew Francis Stimson|Stimson]] (1969) recognized two subspecies: ''Eryx colubrinus colubrinus'' {{small|Linnaeus}} |
[[Andrew Francis Stimson|Stimson]] (1969) recognized two subspecies: ''Eryx colubrinus colubrinus'' {{small|Linnaeus}} and ''E. c. loveridgei'' {{small|[[Olive Griffith Stull|Stull]]}},<ref>[[Olive Griffith Stull|Stull OG]] (1932). "Five New Subspecies of the Family Boidae". ''Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.'' '''8''': 25-29 + Plates 1-2. (''Eryx thebaicus loveridgei'', new subspecies, p. 29 + Plate 2, Figure B).</ref> but mentioned that a number of other authors, including [[Ernst Ahl|Ahl]] (1933), [[Arthur Loveridge|Loveridge]] (1936), [[:fr:Giuseppe Scortecci|Scortecci]] (1939), and [[Hampton Wildman Parker|Parker]] (1949), questioned whether ''E. c. loveridgei'' was valid and considered the species to be monotypic with geographic variation.<ref name="McD99"/> |
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When recognized, ''Eryx colubrinus loveridgei'' is said to occur in the southern part of the range<ref name="Meh87"/> and is described as being more orange in color. |
When recognized, ''Eryx colubrinus loveridgei'' is said to occur in the southern part of the range<ref name="Meh87"/> and is described as being more orange in color. |
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A third subspecies, ''Eryx colubrinus rufescens'', is smaller and more rounded than ''E. c. loveridgei'', with rougher scales. |
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Shi ''et al'' (2023) proposed that ''E. colubrinus'' was the sister species to the [[Miocene]] fossil species ''[[Eryx linxiaensis|E. linxiaensis]]'' from [[Gansu]], [[China]]. This suggests repeat dispersal events of the genus from Africa to Eurasia during the Miocene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shi |first1=Jingsong |last2=Li |first2=Qiang |last3=Stidham |first3=Thomas A. |last4=Zhang |first4=Chi |last5=Jiangzuo |first5=Qigao |last6=Chen |first6=Mo |last7=Ni |first7=Xijun |date=2023-05-01 |title=Evolutionary and biogeographic implications of an Erycine snake (Serpentes, Erycidae, Eryx) from the Upper Miocene of the Linxia Basin, Gansu Province, China |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018223001098 |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=617 |pages=111491 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111491 |issn=0031-0182}}</ref> |
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==Etymology== |
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| ⚫ | The [[ |
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== |
==Etymology== |
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| ⚫ | The [[Subspecies|subspecific name]] ''loveridgei'' is in honor of British [[Herpetology|herpetologist]] [[Arthur Loveridge]].<ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (''Eryx colubrinus loveridgei'', p. 161).</ref> |
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*[[List of erycine species and subspecies]]. |
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*{{c|Erycinae by common name}} |
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*{{c|Erycinae by taxonomic synonyms}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Commons}} |
{{Commons}} |
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*{{NRDB species|genus= |
*{{NRDB species|genus=Eryx|species=colubrinus|date=23 November|year=2007}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q253890}} |
{{Taxonbar|from=Q253890}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Eryx|colubrinus]] |
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[[Category:Reptiles described in 1758]] |
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1758]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]] |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Eryx colubrinus}} |
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Latest revision as of 22:42, 14 May 2024
| Eryx colubrinus | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Boidae |
| Genus: | Eryx |
| Species: | E. colubrinus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Eryx colubrinus | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
| |
Eryx colubrinus, the Egyptian or Kenyan sand boa,[3] is a species of snake in the family Boidae. The species is endemic to Northern and Eastern Africa. Three subspecies are recognized.[4]
Description
[edit]The Egyptian sand boa is a heavily-built snake with a small head, small eyes, vertical pupils, and a short tail. Scale texture is extremely smooth, except on the tail, which is covered in bumps. Adult female specimens of G. colubrinus are rarely more than 91 cm (3 feet) in total length (including tail).[3] The average Egyptian sand boa grows no longer than 12-24" (30-60cm) long, with males being significantly smaller than females.
The color pattern usually consists of a yellow or orange coloration overlaid with dark brown splotches. The belly is white- or cream-colored. It is readily available in the pet trade due to its small size, docility and ease of care. In recent years, there have been a number of new color morphs made available by both commercial and hobby breeders. Some of the more popular morphs available include anerythristic (black and white lacking orange/red simple recessive trait), albino (lacking black pigment simple recessive trait), snow (double recessive combination of an anerythristic and an albino), stripes (normal-colored, anerythristic, albino and snow), hypo/ghost, paradox albinos (simple recessive trait), paradox snows (double recessive trait), splash (recessive trait), paint (recessive trait) and stripe combinations with any of the listed recessive traits. In addition, many line bred traits have been accentuated on the above morphs, such as Nuclears (extreme red), High Whites and Reduced Patterns, for example.
-
loveridgei subspecies "normal" morph -
Albino morph -
Stripe morph -
Lateral view of a stripe morph showing the specialized head shape for burrowing
Common names
[edit]Common names for E. colubrinus include East African sand boa, Egyptian sand boa, Kenyan sand boa, and sand boa.
Geographic range
[edit]Eryx colubrinus is found in North Africa from Egypt as far west as Niger (Aïr), including Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, Kenya, and northern Tanzania. A single specimen has been reported from Yemen. The type locality given is "Ægypto".[2]
Habitat
[edit]Eryx colubrinus occurs in semi-desert and scrub savannahs and rock outcroppings. It prefers sandy, friable soil.[3]
Behavior
[edit]Eryx colubrinus is most active at night, but may be irregularly active during the day. This species is fossorial and spends most of its time underground. During the hotter times of the year, E. colubrinus seeks refuge beneath stones and in the burrows of small mammals.[3] However, they have also been known to occasionally climb trees.
Diet
[edit]Eryx colubrinus feeds on small mammals (such as rodents), lizards and birds that are quickly seized when passing within striking range and killed by constriction.[3][5] Occasionally, they have been known to hunt out the nests of small mammals and birds.[6]
Reproduction
[edit]Eryx colubrinus is ovoviviparous.[7] In captivity, it breeds readily November through April in the United States, delivering live birth averaging 10-20 babies born spring through late summer.[8] The young at birth typically are 20–25 cm (8-10 inches) in length.[3]
Taxonomy
[edit]A synonym for this species, Eryx colubrinus, is Anguis colubrina, given by Linnaeus.[9]
Stimson (1969) recognized two subspecies: Eryx colubrinus colubrinus Linnaeus and E. c. loveridgei Stull,[10] but mentioned that a number of other authors, including Ahl (1933), Loveridge (1936), Scortecci (1939), and Parker (1949), questioned whether E. c. loveridgei was valid and considered the species to be monotypic with geographic variation.[2]
When recognized, Eryx colubrinus loveridgei is said to occur in the southern part of the range[3] and is described as being more orange in color.
A third subspecies, Eryx colubrinus rufescens, is smaller and more rounded than E. c. loveridgei, with rougher scales.
Shi et al (2023) proposed that E. colubrinus was the sister species to the Miocene fossil species E. linxiaensis from Gansu, China. This suggests repeat dispersal events of the genus from Africa to Eurasia during the Miocene.[11]
Etymology
[edit]The subspecific name loveridgei is in honor of British herpetologist Arthur Loveridge.[12]
References
[edit]- ^ Baha El Din, S.; Wagner, P.; Wilms, T.; Malonza, P.K.; Spawls, S.; Beraduccii, J.; Safari, I. (2021). "Eryx colubrinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T13264792A13264801. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T13264792A13264801.en. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- ^ a b c McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré TA (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume). (Gongylophis colubrinus, p. 210).
- ^ a b c d e f g Mehrtens JM (1987). Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
- ^ "Gongylophis colubrinus ". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 23 November 2007.
- ^ "Oakland Zoo | Kenyan Sand Boa".
- ^ "Kenyan Sand Boa".
- ^ "Kenyan Sand Boas".
- ^ Huntley, Mark (2012). SandBoaMorph.com’s East African Sand Boa Care Guide. CreateSpace Publishing. 36 pp. ISBN 1481003429. ISBN 978-1481003421
- ^ Linnaeus C (1758). Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio Decima, Reformata [10th Edition]. Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii. 824 pp. (Anguis colubrina, new species, p. 228). (in Latin).
- ^ Stull OG (1932). "Five New Subspecies of the Family Boidae". Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 8: 25-29 + Plates 1-2. (Eryx thebaicus loveridgei, new subspecies, p. 29 + Plate 2, Figure B).
- ^ Shi, Jingsong; Li, Qiang; Stidham, Thomas A.; Zhang, Chi; Jiangzuo, Qigao; Chen, Mo; Ni, Xijun (2023-05-01). "Evolutionary and biogeographic implications of an Erycine snake (Serpentes, Erycidae, Eryx) from the Upper Miocene of the Linxia Basin, Gansu Province, China". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 617: 111491. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111491. ISSN 0031-0182.
- ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Eryx colubrinus loveridgei, p. 161).
External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eryx colubrinus.
- Eryx colubrinus at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 23 November 2007.