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In July 2017, Gab implemented a system where people who downvoted others (through spamming) would have their accounts downvoted as well and their ability to leave downvotes revoked.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gab.ai/a/posts/9704352|title=Andrew Torba on Gab|access-date=July 12, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gab.ai/a/posts/9716099|title=Andrew Torba on Gab|access-date=July 12, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gab.ai/gab/posts/9584661|title=Gab HQ on Gab|access-date=July 12, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gab.ai/e/posts/9585990|title=Ekrem Büyükkaya on Gab|access-date=July 12, 2017}}</ref> Downvotes were removed entirely. Gab's then-COO Utsav Sanduja explained that downvotes were being used to drive female users off the site.<ref name="mic" /> Downvoting was later reinstated; as of December 2017 both upvotes and downvotes are possible, but the totals are tracked and displayed separately rather than being combined into a single score.
In July 2017, Gab implemented a system where people who downvoted others (through spamming) would have their accounts downvoted as well and their ability to leave downvotes revoked.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gab.ai/a/posts/9704352|title=Andrew Torba on Gab|access-date=July 12, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gab.ai/a/posts/9716099|title=Andrew Torba on Gab|access-date=July 12, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gab.ai/gab/posts/9584661|title=Gab HQ on Gab|access-date=July 12, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gab.ai/e/posts/9585990|title=Ekrem Büyükkaya on Gab|access-date=July 12, 2017}}</ref> Downvotes were removed entirely. Gab's then-COO Utsav Sanduja explained that downvotes were being used to drive female users off the site.<ref name="mic" /> Downvoting was later reinstated; as of December 2017 both upvotes and downvotes are possible, but the totals are tracked and displayed separately rather than being combined into a single score.


A frog named "Gabby"<ref name=":5" /> was the logo of Gab as of 2016. Torba has said that the frog logo was inspired by Bible verses ([[wikisource:Bible (King James)/Exodus#8:1|Exodus 8:1–12]] and [[wikisource:Bible (King James)/Psalms#78:45|Psalms 78:45]]) and various other traditional [[Frogs in culture|symbolic]] meanings. The logo has been compared to [[Pepe the Frog]], a cartoon character used as a meme by the alt-right.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":74" /> As of September 2018, the frog logo was no longer used.{{citation needed|date=September 2018|reason=Please find a reliable source establishing this. A press release might work, but social media posts are not generally reliable.}}
A frog named "Gabby"<ref name=":5" /> was the logo of Gab as of 2016. Torba has said that the frog logo was inspired by Bible verses ([[wikisource:Bible (King James)/Exodus#8:1|Exodus 8:1–12]] and [[wikisource:Bible (King James)/Psalms#78:45|Psalms 78:45]]) and various other traditional [[Frogs in culture|symbolic]] meanings. The logo has been compared{{who}} to [[Pepe the Frog]], a cartoon character used as a meme by the alt-right.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":74" /> As of September 2018, the frog logo was no longer used.{{citation needed|date=September 2018|reason=Please find a reliable source establishing this. A press release might work, but social media posts are not generally reliable.}}


== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 06:07, 6 December 2018

Gab, Inc.
Type of site
Social networking service
Available inEnglish
Headquarters
United States[1]
Founder(s)Andrew Torba
Ekrem Büyükkaya
IndustryInternet
URLgab.com
RegistrationRequired
Users800,000 (November 2018)[2]
Current statusActive
Written inPHP, Laravel[3]

Gab is an English-language social media website, known for its far-right user base.[9] The site allows its users to read and write multimedia messages of up to 300 characters, called "gabs".[10] The site stated conservative, libertarian, nationalists and populist internet users as its target markets.[11] Gab has been described [who?] as "extremist friendly"[12] or a "safe haven"[13] for neo-Nazis, white supremacists, and the alt-right.[12]

The site presents itself as an "alternative of Twitter" that "champions free speech".[14] This self-promotion of "free speech" has been criticised in research articles as "merely a shield behind which its alt-right users hide",[15] and "an echo chamber for right-leaning content dissemination".[16] Gab attracted migration of users banned from other social networks, including members of the far right.[4] A majority of Gab's users are white, a majority are male, and a majority are conservative.[16] Gab had 800,000 users in November 2018.[2] The site's most followed users include high-profile far-right individuals such as Richard B. Spencer, Mike Cernovich, and Alex Jones.[16][15] The site recognizes far-right websites such as Breitbart News and InfoWars as its competitors.[11]

The site gained extensive public scrutiny following the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting on October 27, 2018, as the perpetrator expressed anti-Semitic views on Gab.[17][12] After a backlash from hosting providers, Gab briefly went offline.[18][19]

History

Gab was created in August 2016, billing itself as an alternative to the social networking site Twitter.[4][10][20] Founder and CEO Andrew Torba cited "the entirely left-leaning Big Social monopoly"[10] as part of the inspiration for Gab, which he created "after reading reports that Facebook employees suppress conservative articles".[6] Torba said in November that the site's user base had expanded significantly following censorship controversies involving major social media companies,[21] including the permanent suspensions from Twitter of several prominent alt-right accounts.[22]

In December 2016, Gab.ai's submission of its app to the iOS App Store was declined by Apple. Apple cited pornographic content as the reason. At the same time, Twitter also cut off access to its API without specifying a reason.[23][24] A resubmitted version of the app which blocked pornography by default was also rejected for violating Apple's rules on hate speech.[25]

After nine months of closed beta testing the site became available to anyone registering with an email.[26]

On July 22, 2017, the site added Pro accounts and on August 1, 2017, Gab TV was opened to Pro members.[27] It was described[who?] as a service for creating Periscope-like video streaming channels. According to Torba, the site was hit with a DDoS attack soon afterwards.[28]

On August 17, 2017, Google removed Gab's app from the Google Play Store for violating its policy against hate speech.[24] Google stated that the app did not "demonstrate a sufficient level of moderation, including for content that encourages violence and advocates hate against groups of people."[29] In September 2017, Gab filed an antitrust suit against Google for their removal of the Gab app from the Google Play Store[30] but dropped the suit on October 22, 2017.[31]

In September 2017, Gab faced pressure from its domain registrar to take down a post by The Daily Stormer founder Andrew Anglin.[7] Danny O'Brien of the Electronic Frontier Foundation commented that this pressure was part of an increase in politically motivated domain name seizures.[14]

On August 9, 2018, Torba announced that Microsoft Azure, Gab's host, threatened to suspend the site for "weeks/months" if they failed to remove two antisemitic posts made by Patrick Little, a political candidate who had been ejected from the Republican Party for his antisemitism.[32][33][34] According to The Verge, the posts "express intense anti-Semitism and meet any reasonable definition of hate speech."[34] Little deleted the posts while saying the complaint was a violation of his rights as an American.[34] On that same day, Alex Jones interviewed Torba on The Alex Jones Show during his coverage of his own permanent ban from YouTube.[35]

Gab has used the address of a WeWork coworking space in Philadelphia in SEC filings. A WeWork spokesperson said that Torba had become a member under his own name, not Gab's, and that his time there had been brief. In October 2018, a Gab spokesperson told The Philadelphia Inquirer that Gab was at that point no longer based in Philadelphia.[36]

Users and content

The site has been increasingly popular with "alt-right" users who have been banned or suspended from other services,[7][37][22] including former Breitbart writer Milo Yiannopoulos,[38] formerly anonymous Twitter user "Ricky Vaughn",[6][22] and white supremacists such as Richard B. Spencer,[4][6] Tila Tequila,[21] Vox Day,[39] and Britain First.[40] Andrew Torba, the CEO of Gab.ai, was himself removed from the Y Combinator alumni network because of alleged harassment concerns, starting when he commented "build the wall" to insult the CEO of Y Combinator.[41][42] Until 2016, Torba was registered as a Democrat, although he voted for Donald Trump and other Republicans.[13]

In early 2018, a cross-university group released a research study on posts made to the site. According to that study, the site hosted a high volume of racism and hate speech,[43] and primarily "attracts alt-right users, conspiracy theorists, and other trolls".[44] The study listed Carl Benjamin, Ann Coulter, Alex Jones, Stefan Molyneux, Lauren Southern, and Paul Joseph Watson as some of the more popular users of the site. The authors also performed an automated search using hatebase and found "hate words" in 5.4% of Gab posts, which they stated was 2.4 times higher than their occurrence on Twitter but less than half that found on 4chan's politically incorrect board.[15] The authors of the study concluded that while anyone can join Gab, the site is aligned with the alt-right and its use of free speech rhetoric "merely functions as a shield for its alt-right users to hide behind".[43][15]

Another research study in late 2018 confirmed that Gab is crowded by extremist users. Among its users, a majority are "conservative, male, and Caucasian". The study showed a great variety in domains of shared URLs on Gab. Most of these domains are not popular in other social media or other parts of the Internet. A portion of these domains are known for spreading politics-related news. This has led to the conclusion that Gab "has become an echo chamber for right-leaning content dissemination".[16]

In addition to Holocaust denial and other forms of anti-Semitism being posted to the site, Gab has been used as a recruitment tool by violent neo-Nazi groups, including the Atomwaffen Division[45] In 2018, threats by a Gab user against an African-American member of the Pennsylvania Democratic Committee that included pictures of weapons and racial slurs prompted a police investigation, although no charges were ultimately filed. The user's previous posts had included one that asked "Why aren’t we organizing and killing leftists in droves?"[46]

Notable former users include white nationalist political candidate Paul Nehlen, who was removed from the site for doxing Ricky Vaughn,[47] and blackhat hacker Andrew Auernheimer (known as weev) who was banned for calling for genocide against Jews and endorsing terrorist Timothy McVeigh.[14] Auernheimer's activity prompted threats from Gab's then webhost Asia Registry to remove the comments or they would refuse to host the site.[14]

2018 Pittsburgh synagogue shooting

Robert Gregory Bowers, the sole suspected shooter in the attack against a Pittsburgh synagogue in 2018 maintained an active, verified Gab account where he displayed the neo-Nazi code-phrase 1488. Just prior to the shooting, he posted to the site about a conspiracy theory that refugees being assisted by a Jewish organization were "invaders", and that he was "going in". In the aftermath of the shooting, Gab removed his profile and provided the information to the FBI. On October 27, 2018 soon after the shooting, PayPal, GoDaddy and Medium terminated their relationship with Gab[48][49] based on its review of accounts that may engage in the "perpetuation of hate, violence or discriminatory intolerance".[50] Later on the same day, Gab announced on Twitter that Joyent, Gab's hosting provider, would terminate their service on Monday. The tweet said that the site expected to be down for weeks.[51][52][53][54] Since the shooting, Gab has received substantial media attention, having been relatively unknown by the general public prior to the attack.[55] Gab came back online on November 4, 2018[56] after Epik.com agreed to host the domain.[19]

Jeffrey Clark, a D.C. area neo-Nazi, was arrested on November 9 after his family members alerted law enforcement. Clark was "friend" to Bowers on Gab. Clark wrote on his Gab account messages declaring that the shooting was a "dry run for things to come" and the victims "were all active supporters of pedophilia" that "deserved exactly what happened". An altered screenshot of the video game Doom depicting execution of black persons in a church, allusion to white supremacist mass murderer Dylann Roof, and code-word 1488 was the "pinned" message on Clark's Gab account. Clark was charged with illegal possession of firearm, high-speed magazine and usage of controlled substance.[57][58]

Reception

Gab has been described as "Twitter for racists" by Salon, a "hate-filled echo chamber of racism and conspiracy theories" by The Guardian, and "safe haven for banned Twitter trolls, Gamergaters, Pizzagaters and high-profile white nationalists" by Mic.[13][59][60] An editorial in Wired criticized Gab for not explicitly prohibiting hate speech.[61] The only restrictions on expression on the site are on threats of violence, promotion of terrorism, child pornography, revenge porn and doxing.[62][1]

Torba has denied that Gab is "designed specifically for conservatives" and has stated that "we welcome everyone and always will".[21][4] However, in filings made with the SEC in 2016, Gab admitted that its target market is "conservative, libertarian, nationalists and populist internet users around the world", and listed far-right conspiracy theorist websites Breitbart News and InfoWars as its main competitors.[11] He has further said that "We want everyone to feel safe on Gab, but we're not going to police what is hate speech and what isn't".[61] In response to criticism, in March 2017, Gab announced its plans to make the site more diverse by removing the downvote button. According to Torba, this feature was also being abused by "social justice warriors".[13]

On October 31, 2018, the Washington Post pointed to two messages on the Gab Twitter account and wrote that they "raise questions about whether they cross the line into impropriety".[11] One captioned a photo of two men, one with Jewish sidelocks, with "I’m calling the cops on both and getting my shotgun ready, just saying" and another argued for opposition to immigration by saying "Let a bunch of Somalians migrate to your neighborhood and see if you change your mind."[11][17] Torba alternately explained the tweets as possibly inauthentic or doctored, later "clearly satire / comedy", and then much later "a few edgy tweets posted by interns".[11]

Revenue

Gab does not use advertising. The site began offering a premium subscription service for Gab named "Gab Pro" in April 2017. The subscription allows users to have private chats for up to 25 people, which was later added for all users with two users maximum and Gab Pro with 50 maximum. Messages are deleted after 24 hours. Gab Pro subscribers can also view a topic breakdown for other users, make lists of users to sort their home feed, livestream on GabTV (Gab's video-sharing service), and more easily get their profile verified. Subscribers also get a "PRO" badge next to their posts. In July 2017 Gab also started an investment project which met its goal of $1.07 million on August 19, 2017.[63][7]

Design

File:Gab Logo.svg
The "Gabby" logo, used from 2016 to 2018.

Gab's color theme is a minimalist combination of black text on white panels with pink hashtags and usernames. Pro users have a contrasted top bar in dark blue closer to that of Facebook. The interface "behaves like a Twitter-Reddit hybrid",[22] displaying messages in a Twitter-like vertically-scrolling timeline format with a Reddit-like option to upvote or downvote each post. The site also aggregates popular posts and trending topic hashtags.[21][22][61] Users can sort comments and posts in a subject by time or score. Default biographies for new users display a randomly chosen quotation about the importance of free speech.[13]

When writing a gab, Gabbers without a Pro subscription can post up to 300 characters of plain text, while those with a Pro account can write up to 3,000 characters per gab.[21] The first 300 characters of a gab appear in the timeline, with an option to read the rest of a gab if it is longer.[64] Additional functionality is similar to Twitter, using # to create hashtags and @ to reference other users by username. Gabs can embed some multimedia, limited to emoji, photo upload, and Giphy animated GIFs. In addition, hyperlinks can be embedded, with some content such as YouTube videos displaying a thumbnail preview. Each Gab account can optionally be linked to a Twitter account for cross-posting, which can be enabled or disabled before a gab is published. When enabled, the gab is tweeted up to around the first 100 characters, along with a link to the gab.

In July 2017, Gab implemented a system where people who downvoted others (through spamming) would have their accounts downvoted as well and their ability to leave downvotes revoked.[65][66][67][68] Downvotes were removed entirely. Gab's then-COO Utsav Sanduja explained that downvotes were being used to drive female users off the site.[13] Downvoting was later reinstated; as of December 2017 both upvotes and downvotes are possible, but the totals are tracked and displayed separately rather than being combined into a single score.

A frog named "Gabby"[6] was the logo of Gab as of 2016. Torba has said that the frog logo was inspired by Bible verses (Exodus 8:1–12 and Psalms 78:45) and various other traditional symbolic meanings. The logo has been compared[who?] to Pepe the Frog, a cartoon character used as a meme by the alt-right.[6][59] As of September 2018, the frog logo was no longer used.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Franke-Ruta, Garance (September 22, 2017). "Gab, the social network of the 'Alt-Right' fights to stay online". Yahoo News. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
  2. ^ a b Koh, Yoree; Wells, Georgia (November 9, 2018). "Gab to Rein In Calls for Violence While Allowing Hate Speech". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on November 9, 2018. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Büyükkaya, Ekrem (May 31, 2018). "Ekrem Büyükkaya on Gab: "I want to offer some transparency and clarity..."". gab.ai. Retrieved November 17, 2018. We are using a PHP framework called Laravel for the major part of Gab services... {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  4. ^ a b c d e Wilson, Jason (November 17, 2016). "Gab: alt-right's social media alternative attracts users banned from Twitter". The Guardian. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
  5. ^ "gab.ai Traffic Statistics". Alexa Internet. July 28, 2018. Retrieved July 28, 2018.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Hess, Amanda (November 30, 2016). "The Far Right Has a New Digital Safe Space". The New York Times. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
  7. ^ a b c d Robertson, Adi (September 6, 2017). "Far-right friendly social network Gab is facing censorship controversy". Retrieved April 3, 2018.
  8. ^ "Feeling Sidelined By Mainstream Social Media, Far-Right Users Jump To Gab". NPR.org. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
  9. ^ [6][7][8]
  10. ^ a b c "This New Social Network Promises Almost-Total Free Speech To Its Users". BuzzFeed. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Timberg, Craig; Harwell, Drew; Elizabeth, Dwoskin; Brown, Emma (October 31, 2018). "From Silicon Valley elite to social media hate: The radicalization that led to Gab". The Washington Post.
  12. ^ a b c Roose, Kevin (October 28, 2018). "On Gab, an Extremist-Friendly Site, Pittsburgh Shooting Suspect Aired His Hatred in Full". The New York Times. Retrieved October 28, 2018. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  13. ^ a b c d e f Ehrenkranz, Melanie (March 17, 2017). "Gab, a haven for White Nationalists, is now trying to reach young, diverse progressives". Mic. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
  14. ^ a b c d Edison Hayden, Michael (September 22, 2017). "Nazis on Gab social network show there is no such thing as a free speech internet". Newsweek. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
  15. ^ a b c d Zannettou, Savvas; Bradlyn, Barry; De Cristofaro, Emiliano; Kwak, Haewoon; Sirivianos, Michael; Stringhini, Gianluca; Blackburn, Jeremy (March 13, 2018). "What is Gab". What is Gab? A Bastion of Free Speech or an Alt-Right Echo Chamber?. pp. 1007–1014. arXiv:1802.05287. doi:10.1145/3184558.3191531. ISBN 9781450356404.
  16. ^ a b c d Lima, Lucas; Reis, Julio C. S.; Melo, Philipe; Murai, Fabricio; Araújo, Leandro; Vikatos, Pantelis; Benevenuto, Fabrício (July 10, 2018). "Inside the Right-Leaning Echo Chambers: Characterizing Gab, an Unmoderated Social System". arXiv:1807.03688 [cs.SI]. We also show that the majority of Gab users are conservative, male, and Caucasian.
  17. ^ a b Investigates, Jose Pagliery and Konstantin Toropin, CNN. "Social network Gab, a home for anti-Semitic speech, produced some of its own". CNN. Retrieved November 13, 2018. {{cite news}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ "Gab, the social network used by accused Pittsburgh synagogue shooter, goes offline". USA Today. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
  19. ^ a b Linton, Caroline (November 3, 2018). "Gab gets new domain host, expects to be back online Sunday". CBS News. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
  20. ^ Neidig, Harper (August 18, 2017). "Citing hate speech, Google suspends social media site favored by alt-right from app store". TheHill. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
  21. ^ a b c d e Shaw, Adam (November 28, 2016). "As Twitter cracks down on alt-right, aggrieved members flee to 'Gab'". Fox News. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
  22. ^ a b c d e Ohlheiser, Abby (November 29, 2016). "Banned from Twitter? This site promises you can say whatever you want". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
  23. ^ Rodriguez, Salvador (December 15, 2016). "Gab, the Alt-Right's Favorite Social Network, Gets Rejections From Apple, Twitter". Inc.com. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  24. ^ a b Rob Price (August 18, 2017). "Google's app store has banned Gab — a social network popular with the far-right — for 'hate speech'". Business Insider UK. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  25. ^ Lee, Timothy B. (August 18, 2017). "Google explains why it banned the app for Gab, a right-wing Twitter rival". Ars Technica. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
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  27. ^ Jon Del Arroz (June 14, 2017). "How to keep your online browsing unfiltered by political propaganda". The Federalist. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
  28. ^ "Announcement from Andrew Torba's Gab account". Gab.
  29. ^ Coldewey, Devin (August 17, 2017). "Alt-social network Gab booted from Google Play Store for hate speech". Techcrunch. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
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  33. ^ "Microsoft warns Gab it'll pull service over anti-Semitic posts". CNET. August 10, 2018. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
  34. ^ a b c Brandom, Russell (August 9, 2018). "Microsoft threatened to drop hosting for Gab over hate speech posts". The Verge. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
  35. ^ "Right-wing platforms provide refuge to digital outcasts — and Alex Jones". NBC News. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
  36. ^ Whelan, Aubrey (October 28, 2018). "What is Gab, the social media network frequented by the Pittsburgh shooter?". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
  37. ^ Sommer, Will (October 27, 2018). "Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooter Spewed His Hate on Gab, the Alt-Right's Favorite Social Network". The Daily Beast. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
  38. ^ Heil, Emily (November 22, 2016). "Tila Tequila's Twitter account suspended after appearance at white nationalist convention". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 5, 2016.
  39. ^ Robertson, Adi (October 9, 2017). "Two months ago, the Internet tried to banish Nazis. No one knows if it worked". The Verge. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
  40. ^ Marsh, Susan (December 20, 2017). "Britain First signs up to fringe social media site after Twitter ban". The Guardian.
  41. ^ Ha, Anthony. "Pro-Trump CEO gets booted from Y Combinator over harassment concerns". TechCrunch. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
  42. ^ "Trump-Supporting CEO Kicked Out Of Y Combinator Startup Incubator". BuzzFeed. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
  43. ^ a b Bennett, Tom (April 5, 2018). "Gab Is the Alt-Right Social Network Racists Are Moving to". Vice. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  44. ^ Collins, Ben (October 27, 2018). "Synagogue shooting suspect threatened Jewish groups, pushed conspiracies". NBC News. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  45. ^ Coaston, Jane (October 29, 2018). "Gab, the social media platform favored by the alleged Pittsburgh shooter, explained". Vox. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
  46. ^ DeJesus, Ivey (November 3, 2018). "Gab user posts about killing progressives, but vows platform rejects violence". pennlive.com. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
  47. ^ Pink, Aiden (April 5, 2018). "Even the Alt-Right Is Sick of Paul Nehlen". The Forward. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
  48. ^ "Gab.com on twitter".
  49. ^ Carbone, Christopher (October 28, 2018). "After Pittsburgh synagogue shooting, Gab banned by PayPal, GoDaddy, Medium, suspended by two other platforms". Fox News. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
  50. ^ Liptak, Andrew (October 27, 2018). "Paypal bans Gab following Pittsburgh shooting". The Verge. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  51. ^ @getongab (October 27, 2018). "Breaking: @joyent, Gab's new hosting provider, has just pulled our hosting service. They have given us until 9am on Monday to find a solution. Gab will likely be down for weeks because of this. Working on solutions. We will never give up on defending free speech for all people" (Tweet). Archived from the original on October 28, 2018 – via Twitter.
  52. ^ Graham, Chris (October 28, 2018). "What is Gab? Social media site used by Pittsburgh synagogue shooting suspect 'being forced offline'". The Telegraph. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  53. ^ "Gab's Hosting Provider Moves to Shut Down the Alt-Right Social Network". The Daily Beast. October 28, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  54. ^ Rosenberg, Adam. "Gab, a racist-friendly alt-Twitter, has been banned by PayPal and others". Mashable. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  55. ^ "What is Gab, the fringe social network used by Pittsburgh shooting suspect?". USA TODAY. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  56. ^ "Gab.com, site where suspected Pittsburgh synagogue shooter posted anti-Semitic views, is back online". Global News. Retrieved November 22, 2018.
  57. ^ S. Hsu, Spencer; Hermann, Peter (November 13, 2018). "D.C. man arrested on gun charge after relatives alert police to his alleged white nationalist outbursts". Washington Post. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  58. ^ Schulberg, Jessica; Baumann, Nick; Reilly, Ryan J.; Waldron, Travis; O'Brien, Luke (November 14, 2018). "DC Neo-Nazi Who Said Pittsburgh Victims 'Deserved' It Arrested; Has Deep Ties To 'Alt-Right'". Huffington Post. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  59. ^ a b Benson, Thor. "Inside the "Twitter for racists": Gab — the site where Milo Yiannopoulos goes to troll now". Salon. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
  60. ^ "Inside the hate-filled echo chamber of racism and conspiracy theories". The Guardian. December 17, 2016. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
  61. ^ a b c Ellis, Emma Grey. "Gab, the Alt-Right's Very Own Twitter, Is The Ultimate Filter Bubble". Wired. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
  62. ^ "Guidelines. | Gab". gab.ai. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
  63. ^ "Gab". StartEngine. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
  64. ^ "Gab". gab.ai. January 16, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
  65. ^ "Andrew Torba on Gab". Retrieved July 12, 2017.
  66. ^ "Andrew Torba on Gab". Retrieved July 12, 2017.
  67. ^ "Gab HQ on Gab". Retrieved July 12, 2017.
  68. ^ "Ekrem Büyükkaya on Gab". Retrieved July 12, 2017.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gab_(social_network)&oldid=872257407"