George Cayley: Difference between revisions

George Cayley
George Cayley
	George Cayley
Born	27 December 1773; Scarborough, Yorkshire, England
Died	15 December 1857 (aged 83); Brompton, Yorkshire, England
Nationality	British
Known for	Designed first successful human glider. Discovered the four aerodynamic forces of flight weight, lift, drag, thrust and cambered wings, basis for the design of modern Airplane.
	Scientific career
Fields	Aviation, Aerodynamics, Aeronautics, Aeronautical engineering

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Sir George Cayley, 6th Baronet (27 December 1773 – 15 December 1857), was a prolific English engineer, one of the most important people in the history of aeronautics. Many consider him the first true scientific aerial investigator and first person to understand the underlying principles and forces of flight.^[1] Sometimes called "Father of Aviation" ^[2]^[3] in 1799 he set forth concept of the modern Airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.^[4]^[5] Often known as "the father of Aerodynamics", he was a pioneer of aeronautical engineering. Designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft, he discovered and identified the four aerodynamic forces of flight - weight, lift, drag, and thrust which are in effect on any flight vehicle. Modern Airplane design is based on those discoveries including cambered wings. He is credited with the first major breakthrough in heavier-than-air flight and he worked over half a century before the development of powered flight. He designed the first actual model of an Airplane and also diagrammed the elements of vertical flight.^[6] He served for the Whig party as Member of Parliament for Scarborough from 1832 to 1835, and helped found the 'Royal Polytechnic Institution' (now University of Westminster), serving as its chairman for many years. He was a founding member of the British Association for the Advancement of Science and was a distant cousin of the mathematician Arthur Cayley.

File:Cayley Glider Replica Flown By Derek Piggott 2.jpg

A replica of Cayley's glider being flown by Derek Piggott in 1985

General engineering projects

Cayley from Brompton-by-Sawdon, near Scarborough in Yorkshire, inherited Brompton Hall and its estates on the death of his father, the 5th baronet. Captured by the optimism of the times, he engaged in a wide variety of engineering projects. Among the many things that he developed are self-righting lifeboats, tension-spoke wheels, the "Universal Railway" (his term for caterpillar tractors), automatic signals for railway crossings, seat belts, small scale helicopters, and a kind of prototypical internal combustion engine fuelled by gunpowder. He also contributed in the fields of prosthetics, air engines, electricity, theatre architecture, ballistics, optics and land reclamation.

Flying machines

He is mainly remembered, however, for his pioneering studies and experiments with flying machines, including the working, piloted glider that he designed and built. He wrote a landmark three-part treatise titled "On Aerial Navigation" (1809-1810), which was published in Nicholson's Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts. The recent (2007) discovery of cartoons in Cayley's school notebooks (held in the archive of the Royal Aeronautical Society Library in London, England) reveal that even at school Cayley was developing his ideas on the theories of flight. It has been claimed^[7] that these images indicate Cayley having modelled the principles of a lift-generating inclined plane as early as 1792. To measure the drag on objects at different speeds and angles of attack, he later built a "whirling-arm apparatus" - a development of earlier work into ballistics and air resistance. He also experimented with rotating wing sections of various forms in the stairwells at Brompton Hall. These scientific experiments led him to develop an efficient cambered airfoil and to identify the four vector forces that influence an aircraft: thrust, lift, drag, and gravity. He discovered the importance of dihedral for lateral stability in flight, and deliberately set the centre of gravity of many of his models well below the wings for this reason; these mechanics affect the growth of hang gliders. Investigating many other theoretical aspects of flight, many now acknowledge him as the first aeronautical engineer.

By 1804 his model gliders appeared similar to modern aircraft: a pair of large monoplane wings towards the front, with a smaller tailplane at the back comprising horizontal stabilisers and a vertical fin. During some point prior to 1849 he designed and built a triplane powered with 'flappers' in which an unknown ten-year-old boy flew. Later, with the continued assistance of his grandson George John Cayley and his resident engineer Thomas Vick, he developed a larger scale glider (also probably fitted with 'flappers') which flew across Brompton Dale in 1853. The first adult aviator has been claimed to be either Cayley's coachman, footman or butler: one source (Gibbs-Smith) has suggested that it was John Appleby, a Cayley employee - however there is no definitive evidence to fully identify the pilot. An obscure entry in volume IX of the 8th Encyclopaedia Britannica of 1855 is the most contemporaneous account with any authority regarding the event. A recent (2007) biography of Cayley (Richard Dee's "The man who discovered flight: George Cayley and the first airplane") claims the first pilot was Cayley's grandson George John Cayley (1826-1878). Dee's book also reports the re-discovery of a series doodles from Cayley's school exercise book which suggest that Cayley's first designs concerning a lift-generating inclined plane may have been made as early as 1793.

A replica of the 1853 machine was flown at the original site in Brompton Dale in 1974 and in the mid 1980s by Derek Piggott. The glider is currently on display at the Yorkshire Air Museum ^[8]. Another replica flew there in 2003, first piloted by Allan McWhirter and later by Richard Branson.

Memorial

He is one of many scientists and engineers commemorated by having a hall of residence and a bar at Loughborough University named after him. There are display boards and a video film at the RAF Museum in Hendon, north London, honouring Cayley's achievements.

References

^ "Sir George Carley". Flyingmachines.org. Retrieved 2009-07-26. Sir George Cayley is one of the most important people in the history of aeronautics. Many consider him the first true scientific aerial investigator and the first person to understand the underlying principles and forces of flight.
^ "The Pioneers: Aviation and Airmodelling". Retrieved 2009-07-26. Sir George Cayley, is sometimes called the 'Father of Aviation'. A pioneer in his field, he is credited with the first major breakthrough in heavier-than-air flight. He was the first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight - weight, lift, drag, and thrust - and their relationship and also the first to build a successful human carrying glider.
^ "U.S Centennial of Flight Commission - Sir George Cayley". Retrieved 2008-09-10. Sir George Cayley, born in 1773, is sometimes called the Father of Aviation. A pioneer in his field, Cayley literally has two great spurts of aeronautical creativity, separated by years during which he did little with the subject. He was the first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight - weight, lift, drag, and thrust and their relationship. He was also the first to build a successful human-carrying glider. Cayley described many of the concepts and elements of the modern airplane and was the first to understand and explain in engineering terms the concepts of lift and thrust.
^ "Aviation History". Retrieved 2009-07-26. In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern airplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).
^ "Sir George Carley (British Inventor and Scientist)". Britannica. Retrieved 2009-07-26. English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as 1799.
^ "U.S Centennial of Flight Commission". Retrieved 2008-09-10. He established the scientific principles for heavier-than-air flight and used glider models for his research. He was the first to identify the four forces of flight--thrust, lift, drag, and weight—and to describe the relationship each had with the other. He designed the first actual model of an Airplane and also diagrammed the elements of vertical flight.
^ Dee, Richard (2007). The Man who Discovered Flight: George Cayley and the First Airplane. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. ISBN 978-0771029714. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
^ "Cayley glider".

External links

Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Charles Manners-Sutton Edmund Phipps	Member of Parliament for Scarborough 1832–1835 Served alongside: Sir John Vanden-Bempde-Johnstone, Bt	Succeeded by Sir John Vanden-Bempde-Johnstone, Bt Sir Frederick Trench
Baronetage of England
Preceded by Thomas Cayley	Baronet (of Brompton) 1792–1857	Succeeded by Digby Cayley

[1] "Sir George Carley". Flyingmachines.org. Retrieved 2009-07-26. Sir George Cayley is one of the most important people in the history of aeronautics. Many consider him the first true scientific aerial investigator and the first person to understand the underlying principles and forces of flight.

[2] "The Pioneers: Aviation and Airmodelling". Retrieved 2009-07-26. Sir George Cayley, is sometimes called the 'Father of Aviation'. A pioneer in his field, he is credited with the first major breakthrough in heavier-than-air flight. He was the first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight - weight, lift, drag, and thrust - and their relationship and also the first to build a successful human carrying glider.

[3] "U.S Centennial of Flight Commission - Sir George Cayley". Retrieved 2008-09-10. Sir George Cayley, born in 1773, is sometimes called the Father of Aviation. A pioneer in his field, Cayley literally has two great spurts of aeronautical creativity, separated by years during which he did little with the subject. He was the first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight - weight, lift, drag, and thrust and their relationship. He was also the first to build a successful human-carrying glider. Cayley described many of the concepts and elements of the modern airplane and was the first to understand and explain in engineering terms the concepts of lift and thrust.

[4] "Aviation History". Retrieved 2009-07-26. In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern airplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).

[5] "Sir George Carley (British Inventor and Scientist)". Britannica. Retrieved 2009-07-26. English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as 1799.

[6] "U.S Centennial of Flight Commission". Retrieved 2008-09-10. He established the scientific principles for heavier-than-air flight and used glider models for his research. He was the first to identify the four forces of flight--thrust, lift, drag, and weight—and to describe the relationship each had with the other. He designed the first actual model of an Airplane and also diagrammed the elements of vertical flight.

[7] Dee, Richard (2007). The Man who Discovered Flight: George Cayley and the First Airplane. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. ISBN 978-0771029714. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

[Yorkshire_Air_Museum-8] "Cayley glider".

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@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 | publisher   =
 | accessdate  = 2008-09-10
-| quote       = Sir George Cayley, born in 1773, is sometimes called the Father of Aviation. A pioneer in his field, Cayley literally has two great spurts of aeronautical creativity, separated by years during which he did little with the subject. He was the first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight - weight, lift, drag, and thrust and their relationship. He was also the first to build a successful human-carrying glider. Cayley described many of the concepts and elements of the modern airplane and was the first to understand and explain in engineering terms the concepts of lift and thrust.}}</ref> in 1799 he set forth concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.<ref>{{cite web
+| quote       = Sir George Cayley, born in 1773, is sometimes called the Father of Aviation. A pioneer in his field, Cayley literally has two great spurts of aeronautical creativity, separated by years during which he did little with the subject. He was the first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight - weight, lift, drag, and thrust and their relationship. He was also the first to build a successful human-carrying glider. Cayley described many of the concepts and elements of the modern airplane and was the first to understand and explain in engineering terms the concepts of lift and thrust.}}</ref> in 1799 he set forth concept of the modern Airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.<ref>{{cite web
 | title       = Aviation History
 | url         = http://www.aviation-history.com/early/cayley.htm
@@ Line 37: / Line 37: @@
 | publisher   = Britannica
 | accessdate  = 2009-07-26
-| quote       = English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as 1799.}}</ref> Often known as "the father of [[Aerodynamics]]", he was a pioneer of [[aeronautical engineering]]. Designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft, he discovered and identified the four aerodynamic forces of flight - [[weight]], [[Lift (force)|lift]], [[Drag (physics)|drag]], and [[thrust]] which are in effect on any flight vehicle. Modern airplane design is based on those discoveries including [[Camber (aerodynamics)|cambered wings]]. He is credited with the first major breakthrough in heavier-than-air flight and and worked over half a century before the development of [[first flying machine|powered flight]]. He designed the first actual model of an airplane and also diagrammed the elements of vertical flight.<ref>{{cite web
+| quote       = English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as 1799.}}</ref> Often known as "the father of [[Aerodynamics]]", he was a pioneer of [[aeronautical engineering]]. Designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft, he discovered and identified the four aerodynamic forces of flight - [[weight]], [[Lift (force)|lift]], [[Drag (physics)|drag]], and [[thrust]] which are in effect on any flight vehicle. Modern Airplane design is based on those discoveries including [[Camber (aerodynamics)|cambered wings]]. He is credited with the first major breakthrough in heavier-than-air flight and he worked over half a century before the development of [[first flying machine|powered flight]]. He designed the first actual model of an Airplane and also diagrammed the elements of vertical flight.<ref>{{cite web
 | title       = U.S Centennial of Flight Commission.
 | url         = http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Dictionary/Cayley/DI15.htm
 | publisher   =
 | accessdate  = 2008-09-10
-| quote       = He established the scientific principles for heavier-than-air flight and used glider models for his research. He was the first to identify the four forces of flight--thrust, lift, drag, and weight—and to describe the relationship each had with the other. He designed the first actual model of an airplane and also diagrammed the elements of vertical flight.}}</ref>  He served for the [[British Whig Party|Whig]] party as [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Scarborough (UK Parliament constituency)|Scarborough]] from 1832 to 1835, and helped found the 'Royal Polytechnic Institution' (now [[University of Westminster]]), serving as its chairman for many years. He was a founding member of the [[British Association for the Advancement of Science]] and was a distant cousin of the [[mathematics|mathematician]] [[Arthur Cayley]].
+| quote       = He established the scientific principles for heavier-than-air flight and used glider models for his research. He was the first to identify the four forces of flight--thrust, lift, drag, and weight—and to describe the relationship each had with the other. He designed the first actual model of an Airplane and also diagrammed the elements of vertical flight.}}</ref>  He served for the [[British Whig Party|Whig]] party as [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Scarborough (UK Parliament constituency)|Scarborough]] from 1832 to 1835, and helped found the 'Royal Polytechnic Institution' (now [[University of Westminster]]), serving as its chairman for many years. He was a founding member of the [[British Association for the Advancement of Science]] and was a distant cousin of the [[mathematics|mathematician]] [[Arthur Cayley]].
 [[Image:Cayley Glider Replica Flown By Derek Piggott 2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A replica of Cayley's glider being flown by Derek Piggott in 1985]]
 ==General engineering projects==