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m →Prominent members of I-M253: Robert the Bruce was confirmed to have belonged to haplogroup R-M269 by the University of Strathclyde
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| name = I1 (M253)
| name = I1 (M253)
| map =
| map =
| origin-date = 3,170–4,600<ref name="yfull.com">{{cite web|url=https://yfull.com/tree/I1/ |title=I1 YTree |publisher=Yfull.com |date=2022-04-06 |accessdate=2022-04-19}}</ref>–5,070 [[before present|BP]] (today's diversification)<ref name="yDNA Haplogroup I: Subclade I1">Pedro Soares, Alessandro Achilli, Ornella Semino, William Davies, Vincent Macaulay, Hans-Jürgen Bandelt, Antonio Torroni, and Martin B. Richards, The Archaeogenetics of Europe, ''Current Biology'', vol. 20 (February 23, 2010), R174–R183. [http://www.familytreedna.com/public/yDNA_I1/ yDNA Haplogroup I: Subclade I1], Family Tree DNA,</ref><ref name="nature.com">{{cite journal | vauthors = Batini C, Hallast P, Zadik D, Delser PM, Benazzo A, Ghirotto S, Arroyo-Pardo E, Cavalleri GL, de Knijff P, Dupuy BM, Eriksen HA, King TE, de Munain AL, López-Parra AM, Loutradis A, Milasin J, Novelletto A, Pamjav H, Sajantila A, Tolun A, Winney B, Jobling MA | display-authors = 6 | title = Large-scale recent expansion of European patrilineages shown by population resequencing | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 6 | page = 7152 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25988751 | pmc = 4441248 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms8152 | bibcode = 2015NatCo...6.7152B }}</ref> <small>(previously 11,000 BP<ref name="familytreedna.com">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rootsi S, Magri C, Kivisild T, Benuzzi G, Help H, Bermisheva M, Kutuev I, Barać L, Pericić M, Balanovsky O, Pshenichnov A, Dion D, Grobei M, Zhivotovsky LA, Battaglia V, Achilli A, Al-Zahery N, Parik J, King R, Cinnioğlu C, Khusnutdinova E, Rudan P, Balanovska E, Scheffrahn W, Simonescu M, Brehm A, Goncalves R, Rosa A, Moisan JP, Chaventre A, Ferak V, Füredi S, Oefner PJ, Shen P, Beckman L, Mikerezi I, Terzić R, Primorac D, Cambon-Thomsen A, Krumina A, Torroni A, Underhill PA, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Villems R, Semino O | display-authors = 6 | title = Phylogeography of Y-chromosome haplogroup I reveals distinct domains of prehistoric gene flow in europe | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 75 | issue = 1 | pages = 128–37 | date = July 2004 | pmid = 15162323 | pmc = 1181996 | doi = 10.1086/422196 | url = http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/DNA.RootsiHaplogroupISpread.pdf | access-date = 2008-03-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090624135411/http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/DNA.RootsiHaplogroupISpread.pdf | archive-date = 2009-06-24 }}</ref> to 33,000 BP<ref name=pau>{{cite book | vauthors = Underhill PA, Myres NM, Rootsi S, Chow CT, Lin AA, Otillar RP, King R, Zhivotovsky LA, Balanovsky O, Pshenichnov A, Ritchie KH | display-authors = 6 | chapter = New phylogenetic relationships for Y-chromosome haplogroup I: reappraising its phylogeography and prehistory. | veditors = Mellars P, Boyle K, Bar-Yosef O, Stringe C | title = Rethinking the Human Revolution. | location = Cambridge, UK | publisher = McDonald Institute Monographs | date = 2007 | pages = 33-42 | isbn = 978-1-902937-46-5 }}</ref>)</small>
| origin-date = 3,170–4,600<ref name="yfull.com">{{cite web|url=https://yfull.com/tree/I1/ |title=I1 YTree |publisher=Yfull.com |date=2022-04-06 |accessdate=2022-04-19}}</ref>–5,070 [[before present|BP]] (today's diversification)<ref name="yDNA Haplogroup I: Subclade I1">Pedro Soares, Alessandro Achilli, Ornella Semino, William Davies, Vincent Macaulay, Hans-Jürgen Bandelt, Antonio Torroni, and Martin B. Richards, The Archaeogenetics of Europe, ''Current Biology'', vol. 20 (February 23, 2010), R174–R183. [http://www.familytreedna.com/public/yDNA_I1/ yDNA Haplogroup I: Subclade I1], Family Tree DNA,</ref><ref name="nature.com">{{cite journal | vauthors = Batini C, Hallast P, Zadik D, Delser PM, Benazzo A, Ghirotto S, Arroyo-Pardo E, Cavalleri GL, de Knijff P, Dupuy BM, Eriksen HA, King TE, de Munain AL, López-Parra AM, Loutradis A, Milasin J, Novelletto A, Pamjav H, Sajantila A, Tolun A, Winney B, Jobling MA | display-authors = 6 | title = Large-scale recent expansion of European patrilineages shown by population resequencing | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 6 | page = 7152 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25988751 | pmc = 4441248 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms8152 | bibcode = 2015NatCo...6.7152B }}</ref> <small>(previously 11,000 BP<ref name="familytreedna.com">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rootsi S, Magri C, Kivisild T, Benuzzi G, Help H, Bermisheva M, Kutuev I, Barać L, Pericić M, Balanovsky O, Pshenichnov A, Dion D, Grobei M, Zhivotovsky LA, Battaglia V, Achilli A, Al-Zahery N, Parik J, King R, Cinnioğlu C, Khusnutdinova E, Rudan P, Balanovska E, Scheffrahn W, Simonescu M, Brehm A, Goncalves R, Rosa A, Moisan JP, Chaventre A, Ferak V, Füredi S, Oefner PJ, Shen P, Beckman L, Mikerezi I, Terzić R, Primorac D, Cambon-Thomsen A, Krumina A, Torroni A, Underhill PA, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Villems R, Semino O | display-authors = 6 | title = Phylogeography of Y-chromosome haplogroup I reveals distinct domains of prehistoric gene flow in europe | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 75 | issue = 1 | pages = 128–37 | date = July 2004 | pmid = 15162323 | pmc = 1181996 | doi = 10.1086/422196 | url = http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/DNA.RootsiHaplogroupISpread.pdf | access-date = 2008-03-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090624135411/http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/DNA.RootsiHaplogroupISpread.pdf | archive-date = 2009-06-24 }}</ref> to 33,000 BP<ref name=pau>{{cite book | vauthors = Underhill PA, Myres NM, Rootsi S, Chow CT, Lin AA, Otillar RP, King R, Zhivotovsky LA, Balanovsky O, Pshenichnov A, Ritchie KH | display-authors = 6 | chapter = New phylogenetic relationships for Y-chromosome haplogroup I: reappraising its phylogeography and prehistory. | veditors = Mellars P, Boyle K, Bar-Yosef O, Stringe C | title = Rethinking the Human Revolution. | location = Cambridge, UK | publisher = McDonald Institute Monographs | date = 2007 | pages = 33–42 | isbn = 978-1-902937-46-5 }}</ref>)</small>
27,500 (diversification with I2-FGC77992)<ref name="yfull.com">{{cite web|url=https://yfull.com/tree/I1/ |title=I1 YTree |publisher=Yfull.com |date=2022-04-06 |accessdate=2022-04-19}}</ref>
27,500 (diversification with I2-FGC77992)<ref name="yfull.com"/>
|origin-place = [[Northern Europe]]<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00429.x | title=Migration Waves to the Baltic Sea Region | year=2008 | last1=Lappalainen | first1=T. | last2=Laitinen | first2=V. | last3=Salmela | first3=E. | last4=Andersen | first4=P. | last5=Huoponen | first5=K. | last6=Savontaus | first6=M.-L. | last7=Lahermo | first7=P. | journal=Annals of Human Genetics | volume=72 | issue=3 | pages=337–348 | pmid=18294359 | s2cid=32079904 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
|origin-place = [[Northern Europe]]
| ancestor = [[Haplogroup I-M170 (Y-DNA)|I*]] (M170)
| ancestor = [[Haplogroup I-M170 (Y-DNA)|I*]] (M170)
| descendants = I1a (DF29/S438);<br /> I1b (S249/Z131);<br /> I1c (Y18119/Z17925)
| descendants = I1a (DF29/S438);<br /> I1b (S249/Z131);<br /> I1c (Y18119/Z17925)
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'''Haplogroup I-M253''', also known as '''I1''', is a [[Y chromosome]] [[haplogroup]]. The genetic markers confirmed as identifying I-M253 are the [[Single nucleotide polymorphism|SNPs]] M253,M307.2/P203.2, M450/S109, P30, P40, L64, L75, L80, L81, L118, L121/S62, L123, L124/S64, L125/S65, L157.1, L186, and L187.<ref name="ISOGG2017"/> It is a primary branch of [[Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup I-M170]] (I*).
'''Haplogroup I-M253''', also known as '''I1''', is a [[Y chromosome]] [[haplogroup]]. The genetic markers confirmed as identifying I-M253 are the [[Single nucleotide polymorphism|SNPs]] M253,M307.2/P203.2, M450/S109, P30, P40, L64, L75, L80, L81, L118, L121/S62, L123, L124/S64, L125/S65, L157.1, L186, and L187.<ref name="ISOGG2017"/> It is a primary branch of [[Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup I-M170]] (I*).


Haplogroup I1 is believed to have been present among [[Gravettian|Upper Paleolithic European hunter-gatherers]] as a minor lineage but due to its near-total absence in pre-[[Neolithic]] DNA samples it cannot have been very widespread. Neolithic I1 samples are very sparse as well, suggesting a rapid dispersion connected to a founder effect in the [[Nordic Bronze Age]]. Today it reaches its peak frequencies in [[Sweden]] (52 percent of males in [[Västra Götaland County]]) and western [[Finland]] (more than 50 percent in [[Satakunta]] province).<ref name="Lappalainen08">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lappalainen T, Laitinen V, Salmela E, Andersen P, Huoponen K, Savontaus ML, Lahermo P | title = Migration waves to the Baltic Sea region | journal = Annals of Human Genetics | volume = 72 | issue = Pt 3 | pages = 337–348 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18294359 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00429.x | s2cid = 32079904 }}</ref> In terms of national averages, I-M253 is found in 38-39% of [[Swedish people|Swedish]] males,<ref name="Lappalainen09">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lappalainen T, Hannelius U, Salmela E, von Döbeln U, Lindgren CM, Huoponen K, Savontaus ML, Kere J, Lahermo P | display-authors = 6 | title = Population structure in contemporary Sweden--a Y-chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA analysis | journal = Annals of Human Genetics | volume = 73 | issue = 1 | pages = 61–73 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19040656 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00487.x | s2cid = 205598345 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Sweden?iframe=ymap|title = FamilyTreeDNA – Sweden DNA PROJECT – Sverigeprojektet}}</ref><ref name="Lappalainen08"/> 37% of [[Norwegians|Norwegian]] males,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dupuy BM, Stenersen M, Lu TT, Olaisen B | title = Geographical heterogeneity of Y-chromosomal lineages in Norway | journal = Forensic Science International | volume = 164 | issue = 1 | pages = 10–19 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 16337760 | doi = 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.11.009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FamilyTreeDNA – The Norway DNA Project – Norgesprosjektet|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Norway?iframe=ymap|access-date=2020-11-26|website=www.familytreedna.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Y-DNA Haplogrupper|url=https://www.norwaydna.no/y-dna/y-haplogrupper/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Norway DNA Norgesprosjektet|language=en-US}}</ref> 34.8% of [[Danish people|Danish]] males,<ref name="Underhill"/><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Sanchez JJ |date=2004|title=Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in Danes, Greenlanders and Somalis|url=https://www.isfg.org/files/ea84de9e210d90fc6b60188b862dcc26772e235c.03016352_452495329979.pdf|journal=International Congress Series|volume=1261|pages=347–49|doi=10.1016/S0531-5131(03)01635-2|via=isfg.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FamilyTreeDNA – Denmark DNA Project|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Denmark?iframe=ycolorized|access-date=2020-12-10|website=www.familytreedna.com}}</ref> 34.5% of [[Icelanders|Icelandic]] males,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Helgason A, Sigureth ardóttir S, Nicholson J, Sykes B, Hill EW, Bradley DG, Bosnes V, Gulcher JR, Ward R, Stefánsson K | display-authors = 6 | title = Estimating Scandinavian and Gaelic ancestry in the male settlers of Iceland | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 67 | issue = 3 | pages = 697–717 | date = September 2000 | pmid = 10931763 | pmc = 1287529 | doi = 10.1086/303046 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=April 2021|title=The Greater Nordic Regional Y-DNA Project|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/scandinavianydna/about|website=familytreedna}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ebenesersdóttir SS, Sandoval-Velasco M, Gunnarsdóttir ED, Jagadeesan A, Guðmundsdóttir VB, Thordardóttir EL, Einarsdóttir MS, Moore KH, Sigurðsson Á, Magnúsdóttir DN, Jónsson H, Snorradóttir S, Hovig E, Møller P, Kockum I, Olsson T, Alfredsson L, Hansen TF, Werge T, Cavalleri GL, Gilbert E, Lalueza-Fox C, Walser JW, Kristjánsdóttir S, Gopalakrishnan S, Árnadóttir L, Magnússon ÓÞ, Gilbert MT, Stefánsson K, Helgason A | display-authors = 6 | title = Ancient genomes from Iceland reveal the making of a human population | journal = Science | volume = 360 | issue = 6392 | pages = 1028–1032 | date = June 2018 | pmid = 29853688 | doi = 10.1126/science.aar2625 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2018Sci...360.1028E }}</ref> and about 28% of [[Finnish people|Finnish]] males.<ref name="pmid16644145">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lappalainen T, Koivumäki S, Salmela E, Huoponen K, Sistonen P, Savontaus ML, Lahermo P | title = Regional differences among the Finns: a Y-chromosomal perspective | journal = Gene | volume = 376 | issue = 2 | pages = 207–15 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16644145 | doi = 10.1016/j.gene.2006.03.004 }}</ref> [[Bryan Sykes]], in his 2006 book ''Blood of the Isles'', gives the members – and the notional founding patriarch of I1 the name "[[Wodan]]".<ref>{{cite web|date=2013-02-22|title=Blood of the Isles: exploring the genetic roots of our tribal history|url=https://www.historyireland.com/pre-history-archaeology/blood-of-the-isles-exploring-the-genetic-roots-of-our-tribal-history/|access-date=2020-12-10|website=History Ireland}}</ref>
Haplogroup I1 is believed to have been present among [[Gravettian|Upper Paleolithic European hunter-gatherers]] as a minor lineage but due to its near-total absence in pre-[[Neolithic]] DNA samples it cannot have been very widespread. Neolithic I1 samples are very sparse as well, suggesting a rapid dispersion connected to a [[founder effect]] in the [[Nordic Bronze Age]]. Today it reaches its peak frequencies in [[Sweden]] (52 percent of males in [[Västra Götaland County]]) and western [[Finland]] (more than 50 percent in [[Satakunta]] province).<ref name="Lappalainen08">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lappalainen T, Laitinen V, Salmela E, Andersen P, Huoponen K, Savontaus ML, Lahermo P | title = Migration waves to the Baltic Sea region | journal = Annals of Human Genetics | volume = 72 | issue = Pt 3 | pages = 337–348 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18294359 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00429.x | s2cid = 32079904 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In terms of national averages, I-M253 is found in 38-39% of [[Swedish people|Swedish]] males,<ref name="Lappalainen09">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lappalainen T, Hannelius U, Salmela E, von Döbeln U, Lindgren CM, Huoponen K, Savontaus ML, Kere J, Lahermo P | display-authors = 6 | title = Population structure in contemporary Sweden—a Y-chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA analysis | journal = Annals of Human Genetics | volume = 73 | issue = 1 | pages = 61–73 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19040656 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00487.x | s2cid = 205598345 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Sweden?iframe=ymap|title = FamilyTreeDNA – Sweden DNA PROJECT – Sverigeprojektet}}</ref><ref name="Lappalainen08"/> 37% of [[Norwegians|Norwegian]] males,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dupuy BM, Stenersen M, Lu TT, Olaisen B | title = Geographical heterogeneity of Y-chromosomal lineages in Norway | journal = Forensic Science International | volume = 164 | issue = 1 | pages = 10–19 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 16337760 | doi = 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.11.009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FamilyTreeDNA – The Norway DNA Project – Norgesprosjektet|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Norway?iframe=ymap|access-date=2020-11-26|website=familytreedna.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Y-DNA Haplogrupper|url=https://www.norwaydna.no/y-dna/y-haplogrupper/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Norway DNA Norgesprosjektet}}</ref> 34.8% of [[Danish people|Danish]] males,<ref name="Underhill"/><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Sanchez JJ |date=2004|title=Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in Danes, Greenlanders and Somalis|url=https://www.isfg.org/files/ea84de9e210d90fc6b60188b862dcc26772e235c.03016352_452495329979.pdf|journal=International Congress Series|volume=1261|pages=347–49|doi=10.1016/S0531-5131(03)01635-2|via=isfg.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FamilyTreeDNA – Denmark DNA Project|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Denmark?iframe=ycolorized|access-date=2020-12-10|website=familytreedna.com}}</ref> 34.5% of [[Icelanders|Icelandic]] males,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Helgason A, Sigureth ardóttir S, Nicholson J, Sykes B, Hill EW, Bradley DG, Bosnes V, Gulcher JR, Ward R, Stefánsson K | display-authors = 6 | title = Estimating Scandinavian and Gaelic ancestry in the male settlers of Iceland | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 67 | issue = 3 | pages = 697–717 | date = September 2000 | pmid = 10931763 | pmc = 1287529 | doi = 10.1086/303046 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=April 2021|title=The Greater Nordic Regional Y-DNA Project|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/scandinavianydna/about|website=familytreedna}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ebenesersdóttir SS, Sandoval-Velasco M, Gunnarsdóttir ED, Jagadeesan A, Guðmundsdóttir VB, Thordardóttir EL, Einarsdóttir MS, Moore KH, Sigurðsson Á, Magnúsdóttir DN, Jónsson H, Snorradóttir S, Hovig E, Møller P, Kockum I, Olsson T, Alfredsson L, Hansen TF, Werge T, Cavalleri GL, Gilbert E, Lalueza-Fox C, Walser JW, Kristjánsdóttir S, Gopalakrishnan S, Árnadóttir L, Magnússon ÓÞ, Gilbert MT, Stefánsson K, Helgason A | display-authors = 6 | title = Ancient genomes from Iceland reveal the making of a human population | journal = Science | volume = 360 | issue = 6392 | pages = 1028–1032 | date = June 2018 | pmid = 29853688 | doi = 10.1126/science.aar2625 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2018Sci...360.1028E | hdl = 10852/71890 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> and about 28% of [[Finnish people|Finnish]] males.<ref name="pmid16644145">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lappalainen T, Koivumäki S, Salmela E, Huoponen K, Sistonen P, Savontaus ML, Lahermo P | title = Regional differences among the Finns: a Y-chromosomal perspective | journal = Gene | volume = 376 | issue = 2 | pages = 207–15 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16644145 | doi = 10.1016/j.gene.2006.03.004 }}</ref> [[Bryan Sykes]], in his 2006 book ''Blood of the Isles'', gives the members – and the notional founding patriarch of I1 the name "[[Wodan]]".<ref>{{cite web|date=2013-02-22|title=Blood of the Isles: exploring the genetic roots of our tribal history|url=https://www.historyireland.com/pre-history-archaeology/blood-of-the-isles-exploring-the-genetic-roots-of-our-tribal-history/|access-date=2020-12-10|website=History Ireland}}</ref>


All known living members descend from a common ancestor 6 times younger than the common ancestor with I2.<ref name="yfull.com">{{cite web|url=https://yfull.com/tree/I1/ |title=I1 YTree |publisher=Yfull.com |date=2022-04-06 |accessdate=2022-04-19}}</ref>
All known living members descend from a common ancestor 6 times younger than the common ancestor with I2.<ref name="yfull.com"/>


Before a reclassification in 2008,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF | title = New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree | journal = Genome Research | volume = 18 | issue = 5 | pages = 830–38 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18385274 | pmc = 2336805 | doi = 10.1101/gr.7172008 }}</ref> the group was known as ''I1a'', a name that has since been reassigned to a primary branch, haplogroup I-DF29. The other primary branches of I1 (M253) are I1b (S249/Z131) and I1c (Y18119/Z17925).
Before a reclassification in 2008,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF | title = New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree | journal = Genome Research | volume = 18 | issue = 5 | pages = 830–38 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18385274 | pmc = 2336805 | doi = 10.1101/gr.7172008 }}</ref> the group was known as ''I1a'', a name that has since been reassigned to a primary branch, haplogroup I-DF29. The other primary branches of I1 (M253) are I1b (S249/Z131) and I1c (Y18119/Z17925).


More than 99% of living men with I1 belong to the DF29 branch which is estimated to have emerged in 2400 BCE. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Batini C, Hallast P, Zadik D, Delser PM, Benazzo A, Ghirotto S, Arroyo-Pardo E, Cavalleri GL, de Knijff P, Dupuy BM, Eriksen HA, King TE, de Munain AL, López-Parra AM, Loutradis A, Milasin J, Novelletto A, Pamjav H, Sajantila A, Tolun A, Winney B, Jobling MA | display-authors = 6 | title = Large-scale recent expansion of European patrilineages shown by population resequencing | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 7152 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25988751 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms8152 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to FamilyTreeDNA Discover (Beta) |url=https://discover.familytreedna.com/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=FamilyTreeDNA Discover (Beta) |language=en}}</ref> All DF29 men share a common ancestor born between 2500 and 2400 BCE. <ref>{{Cite web |title=I-DF29 YTree |url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/I-DF29/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=www.yfull.com}}</ref> The oldest ancient individual with I1-DF29 found is Oll009, a man from early [[Nordic Bronze Age|Bronze Age Sweden]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Malmström H, Günther T, Svensson EM, Juras A, Fraser M, Munters AR, Pospieszny Ł, Tõrv M, Lindström J, Götherström A, Storå J, Jakobsson M | display-authors = 6 | title = The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 286 | issue = 1912 | pages = 20191528 | date = October 2019 | pmid = 31594508 | pmc = 6790770 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2019.1528 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=I-Y11204 YTree |url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/I-Y11204*/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=www.yfull.com}}</ref>
More than 99% of living men with I1 belong to the DF29 branch which is estimated to have emerged in 2400 BCE.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Batini C, Hallast P, Zadik D, Delser PM, Benazzo A, Ghirotto S, Arroyo-Pardo E, Cavalleri GL, de Knijff P, Dupuy BM, Eriksen HA, King TE, de Munain AL, López-Parra AM, Loutradis A, Milasin J, Novelletto A, Pamjav H, Sajantila A, Tolun A, Winney B, Jobling MA | display-authors = 6 | title = Large-scale recent expansion of European patrilineages shown by population resequencing | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 7152 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25988751 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms8152 | pmc = 4441248 | bibcode = 2015NatCo...6.7152B }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Welcome to FamilyTreeDNA Discover (Beta) |url=https://discover.familytreedna.com/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=FamilyTreeDNA Discover (Beta)}}</ref> All DF29 men share a common ancestor born between 2500 and 2400 BCE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I-DF29 YTree |url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/I-DF29/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=yfull.com}}</ref> The oldest ancient individual with I1-DF29 found is Oll009, a man from early [[Nordic Bronze Age|Bronze Age Sweden]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Malmström H, Günther T, Svensson EM, Juras A, Fraser M, Munters AR, Pospieszny Ł, Tõrv M, Lindström J, Götherström A, Storå J, Jakobsson M | display-authors = 6 | title = The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 286 | issue = 1912 | pages = 20191528 | date = October 2019 | pmid = 31594508 | pmc = 6790770 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2019.1528 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=I-Y11204 YTree |url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/I-Y11204*/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=yfull.com}}</ref>


==Origins==
==Origins==

[[File:Nordic Bronze Age.png|thumb|Map of the early Nordic Bronze Age, where I1 first became prominent. The Nordic Bronze Age is often considered ancestral to the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] peoples. ]]
[[File:Nordic Bronze Age.png|thumb|Map of the early Nordic Bronze Age, where I1 first became prominent. The Nordic Bronze Age is often considered ancestral to the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] peoples. ]]
While haplogroup I1 most likely diverged from I* as early as 27,000 years ago in the [[Gravettian]], so far DNA studies have only been able to locate it in three [[Paleolithic]] and [[Mesolithic]] hunter-gatherers. As of November 2022, only 6 ancient DNA samples from human remains dating to earlier than the Nordic Bronze Age have been assigned to haplogroup I1:
While haplogroup I1 most likely diverged from I* as early as 27,000 years ago in the [[Gravettian]], so far DNA studies have only been able to locate it in three [[Paleolithic]] and [[Mesolithic]] hunter-gatherers. As of November 2022, only 6 ancient DNA samples from human remains dating to earlier than the Nordic Bronze Age have been assigned to haplogroup I1:


* A hunter-gatherer from the [[Azilian]] in Spain in 11,466 BCE classified as having a now extinct branch of I-Z2699.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to FamilyTreeDNA Discover (Beta) |url=https://discover.familytreedna.com/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=FamilyTreeDNA Discover (Beta) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://haplotree.info/maps/ancient_dna/map.php?searchcolumn=Y_Haplotree_Variant&searchfor=I-Z2699*&ybp=500000,0 | title=Haplotree.info - ancientdna.info. Map based on All Ancient DNA v. 2.07.26. }}</ref>
* A hunter-gatherer from the [[Azilian]] in Spain in 11,466 BCE classified as having a now extinct branch of I-Z2699.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://haplotree.info/maps/ancient_dna/map.php?searchcolumn=Y_Haplotree_Variant&searchfor=I-Z2699*&ybp=500000,0 | title=Haplotree.info – ancientdna.info. Map based on All Ancient DNA v. 2.07.26. }}</ref>
* Burial SF11 Date: 7500 BP - The first is a DNA sample from a [[Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer|Scandinavian hunter-gatherer]] with the label SF11 found on [[Stora Karlsö]] on [[Gotland]]. SF11 was found to have carried 9 of the 312 SNPs that define haplogroup I1. SF11 was classified as I1-Z2699*.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Gunther T |date=2017|title=Genomics of Mesolithic Scandinavia reveal colonization routes and high-latitude adaptation|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/suppl/2017/07/30/164400.DC2/164400-1.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=23|page=6|via=Biorxiv}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=SF11 – Stora Förvar, Stora Karlsö I-Z2699*|title=Haplotree.info sample: SF11|url=https://haplotree.info/maps/ancient_dna/index.php?searchcolumn=Object_ID&searchfor=SF11&ybp=500000,0|website=haplotree.info}}</ref><ref name="Genomic diversity and admixture dif">{{cite journal | vauthors = Skoglund P, Malmström H, Omrak A, Raghavan M, Valdiosera C, Günther T, Hall P, Tambets K, Parik J, Sjögren KG, Apel J, Willerslev E, Storå J, Götherström A, Jakobsson M | display-authors = 6 | title = Genomic diversity and admixture differs for Stone-Age Scandinavian foragers and farmers | journal = Science | volume = 344 | issue = 6185 | pages = 747–50 | date = May 2014 | pmid = 24762536 | doi = 10.1126/science.1253448 | s2cid = 206556994 | bibcode = 2014Sci...344..747S }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=April 2021|title=familytreedna.com I-Z2699 tree|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/public/y-dna-haplotree/I;name=I-Z2699|website=familytreedna}}</ref> SF11 was not assigned to a specific archaeological culture due to the skeleton being found in the Stora Förvar cave on Stora Karlsö.
* Burial SF11 Date: 7500 BP – The first is a DNA sample from a [[Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer|Scandinavian hunter-gatherer]] with the label SF11 found on [[Stora Karlsö]] on [[Gotland]]. SF11 was found to have carried 9 of the 312 SNPs that define haplogroup I1. SF11 was classified as I1-Z2699*.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Gunther T |date=2017|title=Genomics of Mesolithic Scandinavia reveal colonization routes and high-latitude adaptation|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/suppl/2017/07/30/164400.DC2/164400-1.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=23|page=6|via=Biorxiv}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=SF11 – Stora Förvar, Stora Karlsö I-Z2699*|title=Haplotree.info sample: SF11|url=https://haplotree.info/maps/ancient_dna/index.php?searchcolumn=Object_ID&searchfor=SF11&ybp=500000,0|website=haplotree.info}}</ref><ref name="Genomic diversity and admixture dif">{{cite journal | vauthors = Skoglund P, Malmström H, Omrak A, Raghavan M, Valdiosera C, Günther T, Hall P, Tambets K, Parik J, Sjögren KG, Apel J, Willerslev E, Storå J, Götherström A, Jakobsson M | display-authors = 6 | title = Genomic diversity and admixture differs for Stone-Age Scandinavian foragers and farmers | journal = Science | volume = 344 | issue = 6185 | pages = 747–50 | date = May 2014 | pmid = 24762536 | doi = 10.1126/science.1253448 | s2cid = 206556994 | bibcode = 2014Sci...344..747S | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=April 2021|title=familytreedna.com I-Z2699 tree|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/public/y-dna-haplotree/I;name=I-Z2699|website=familytreedna}}</ref> SF11 was not assigned to a specific archaeological culture due to the skeleton being found in the Stora Förvar cave on Stora Karlsö.
* Burial BAB5 Date: 7300-5900 BP - The second is an individual sample from Balatonszemes-Bagodomb labelled BAB5, from Neolithic [[Hungary]].<ref name="pmid25808890">{{cite journal | vauthors = Szécsényi-Nagy A, Brandt G, Haak W, Keerl V, Jakucs J, Möller-Rieker S, Köhler K, Mende BG, Oross K, Marton T, Osztás A, Kiss V, Fecher M, Pálfi G, Molnár E, Sebők K, Czene A, Paluch T, Šlaus M, Novak M, Pećina-Šlaus N, Ősz B, Voicsek V, Somogyi K, Tóth G, Kromer B, Bánffy E, Alt KW | display-authors = 6 | title = Tracing the genetic origin of Europe's first farmers reveals insights into their social organization | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 282 | issue = 1805 | pages = | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25808890 | pmc = 4389623 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2015.0339 }}</ref> BAB5 was found to have carried 1 of the 312 SNPs that define haplogroup I1. BAB5 may also be classified as I1-Z2699*.<ref>{{cite web|title=BAB5 I-Z2699*| url=https://haplotree.info/maps/ancient_dna/index.php?searchcolumn=Object_ID&searchfor=BAB5&ybp=500000,0|website=haplotree.info}}</ref> BAB5 had a genetic affinity to other contemporary [[Early European Farmers|Neolithic farmers]] of [[Central Europe]].
* Burial BAB5 Date: 7300-5900 BP – The second is an individual sample from Balatonszemes-Bagodomb labelled BAB5, from Neolithic [[Hungary]].<ref name="pmid25808890">{{cite journal | vauthors = Szécsényi-Nagy A, Brandt G, Haak W, Keerl V, Jakucs J, Möller-Rieker S, Köhler K, Mende BG, Oross K, Marton T, Osztás A, Kiss V, Fecher M, Pálfi G, Molnár E, Sebők K, Czene A, Paluch T, Šlaus M, Novak M, Pećina-Šlaus N, Ősz B, Voicsek V, Somogyi K, Tóth G, Kromer B, Bánffy E, Alt KW | display-authors = 6 | title = Tracing the genetic origin of Europe's first farmers reveals insights into their social organization | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 282 | issue = 1805 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25808890 | pmc = 4389623 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2015.0339 }}</ref> BAB5 was found to have carried 1 of the 312 SNPs that define haplogroup I1. BAB5 may also be classified as I1-Z2699*.<ref>{{cite web|title=BAB5 I-Z2699*| url=https://haplotree.info/maps/ancient_dna/index.php?searchcolumn=Object_ID&searchfor=BAB5&ybp=500000,0|website=haplotree.info}}</ref> BAB5 had a genetic affinity to other contemporary [[Early European Farmers|Neolithic farmers]] of [[Central Europe]].
* Burial RISE179 Date: 4010-3776 BP - Additionally, the third ancient I1 sample is from an individual found in a [[kurgan]] burial dating to the late Neolithic Dagger Period in [[Scandinavia]] labelled RISE179.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The grave is located close to Abbekås on the south coast of Skåne <ref name="SkĂĽne">{{cite web|author=SkĂĽne |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania |title=Scania - Wikipedia |publisher=En.wikipedia.org |date= |accessdate=2022-04-19}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=April 2022}} RISE179 had a genetic affinity to the populations of the [[Corded Ware culture]] and the [[Unetice culture]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | vauthors = Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjögren KG, Rasmussen S, Rasmussen M, Stenderup J, Damgaard PB, Schroeder H, Ahlström T, Vinner L, Malaspinas AS, Margaryan A, Higham T, Chivall D, Lynnerup N, Harvig L, Baron J, Della Casa P, Dąbrowski P, Duffy PR, Ebel AV, Epimakhov A, Frei K, Furmanek M, Gralak T, Gromov A, Gronkiewicz S, Grupe G, Hajdu T, Jarysz R, Khartanovich V, Khokhlov A, Kiss V, Kolář J, Kriiska A, Lasak I, Longhi C, McGlynn G, Merkevicius A, Merkyte I, Metspalu M, Mkrtchyan R, Moiseyev V, Paja L, Pálfi G, Pokutta D, Pospieszny Ł, Price TD, Saag L, Sablin M, Shishlina N, Smrčka V, Soenov VI, Szeverényi V, Tóth G, Trifanova SV, Varul L, Vicze M, Yepiskoposyan L, Zhitenev V, Orlando L, Sicheritz-Pontén T, Brunak S, Nielsen R, Kristiansen K, Willerslev E | display-authors = 6 | title = Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia | journal = Nature | volume = 522 | issue = 7555 | pages = 167–72 | date = June 2015 | pmid = 26062507 | doi = 10.1038/nature14507 | s2cid = 4399103 | bibcode = 2015Natur.522..167A | url = https://depot.ceon.pl/handle/123456789/13155 }}</ref>
* Burial RISE179 Date: 4010-3776 BP – Additionally, the third ancient I1 sample is from an individual found in a [[kurgan]] burial dating to the late Neolithic Dagger Period in [[Scandinavia]] labelled RISE179.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The grave is located close to Abbekås on the south coast of Skåne RISE179 had a genetic affinity to the populations of the [[Corded Ware culture]] and the [[Unetice culture]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | vauthors = Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjögren KG, Rasmussen S, Rasmussen M, Stenderup J, Damgaard PB, Schroeder H, Ahlström T, Vinner L, Malaspinas AS, Margaryan A, Higham T, Chivall D, Lynnerup N, Harvig L, Baron J, Della Casa P, Dąbrowski P, Duffy PR, Ebel AV, Epimakhov A, Frei K, Furmanek M, Gralak T, Gromov A, Gronkiewicz S, Grupe G, Hajdu T, Jarysz R, Khartanovich V, Khokhlov A, Kiss V, Kolář J, Kriiska A, Lasak I, Longhi C, McGlynn G, Merkevicius A, Merkyte I, Metspalu M, Mkrtchyan R, Moiseyev V, Paja L, Pálfi G, Pokutta D, Pospieszny Ł, Price TD, Saag L, Sablin M, Shishlina N, Smrčka V, Soenov VI, Szeverényi V, Tóth G, Trifanova SV, Varul L, Vicze M, Yepiskoposyan L, Zhitenev V, Orlando L, Sicheritz-Pontén T, Brunak S, Nielsen R, Kristiansen K, Willerslev E | display-authors = 6 | title = Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia | journal = Nature | volume = 522 | issue = 7555 | pages = 167–72 | date = June 2015 | pmid = 26062507 | doi = 10.1038/nature14507 | s2cid = 4399103 | bibcode = 2015Natur.522..167A | url = https://depot.ceon.pl/handle/123456789/13155 }}</ref>
* Burial oll009 Date: 3930-3750 BP - The fourth ancient I1 sample predating the Nordic Bronze Age (1700–500 BCE) is labelled oll009 and was sequenced in the study titled "The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon".<ref>{{cite web|title=YFull {{!}} The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon|url=https://www.yfull.com/samples-from-paper/388/|access-date=2021-01-24|website=www.yfull.com}}</ref> Oll009 is dated to the Scandinavian late Neolithic and was found in a burial in Sweden close to Öllsjö on the east coast of Skåne.<ref name="SkĂĽne"/>{{Circular reference|date=April 2022}} Similar to RISE179, he carried a high percentage of [[Western Steppe Herders|Western Steppe-Herder]] ancestry and had a genetic affinity to the population of the [[Battle Axe culture]] and other populations of the Corded Ware horizon.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Malmstrom H |date=July 2019|title=The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon|url=http://jakobssonlab.iob.uu.se/pdfs_Jakobssonlab/Malmstroem_etal_PROCEEB_2019.pdf|journal=Uppsala Genomics|volume=1|page=3|via=jakobssonlab.iob.uu.se/}}</ref> oll009 has Y11204 but does not seem to have Y164553 or Y11205.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/I-Y11204*/ | title=I-Y11204 YTree }}</ref>
* Burial oll009 Date: 3930-3750 BP - The fourth ancient I1 sample predating the Nordic Bronze Age (1700–500 BCE) is labelled oll009 and was sequenced in the study titled "The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon".<ref>{{cite web|title=YFull {{!}} The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon|url=https://www.yfull.com/samples-from-paper/388/|access-date=2021-01-24|website=yfull.com}}</ref> Oll009 is dated to the Scandinavian late Neolithic and was found in a burial in Sweden close to Öllsjö on the east coast of Skåne. Similar to RISE179, he carried a high percentage of [[Western Steppe Herders|Western Steppe-Herder]] ancestry and had a genetic affinity to the population of the [[Battle Axe culture]] and other populations of the Corded Ware horizon.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Malmstrom H |date=July 2019|title=The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon|url=http://jakobssonlab.iob.uu.se/pdfs_Jakobssonlab/Malmstroem_etal_PROCEEB_2019.pdf|journal=Uppsala Genomics|volume=1|page=3|via=jakobssonlab.iob.uu.se/}}</ref> oll009 has Y11204 but does not seem to have Y164553 or Y11205.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/I-Y11204*/ | title=I-Y11204 YTree }}</ref>


Despite the high frequency of haplogroup I1 in present-day Scandinavians, I1 is completely absent among early agriculturalist DNA samples from Neolithic Scandinavia<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sánchez-Quinto F, Malmström H, Fraser M, Girdland-Flink L, Svensson EM, Simões LG, George R, Hollfelder N, Burenhult G, Noble G, Britton K, Talamo S, Curtis N, Brzobohata H, Sumberova R, Götherström A, Storå J, Jakobsson M | display-authors = 6 | title = Megalithic tombs in western and northern Neolithic Europe were linked to a kindred society | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 116 | issue = 19 | pages = 9469–74 | date = May 2019 | pmid = 30988179 | pmc = 6511028 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1818037116 | bibcode = 2019PNAS..116.9469S | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Malmström H, Linderholm A, Skoglund P, Storå J, Sjödin P, Gilbert MT, Holmlund G, Willerslev E, Jakobsson M, Lidén K, Götherström A | display-authors = 6 | title = Ancient mitochondrial DNA from the northern fringe of the Neolithic farming expansion in Europe sheds light on the dispersion process | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 370 | issue = 1660 | page = 20130373 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 25487325 | pmc = 4275881 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2013.0373 }}</ref><ref name="Genomic diversity and admixture dif"/> (which also is the case with other haplogroups across Europe). Except for a single DNA sample (SF11), it is also absent from Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in Scandinavia. I1 first starts to appear in Scandinavia in notable frequency during the late Neolithic in conjunction with the entrance of groups carrying [[Western Steppe Herders|Western Steppe Herder]] ancestry into Scandinavia, but does not increase significantly in frequency until the beginning of the Nordic Bronze Age.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Karlsson AO, Wallerström T, Götherström A, Holmlund G | title = Y-chromosome diversity in Sweden - a long-time perspective | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 14 | issue = 8 | pages = 963–70 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16724001 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201651 | s2cid = 23227271 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Malmström H, Günther T, Svensson EM, Juras A, Fraser M, Munters AR, Pospieszny Ł, Tõrv M, Lindström J, Götherström A, Storå J, Jakobsson M | display-authors = 6 | title = The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 286 | issue = 1912 | page = 20191528 | date = October 2019 | pmid = 31594508 | pmc = 6790770 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2019.1528 }}</ref>
Despite the high frequency of haplogroup I1 in present-day Scandinavians, I1 is completely absent among early agriculturalist DNA samples from Neolithic Scandinavia<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sánchez-Quinto F, Malmström H, Fraser M, Girdland-Flink L, Svensson EM, Simões LG, George R, Hollfelder N, Burenhult G, Noble G, Britton K, Talamo S, Curtis N, Brzobohata H, Sumberova R, Götherström A, Storå J, Jakobsson M | display-authors = 6 | title = Megalithic tombs in western and northern Neolithic Europe were linked to a kindred society | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 116 | issue = 19 | pages = 9469–74 | date = May 2019 | pmid = 30988179 | pmc = 6511028 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1818037116 | bibcode = 2019PNAS..116.9469S | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Malmström H, Linderholm A, Skoglund P, Storå J, Sjödin P, Gilbert MT, Holmlund G, Willerslev E, Jakobsson M, Lidén K, Götherström A | display-authors = 6 | title = Ancient mitochondrial DNA from the northern fringe of the Neolithic farming expansion in Europe sheds light on the dispersion process | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 370 | issue = 1660 | page = 20130373 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 25487325 | pmc = 4275881 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2013.0373 }}</ref><ref name="Genomic diversity and admixture dif"/> (which also is the case with other haplogroups across Europe). Except for a single DNA sample (SF11), it is also absent from Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in Scandinavia. I1 first starts to appear in Scandinavia in notable frequency during the late Neolithic in conjunction with the entrance of groups carrying [[Western Steppe Herders|Western Steppe Herder]] ancestry into Scandinavia, but does not increase significantly in frequency until the beginning of the Nordic Bronze Age.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Karlsson AO, Wallerström T, Götherström A, Holmlund G | title = Y-chromosome diversity in Sweden – a long-time perspective | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 14 | issue = 8 | pages = 963–70 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16724001 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201651 | s2cid = 23227271 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Malmström H, Günther T, Svensson EM, Juras A, Fraser M, Munters AR, Pospieszny Ł, Tõrv M, Lindström J, Götherström A, Storå J, Jakobsson M | display-authors = 6 | title = The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 286 | issue = 1912 | page = 20191528 | date = October 2019 | pmid = 31594508 | pmc = 6790770 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2019.1528 }}</ref>


Due to the very low number of ancient DNA samples that have been assigned to I1 that date to earlier than the Nordic Bronze Age, it is currently unknown whether I1 was present as a rare haplogroup among Scandinavian forager cultures such as [[Pitted Ware culture|Pitted Ware]] before becoming assimilated by the [[Battle Axe culture]], or if it was brought into Scandinavia by incoming groups such as Battle Axe who may have assimilated it from cultures such as the [[Funnelbeaker culture]] in Central Europe; or the steppe itself. Future research will most likely be able to determine which one of these two possible origins turns out to be the case.
Due to the very low number of ancient DNA samples that have been assigned to I1 that date to earlier than the Nordic Bronze Age, it is currently unknown whether I1 was present as a rare haplogroup among Scandinavian forager cultures such as [[Pitted Ware culture|Pitted Ware]] before becoming assimilated by the [[Battle Axe culture]], or if it was brought into Scandinavia by incoming groups such as Battle Axe who may have assimilated it from cultures such as the [[Funnelbeaker culture]] in Central Europe; or the steppe itself. Future research will most likely be able to determine which one of these two possible origins turns out to be the case.
Line 37: Line 38:
Samples SF11 and BAB5 are unlike other ancient DNA samples assigned to I1 in the sense that they both seem to represent now-extinct branches of I1 that hadn't fully developed into I-M253 yet. They are therefore unlikely to have been ancestral to present-day carriers of I1, who all share a common ancestor that lived around 2600 BC.
Samples SF11 and BAB5 are unlike other ancient DNA samples assigned to I1 in the sense that they both seem to represent now-extinct branches of I1 that hadn't fully developed into I-M253 yet. They are therefore unlikely to have been ancestral to present-day carriers of I1, who all share a common ancestor that lived around 2600 BC.


According to a study published in 2010, I-M253 originated between 3,170 and 5,000 years ago, in [[Chalcolithic Europe]].<ref name="yDNA Haplogroup I: Subclade I1">Pedro Soares, Alessandro Achilli, Ornella Semino, William Davies, Vincent Macaulay, Hans-Jürgen Bandelt, Antonio Torroni, and Martin B. Richards, The Archaeogenetics of Europe, ''Current Biology'', vol. 20 (February 23, 2010), R174–R183. [http://www.familytreedna.com/public/yDNA_I1/ yDNA Haplogroup I: Subclade I1], Family Tree DNA,</ref> A new study in 2015 estimated the origin as between 3,470 and 5,070 years ago or between 3,180 and 3,760 years ago, using two different techniques.<ref name="nature.com">{{cite journal | vauthors = Batini C, Hallast P, Zadik D, Delser PM, Benazzo A, Ghirotto S, Arroyo-Pardo E, Cavalleri GL, de Knijff P, Dupuy BM, Eriksen HA, King TE, de Munain AL, López-Parra AM, Loutradis A, Milasin J, Novelletto A, Pamjav H, Sajantila A, Tolun A, Winney B, Jobling MA | display-authors = 6 | title = Large-scale recent expansion of European patrilineages shown by population resequencing | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 6 | page = 7152 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25988751 | pmc = 4441248 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms8152 | bibcode = 2015NatCo...6.7152B }}</ref>
According to a study published in 2010, I-M253 originated between 3,170 and 5,000 years ago, in [[Chalcolithic Europe]].<ref name="yDNA Haplogroup I: Subclade I1"/> A new study in 2015 estimated the origin as between 3,470 and 5,070 years ago or between 3,180 and 3,760 years ago, using two different techniques.<ref name="nature.com"/>


In 2007, it was suggested that it initially dispersed from the area that is now [[Denmark]].<ref name="Underhill">Peter A. Underhill et al., New Phylogenetic Relationships for Y-chromosome Haplogroup I: Reappraising its Phylogeography and Prehistory, in ''Rethinking the Human Revolution'' (2007), pp. 33–42. P. Mellars, K. Boyle, O. Bar-Yosef, C. Stringer (Eds.) McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, UK.</ref>
In 2007, it was suggested that it initially dispersed from the area that is now [[Denmark]].<ref name="Underhill">Peter A. Underhill et al., New Phylogenetic Relationships for Y-chromosome Haplogroup I: Reappraising its Phylogeography and Prehistory, in ''Rethinking the Human Revolution'' (2007), pp. 33–42. P. Mellars, K. Boyle, O. Bar-Yosef, C. Stringer (Eds.) McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, UK.</ref>
However, [[Kenneth Nordtvedt|Prof. Dr. Kenneth Nordtvedt]], [[Montana State University]], regarding the MRCA, in 2009 wrote in a personal message: "We don't know where that man existed, but the greater lower [[Elbe]] basin seems like the heartland of I1".
However, [[Kenneth Nordtvedt|Prof. Dr. Kenneth Nordtvedt]], [[Montana State University]], regarding the MRCA, in 2009 wrote in a personal message: "We don't know where that man existed, but the greater lower [[Elbe]] basin seems like the heartland of I1".


Latest results (January 2022) published by [https://yfull.com/tree/I1/ Y-Full] suggest I1 (I-M253) was formed 27,500 ybp ([[Confidence interval|95 CI]]: 29,800 ybp – 25,200 ybp) with TMRCA 4,600 ybp (95 CI: 5,200 ybp – 4,000 ybp). Since the most up-to date calculated estimation of TMRCA of I1 is thought to be around 2600 BC, this likely puts the ancestor of all living I1 men somewhere in Northern Europe around that time. The phylogeny of I1 shows the signature of a rapid star-like expansion.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Poznik GD, Xue Y, Mendez FL, Willems TF, Massaia A, Wilson Sayres MA, Ayub Q, McCarthy SA, Narechania A, Kashin S, Chen Y, Banerjee R, Rodriguez-Flores JL, Cerezo M, Shao H, Gymrek M, Malhotra A, Louzada S, Desalle R, Ritchie GR, Cerveira E, Fitzgerald TW, Garrison E, Marcketta A, Mittelman D, Romanovitch M, Zhang C, Zheng-Bradley X, Abecasis GR, McCarroll SA, Flicek P, Underhill PA, Coin L, Zerbino DR, Yang F, Lee C, Clarke L, Auton A, Erlich Y, Handsaker RE, Bustamante CD, Tyler-Smith C | display-authors = 6 | title = Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 48 | issue = 6 | pages = 593–99 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27111036 | pmc = 4884158 | doi = 10.1038/ng.3559 | hdl-access = free | hdl = 11858/00-001M-0000-002A-F024-C }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Woodley M |date=February 2017|title=Holocene selection for variants associated with cognitive ability: Comparing ancient and modern genomes.|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/109678v1.full.pdf|access-date=27 January 2021|website=www.biorxiv.org/|doi=10.1101/109678|s2cid=196631764|doi-access=free}}</ref> This suggests that I1 went from being a rare marker to a rather common one in a rapid burst.<ref name="nature.com"/>
Latest results (January 2022) published by [https://yfull.com/tree/I1/ Y-Full] suggest I1 (I-M253) was formed 27,500 ybp ([[Confidence interval|95 CI]]: 29,800 ybp – 25,200 ybp) with TMRCA 4,600 ybp (95 CI: 5,200 ybp – 4,000 ybp). Since the most up-to date calculated estimation of TMRCA of I1 is thought to be around 2600 BC, this likely puts the ancestor of all living I1 men somewhere in Northern Europe around that time. The phylogeny of I1 shows the signature of a rapid star-like expansion.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Poznik GD, Xue Y, Mendez FL, Willems TF, Massaia A, Wilson Sayres MA, Ayub Q, McCarthy SA, Narechania A, Kashin S, Chen Y, Banerjee R, Rodriguez-Flores JL, Cerezo M, Shao H, Gymrek M, Malhotra A, Louzada S, Desalle R, Ritchie GR, Cerveira E, Fitzgerald TW, Garrison E, Marcketta A, Mittelman D, Romanovitch M, Zhang C, Zheng-Bradley X, Abecasis GR, McCarroll SA, Flicek P, Underhill PA, Coin L, Zerbino DR, Yang F, Lee C, Clarke L, Auton A, Erlich Y, Handsaker RE, Bustamante CD, Tyler-Smith C | display-authors = 6 | title = Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 48 | issue = 6 | pages = 593–99 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27111036 | pmc = 4884158 | doi = 10.1038/ng.3559 | hdl-access = free | hdl = 11858/00-001M-0000-002A-F024-C }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Woodley M |date=February 2017|title=Holocene selection for variants associated with cognitive ability: Comparing ancient and modern genomes.|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/109678v1.full.pdf|access-date=27 January 2021|website=biorxiv.org/|doi=10.1101/109678|s2cid=196631764|doi-access=free}}</ref> This suggests that I1 went from being a rare marker to a rather common one in a rapid burst.<ref name="nature.com"/>


== Structure ==
== Structure ==
Line 75: Line 76:
******* I-Y19934
******* I-Y19934
******** I-L300 (L300/S241); I1a1b1b1a1
******** I-L300 (L300/S241); I1a1b1b1a1
********* I-Y31032
********** I-Y32014
********* I-Y22918
********** I-Y21972
********* I-Y24013
********** I-Y24015
******** I-Y19933
******** I-Y19933
********* I-Y19932
********* I-Y19932
Line 119: Line 126:
== Historical expansion ==
== Historical expansion ==
[[File:Germanic expansion timeline.jpg|thumb|A timeline of the early Germanic expansions]]
[[File:Germanic expansion timeline.jpg|thumb|A timeline of the early Germanic expansions]]
Haplogroup I1, as well as subclades of R1b such as R1b-U106 and subclades of R1a such as R1a-Z284, are strongly associated with [[Germanic peoples]] and are linked to the [[Proto-Germanic language|proto-Germanic]] speakers of the [[Nordic Bronze Age]].<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Schmidt KH |date=1991|title=The Celts and the Ethnogenesis of the Germanic People|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40849016|journal=Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics|volume=104|issue=1|pages=129–52|jstor=40849016|issn=0935-3518}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Bergerbrant S |date=May 2007|title=Bronze Age Identities: Costume, Conflict and Contact in Northern Europe 1600–1300 BC|url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2%3A197017/FULLTEXT01.pdf|journal=Stockholm Studies in Archaeology|volume=43|pages=7–201|via=diva-portal.org}}</ref> Current DNA research indicates that I1 was close to non-existent in most of Europe outside of [[Scandinavia]] and [[northern Germany]] before the [[Migration Period]]. The expansion of I1 is directly tied to that of the Germanic tribes. Starting around 900 BC, Germanic tribes started moving out of southern Scandinavia and northern Germany into the nearby lands between the Elbe and the Oder. Between 600 and 300 BC another wave of Germanics migrated across the Baltic Sea and settled alongside the [[Vistula]]. Germanic migration to that area resulted in the formation of the [[Wielbark culture]], which is associated with the [[Goths]].<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Teska M, Michalowski A |date=2014|title=Connection between Wielkopolska and the Baltic Sea Region in the Roman Iron | journal = Archaeologia Lituana | volume = 14 | pages = 63-77 |s2cid=56295624 }}</ref>
Haplogroup I1, as well as subclades of R1b such as R1b-U106 and subclades of R1a such as R1a-Z284, are strongly associated with [[Germanic peoples]] and are linked to the [[Proto-Germanic language|proto-Germanic]] speakers of the [[Nordic Bronze Age]].<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Schmidt KH |date=1991|title=The Celts and the Ethnogenesis of the Germanic People|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40849016|journal=Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics|volume=104|issue=1|pages=129–52|jstor=40849016|issn=0935-3518}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Bergerbrant S |date=May 2007|title=Bronze Age Identities: Costume, Conflict and Contact in Northern Europe 1600–1300 BC|url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2%3A197017/FULLTEXT01.pdf|journal=Stockholm Studies in Archaeology|volume=43|pages=7–201|via=diva-portal.org}}</ref> Current DNA research indicates that I1 was close to non-existent in most of Europe outside of [[Scandinavia]] and [[northern Germany]] before the [[Migration Period]]. The expansion of I1 is directly tied to that of the Germanic tribes. Starting around 900 BC, Germanic tribes started moving out of southern Scandinavia and northern Germany into the nearby lands between the Elbe and the Oder. Between 600 and 300 BC another wave of Germanic peoples migrated across the Baltic Sea and settled alongside the [[Vistula]]. Germanic migration to that area resulted in the formation of the [[Wielbark culture]], which is associated with the [[Goths]].<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Teska M, Michalowski A |date=2014|title=Connection between Wielkopolska and the Baltic Sea Region in the Roman Iron | journal = Archaeologia Lituana | volume = 14 | pages = 63–77 |doi=10.15388/ArchLit.2013.0.2641 |s2cid=56295624 |doi-access=free }}</ref>


[[Haplogroup I-Z63|I1-Z63]] has been traced to the Kowalewko burial site in Poland which dates to the [[Archaeology of Northern Europe|Roman Iron Age]]. In 2017 Polish researchers could successfully assign YDNA haplogroups to 16 individuals who were buried at the site. Out of these 16 individuals, 8 belonged to I1. In terms of subclades, three belonged to I-Z63, and in particular subclade I-L1237.<ref>{{cite conference |vauthors = Zenczak M, Handschuh L, Juras A, Marcinkowska-Swojak M, Philips A, Piontek J, Stolarek I, Figlerowicz M | date = 2017 | title = Y-Chromosome Haplogroup Assignment Through Next Generation Sequencing of Enriched Ancient DNA Libraries | conference = Anthropological Genetics | page = Presentation number: AG 16 |url=https://www.academia.edu/33791135 }}</ref> The Kowalewko archeological site has been associated with the Wielbark culture. Therefore the subclade I-L1237 of I-Z63 may be seen somewhat as a genetic indicator of the Gothic tribe of late antiquity. I1-Z63 has also been found in a burial associated with Goth and [[Lombards|Lombard]] remains in Collegno, Italy.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Amorim CE, Vai S, Posth C, Modi A, Koncz I, Hakenbeck S, La Rocca MC, Mende B, Bobo D, Pohl W, Baricco LP, Bedini E, Francalacci P, Giostra C, Vida T, Winger D, von Freeden U, Ghirotto S, Lari M, Barbujani G, Krause J, Caramelli D, Geary PJ, Veeramah KR | display-authors = 6 | title = Understanding 6th-century barbarian social organization and migration through paleogenomics | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | page = 3547 | date = September 2018 | pmid = 30206220 | pmc = 6134036 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-018-06024-4 | bibcode = 2018NatCo...9.3547A }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Estes R |date=2020-10-16|title=Longobards Ancient DNA from Pannonia and Italy – What Does Their DNA Tell Us? Are You Related?|url=https://dna-explained.com/2020/10/16/longobards-ancient-dna-from-pannonia-and-italy-what-does-their-dna-tell-us-are-you-related/|access-date=2020-12-11|website=DNAeXplained – Genetic Genealogy|language=en-US}}</ref> The cemetery is dated to the late 6th Century and further suggests that I1-Z63 and downstream subclades are linked to early Medieval Gothic migrations.
[[Haplogroup I-Z63|I1-Z63]] has been traced to the Kowalewko burial site in Poland which dates to the [[Archaeology of Northern Europe|Roman Iron Age]]. In 2017 Polish researchers could successfully assign YDNA haplogroups to 16 individuals who were buried at the site. Out of these 16 individuals, 8 belonged to I1. In terms of subclades, three belonged to I-Z63, and in particular subclade I-L1237.<ref>{{cite conference |vauthors = Zenczak M, Handschuh L, Juras A, Marcinkowska-Swojak M, Philips A, Piontek J, Stolarek I, Figlerowicz M | date = 2017 | title = Y-Chromosome Haplogroup Assignment Through Next Generation Sequencing of Enriched Ancient DNA Libraries | conference = Anthropological Genetics | page = Presentation number: AG 16 |url=https://www.academia.edu/33791135 }}</ref> The Kowalewko archeological site has been associated with the Wielbark culture. Therefore, the subclade I-L1237 of I-Z63 may be seen somewhat as a genetic indicator of the Gothic tribe of late antiquity. I1-Z63 has also been found in a burial associated with Goth and [[Lombards|Lombard]] remains in Collegno, Italy.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Amorim CE, Vai S, Posth C, Modi A, Koncz I, Hakenbeck S, La Rocca MC, Mende B, Bobo D, Pohl W, Baricco LP, Bedini E, Francalacci P, Giostra C, Vida T, Winger D, von Freeden U, Ghirotto S, Lari M, Barbujani G, Krause J, Caramelli D, Geary PJ, Veeramah KR | display-authors = 6 | title = Understanding 6th-century barbarian social organization and migration through paleogenomics | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | page = 3547 | date = September 2018 | pmid = 30206220 | pmc = 6134036 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-018-06024-4 | bibcode = 2018NatCo...9.3547A }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Estes R |date=2020-10-16|title=Longobards Ancient DNA from Pannonia and Italy – What Does Their DNA Tell Us? Are You Related?|url=https://dna-explained.com/2020/10/16/longobards-ancient-dna-from-pannonia-and-italy-what-does-their-dna-tell-us-are-you-related/|access-date=2020-12-11|website=DNAeXplained – Genetic Genealogy}}</ref> The cemetery is dated to the late 6th Century and further suggests that I1-Z63 and downstream subclades are linked to early Medieval Gothic migrations.


In 2015, a DNA study tested the Y-DNA haplogroups of 12 samples dated to 300-400 AD from [[Saxony-Anhalt]] in Germany. 8 of them belonged to haplogroup I1. This DNA evidence is in alignment with the historical migrations of Germanic tribes from Scandinavia to central Europe.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Labudde D |date=July 2015|title=Gender distribution of excavation finds from the Roman imperial and migration period|url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282540455 |journal=ResearchGate |volume=1 |page=2 |via=ResearchGate.net}}</ref>
In 2015, a DNA study tested the Y-DNA haplogroups of 12 samples dated to 300–400 AD from [[Saxony-Anhalt]] in Germany. 8 of them belonged to haplogroup I1. This DNA evidence is in alignment with the historical migrations of Germanic tribes from Scandinavia to central Europe.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Labudde D |date=July 2015|title=Gender distribution of excavation finds from the Roman imperial and migration period|url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282540455 |journal=ResearchGate |volume=1 |page=2 |via=ResearchGate.net}}</ref>


Additionally, I1-Z63 was found in the Late Antiquity site Crypta Balbi in Rome, this time with the downstream subclade I-Y7234.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Antonio ML, Gao Z, Moots HM, Lucci M, Candilio F, Sawyer S, Oberreiter V, Calderon D, Devitofranceschi K, Aikens RC, Aneli S, Bartoli F, Bedini A, Cheronet O, Cotter DJ, Fernandes DM, Gasperetti G, Grifoni R, Guidi A, La Pastina F, Loreti E, Manacorda D, Matullo G, Morretta S, Nava A, Fiocchi Nicolai V, Nomi F, Pavolini C, Pentiricci M, Pergola P, Piranomonte M, Schmidt R, Spinola G, Sperduti A, Rubini M, Bondioli L, Coppa A, Pinhasi R, Pritchard JK | display-authors = 6 | title = Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean | journal = Science | volume = 366 | issue = 6466 | pages = 708–14 | date = November 2019 | pmid = 31699931 | pmc = 7093155 | doi = 10.1126/science.aay6826 | bibcode = 2019Sci...366..708A }}</ref> Material findings associated with the Lombards have been excavated in Crypta Balbi.
Additionally, I1-Z63 was found in the Late Antiquity site Crypta Balbi in Rome, this time with the downstream subclade I-Y7234.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Antonio ML, Gao Z, Moots HM, Lucci M, Candilio F, Sawyer S, Oberreiter V, Calderon D, Devitofranceschi K, Aikens RC, Aneli S, Bartoli F, Bedini A, Cheronet O, Cotter DJ, Fernandes DM, Gasperetti G, Grifoni R, Guidi A, La Pastina F, Loreti E, Manacorda D, Matullo G, Morretta S, Nava A, Fiocchi Nicolai V, Nomi F, Pavolini C, Pentiricci M, Pergola P, Piranomonte M, Schmidt R, Spinola G, Sperduti A, Rubini M, Bondioli L, Coppa A, Pinhasi R, Pritchard JK | display-authors = 6 | title = Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean | journal = Science | volume = 366 | issue = 6466 | pages = 708–14 | date = November 2019 | pmid = 31699931 | pmc = 7093155 | doi = 10.1126/science.aay6826 | bibcode = 2019Sci...366..708A }}</ref> Material findings associated with the Lombards have been excavated in Crypta Balbi.
Line 131: Line 138:
The [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] settlement of Britain introduced I1 in the British Isles.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Martiniano R, Caffell A, Holst M, Hunter-Mann K, Montgomery J, Müldner G, McLaughlin RL, Teasdale MD, van Rheenen W, Veldink JH, van den Berg LH, Hardiman O, Carroll M, Roskams S, Oxley J, Morgan C, Thomas MG, Barnes I, McDonnell C, Collins MJ, Bradley DG | display-authors = 6 | title = Genomic signals of migration and continuity in Britain before the Anglo-Saxons | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | page = 10326 | date = January 2016 | pmid = 26783717 | pmc = 4735653 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms10326 | bibcode = 2016NatCo...710326M }}</ref>
The [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] settlement of Britain introduced I1 in the British Isles.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Martiniano R, Caffell A, Holst M, Hunter-Mann K, Montgomery J, Müldner G, McLaughlin RL, Teasdale MD, van Rheenen W, Veldink JH, van den Berg LH, Hardiman O, Carroll M, Roskams S, Oxley J, Morgan C, Thomas MG, Barnes I, McDonnell C, Collins MJ, Bradley DG | display-authors = 6 | title = Genomic signals of migration and continuity in Britain before the Anglo-Saxons | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | page = 10326 | date = January 2016 | pmid = 26783717 | pmc = 4735653 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms10326 | bibcode = 2016NatCo...710326M }}</ref>


During the [[Viking Age]], I-M253 saw another expansion. Margaryan et al. 2020 analyzed 442 Viking world individuals from various archaeological sites in Europe. I-M253 was the most common Y-haplogroup found in the study. Norwegian and Danish Vikings brought more I1 to Britain and Ireland, while Swedish Vikings introduced it to Russia and Ukraine and brought more of it to Finland and Estonia.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Margaryan A, Lawson DJ, Sikora M, Racimo F, Rasmussen S, Moltke I, Cassidy LM, Jørsboe E, Ingason A, Pedersen MW, Korneliussen T, Wilhelmson H, Buś MM, de Barros Damgaard P, Martiniano R, Renaud G, Bhérer C, Moreno-Mayar JV, Fotakis AK, Allen M, Allmäe R, Molak M, Cappellini E, Scorrano G, McColl H, Buzhilova A, Fox A, Albrechtsen A, Schütz B, Skar B, Arcini C, Falys C, Jonson CH, Błaszczyk D, Pezhemsky D, Turner-Walker G, Gestsdóttir H, Lundstrøm I, Gustin I, Mainland I, Potekhina I, Muntoni IM, Cheng J, Stenderup J, Ma J, Gibson J, Peets J, Gustafsson J, Iversen KH, Simpson L, Strand L, Loe L, Sikora M, Florek M, Vretemark M, Redknap M, Bajka M, Pushkina T, Søvsø M, Grigoreva N, Christensen T, Kastholm O, Uldum O, Favia P, Holck P, Sten S, Arge SV, Ellingvåg S, Moiseyev V, Bogdanowicz W, Magnusson Y, Orlando L, Pentz P, Jessen MD, Pedersen A, Collard M, Bradley DG, Jørkov ML, Arneborg J, Lynnerup N, Price N, Gilbert MT, Allentoft ME, Bill J, Sindbæk SM, Hedeager L, Kristiansen K, Nielsen R, Werge T, Willerslev E | display-authors = 6 | title = Population genomics of the Viking world | journal = Nature | volume = 585 | issue = 7825 | pages = 390–96 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32939067 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8| bibcode = 2020Natur.585..390M |biorxiv=10.1101/703405 | s2cid = 201195157 }}</ref>
During the [[Viking Age]], I-M253 saw another expansion. Margaryan et al. 2020 analyzed 442 Viking world individuals from various archaeological sites in Europe. I-M253 was the most common Y-haplogroup found in the study. Norwegian and Danish Vikings brought more I1 to Britain and Ireland, while Swedish Vikings introduced it to Russia and Ukraine and brought more of it to Finland and Estonia.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Margaryan A, Lawson DJ, Sikora M, Racimo F, Rasmussen S, Moltke I, Cassidy LM, Jørsboe E, Ingason A, Pedersen MW, Korneliussen T, Wilhelmson H, Buś MM, de Barros Damgaard P, Martiniano R, Renaud G, Bhérer C, Moreno-Mayar JV, Fotakis AK, Allen M, Allmäe R, Molak M, Cappellini E, Scorrano G, McColl H, Buzhilova A, Fox A, Albrechtsen A, Schütz B, Skar B, Arcini C, Falys C, Jonson CH, Błaszczyk D, Pezhemsky D, Turner-Walker G, Gestsdóttir H, Lundstrøm I, Gustin I, Mainland I, Potekhina I, Muntoni IM, Cheng J, Stenderup J, Ma J, Gibson J, Peets J, Gustafsson J, Iversen KH, Simpson L, Strand L, Loe L, Sikora M, Florek M, Vretemark M, Redknap M, Bajka M, Pushkina T, Søvsø M, Grigoreva N, Christensen T, Kastholm O, Uldum O, Favia P, Holck P, Sten S, Arge SV, Ellingvåg S, Moiseyev V, Bogdanowicz W, Magnusson Y, Orlando L, Pentz P, Jessen MD, Pedersen A, Collard M, Bradley DG, Jørkov ML, Arneborg J, Lynnerup N, Price N, Gilbert MT, Allentoft ME, Bill J, Sindbæk SM, Hedeager L, Kristiansen K, Nielsen R, Werge T, Willerslev E | display-authors = 6 | title = Population genomics of the Viking world | journal = Nature | volume = 585 | issue = 7825 | pages = 390–96 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32939067 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8| bibcode = 2020Natur.585..390M |biorxiv=10.1101/703405 | s2cid = 201195157 | hdl = 10852/83989 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>


== Geographical distribution ==
== Geographical distribution ==
I-M253 is found at its highest density in Northern Europe and other countries that experienced extensive migration from Northern Europe, either in the [[Migration Period]], the [[Viking Age]], or modern times. It is found in all places invaded by the Norse.
I-M253 is found at its highest density in Northern Europe and other countries that experienced extensive migration from Northern Europe, either in the [[Migration Period]], the [[Viking Age]], or modern times. It is found in all places invaded by the Norse.


During the modern era, significant I-M253 populations have also taken root in immigrant nations and former European colonies such as the [[United States]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]] and [[Canada]].
During the modern era, significant I-M253 populations have also taken root in immigrant nations and former European colonies such as the [[United States]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]] and [[Canada]].
Line 171: Line 178:
| Czech Republic || 53 || 17.0 || 1.9 || 0.0 || Rootsi et al. 2004
| Czech Republic || 53 || 17.0 || 1.9 || 0.0 || Rootsi et al. 2004
|-
|-
| Denmark || 122 || 39.3% (48/122) || 32.8% (40/122) || 0.0 || Underhill et al. 2007
| Denmark || 122 || 39.3% (48/122) || 34.8% (40/122) || 0.0 || Underhill et al. 2007
|-
|-
| England || 104 || 19.2 || 15.4 || 0.0 || Underhill et al. 2007
| England || 104 || 19.2 || 15.4 || 0.0 || Underhill et al. 2007
Line 263: Line 270:


[[File:Eng welsh ibd.png|thumb|Distribution of Y chromosome haplogroups from Capelli ''et al.'' (2003). Haplogroup I-M253 is present in all populations, with higher frequencies in the east and lower frequencies in the west. There appears to be no discrete boundary as observed by Weale ''et al.'' (2002)]]
[[File:Eng welsh ibd.png|thumb|Distribution of Y chromosome haplogroups from Capelli ''et al.'' (2003). Haplogroup I-M253 is present in all populations, with higher frequencies in the east and lower frequencies in the west. There appears to be no discrete boundary as observed by Weale ''et al.'' (2002)]]
In 2003 a paper was published by Christian Capelli and colleagues which supported, but modified, the conclusions of Weale and colleagues.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Capelli C, Redhead N, Abernethy JK, Gratrix F, Wilson JF, Moen T, Hervig T, Richards M, Stumpf MP, Underhill PA, Bradshaw P, Shaha A, Thomas MG, Bradman N, Goldstein DB | display-authors = 6 | title = A Y chromosome census of the British Isles | journal = Current Biology | volume = 13 | issue = 11 | pages = 979–84 | date = May 2003 | pmid = 12781138 | doi = 10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00373-7 | s2cid = 526263 | url = https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/a-y-chromosome-census-of-the-british-isles(8acb01f3-a7c1-45f5-89de-b796266d651e).html }}</ref> This paper, which sampled Great Britain and Ireland on a grid, found a smaller difference between Welsh and English samples, with a gradual decrease in Haplogroup I1 frequency moving westwards in southern Great Britain. The results suggested to the authors that Norwegian Vikings invaders had heavily influenced the northern area of the British Isles, but that both English and mainland Scottish samples all have German/Danish influence.
In 2003 a paper was published by Christian Capelli and colleagues which supported, but modified, the conclusions of Weale and colleagues.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Capelli C, Redhead N, Abernethy JK, Gratrix F, Wilson JF, Moen T, Hervig T, Richards M, Stumpf MP, Underhill PA, Bradshaw P, Shaha A, Thomas MG, Bradman N, Goldstein DB | display-authors = 6 | title = A Y chromosome census of the British Isles | journal = Current Biology | volume = 13 | issue = 11 | pages = 979–84 | date = May 2003 | pmid = 12781138 | doi = 10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00373-7 | s2cid = 526263 | url = https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/a-y-chromosome-census-of-the-british-isles(8acb01f3-a7c1-45f5-89de-b796266d651e).html | hdl = 20.500.11820/8acb01f3-a7c1-45f5-89de-b796266d651e | hdl-access = free }}</ref> This paper, which sampled Great Britain and Ireland on a grid, found a smaller difference between Welsh and English samples, with a gradual decrease in Haplogroup I1 frequency moving westwards in southern Great Britain. The results suggested to the authors that Norwegian Vikings invaders had heavily influenced the northern area of the British Isles, but that both English and mainland Scottish samples all have German/Danish influence.


== Prominent members of I-M253 ==
== Prominent members of I-M253 ==
{{Main|List of haplogroups of historical and famous figures}}
{{Main|List of haplogroups of historical and famous figures}}


Through direct testing or testing of their descendants and genealogical evidence, the following notable people have been shown to be I-M253:
⚫
[[Alexander Hamilton]], through genealogy and the testing of his descendants (assuming actual paternity matching his genealogy), has been placed within Y-DNA haplogroup I-M253.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://isogg.org/ffdna.htm|title=Founding Father DNA|work=isogg.org}}</ref>

⚫
The [[Varangians|Varangian]] [[Šimon]], who was said to have been the founder of the Russian [[Vorontsov]] noble family, belonged to haplogroup I1-Y15024.<ref>{{cite web|title=FamilyTreeDNA – Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/i1-l1302/about/background|access-date=2020-12-10|website=www.familytreedna.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Faderslinjen, DNA|url=http://www.sikaby.se/dna/y_dna.html|access-date=2020-12-10|website=www.sikaby.se}}</ref> Testing by geneticist Peter Sjölund and [[Family Tree DNA|FamilyTreeDNA]] showed that the present-day male members of the Vorontsov family still carry this subclade of I1, and downstream subclades.<ref>{{cite web|title=FamilyTreeDNA – RussiaDNA Project|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/public/russiadna/default.aspx?section=yresults|access-date=2020-12-10|website=www.familytreedna.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vår vikingahövding i österled|url=http://www.sikaby.se/dna/viking.html|access-date=2020-12-10|website=www.sikaby.se}}</ref> Other historical members of the Vorontsov family were Prince [[Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov]] and [[Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov|Illarion Ivanovich Vorontsov-Dashkov]].

⚫
The Prince [[Sviatopolk I of Kiev|Sviatopolk the Accursed]] mistakenly associated with the Rurikids (because he is not the legitimate son of [[Vladimir the Great]]) was found to likely have carried the I1-S2077 subclade of I1-Z63.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sample from Homo sapiens – BioSample – NCBI|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/biosample/?term=SAMEA6799933&fbclid=IwAR2ffDWsGEtbJVHFuyAY7WXIv75lMJ4sLW9YlBItsjhUJ4mJjvEjGM071xI|access-date=2020-12-10|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Margaryan A, Lawson DJ, Sikora M, Racimo F, Rasmussen S, Moltke I, Cassidy LM, Jørsboe E, Ingason A, Pedersen MW, Korneliussen T, Wilhelmson H, Buś MM, de Barros Damgaard P, Martiniano R, Renaud G, Bhérer C, Moreno-Mayar JV, Fotakis AK, Allen M, Allmäe R, Molak M, Cappellini E, Scorrano G, McColl H, Buzhilova A, Fox A, Albrechtsen A, Schütz B, Skar B, Arcini C, Falys C, Jonson CH, Błaszczyk D, Pezhemsky D, Turner-Walker G, Gestsdóttir H, Lundstrøm I, Gustin I, Mainland I, Potekhina I, Muntoni IM, Cheng J, Stenderup J, Ma J, Gibson J, Peets J, Gustafsson J, Iversen KH, Simpson L, Strand L, Loe L, Sikora M, Florek M, Vretemark M, Redknap M, Bajka M, Pushkina T, Søvsø M, Grigoreva N, Christensen T, Kastholm O, Uldum O, Favia P, Holck P, Sten S, Arge SV, Ellingvåg S, Moiseyev V, Bogdanowicz W, Magnusson Y, Orlando L, Pentz P, Jessen MD, Pedersen A, Collard M, Bradley DG, Jørkov ML, Arneborg J, Lynnerup N, Price N, Gilbert MT, Allentoft ME, Bill J, Sindbæk SM, Hedeager L, Kristiansen K, Nielsen R, Werge T, Willerslev E | display-authors = 6 | title = Population genomics of the Viking world | journal = Nature | volume = 585 | issue = 7825 | pages = 390–96 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32939067 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8 | bibcode = 2020Natur.585..390M | hdl = 10852/83989 | s2cid = 221769227 | url = http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-86727 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| vauthors = Duczko W |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hEawXSP4AVwC|title=Viking Rus: Studies on the Presence of Scandinavians in Eastern Europe|date=2004|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-13874-2|language=en}}</ref>

⚫
[[Birger Jarl]], 'Duke of Sweden' of the East Geatish [[House of Bjelbo|House of Bjälbo]], founder of [[Stockholm]]; his remains were exhumed and tested in 2002 and found to be I-M253.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Malmström H, Vretemark M, Tillmar A, Durling MB, Skoglund P, Gilbert MT, Willerslev E, Holmlund G, Götherström A | display-authors = 6 | title = Finding the founder of Stockholm – a kinship study based on Y-chromosomal, autosomal and mitochondrial DNA | journal = Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger | volume = 194 | issue = 1 | pages = 138–45 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 21596538 | doi = 10.1016/j.aanat.2011.03.014 | series = Special Issue: Ancient DNA }}</ref> The House of Bjälbo also provided three kings of [[Norway]], and one king of [[Denmark]] in the 14th century.

⚫
[[Sting (musician)|Sting]] was revealed to belong to haplogroup I1 by the PBS TV series Finding Your Roots.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/video/finding-your-roots-british-invasion/ The British Invasion] ''Finding Your Roots''</ref>

⚫
[[William Bradford (governor)]] of the Mayflower, proven through the Mayflower DNA Project<ref name="mayflowerdna.org">{{cite web|title=Mayflower DNA Project|url=https://mayflowerdna.org/wiki/index.php/Mayflower_DNA_Project|access-date=2020-11-23|website=mayflowerdna.org}}</ref>

⚫
[[William Brewster (Mayflower passenger)]] of the Mayflower, proven through the Mayflower DNA Project<ref name="mayflowerdna.org"/>

⚫
[[Robert E. Lee|General Robert E. Lee]] belonged to I-M253 based on DNA testing of his descendants as a part of the Lee DNA Project. Other prominent members of the Lee family of Virginia and Maryland were [[Richard Lee I]] and [[Richard Henry Lee]].<ref>{{cite web|title=FamilyTreeDNA – Lee Surname DNA Research Project (and Leigh, Lea, etc)|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Lee/default.aspx?section=yresults|access-date=2020-12-10|website=www.familytreedna.com}}</ref>

[[Robert the Bruce|Robert I of Scotland]], commonly known as Robert the Bruce, belonged to haplogroup I1. Descendant testing of Robert, 6th lord of Annandale de Brus, assigned the men of [[Clan Bruce]] to ''I1-Y17395.''<ref>{{cite web|title=FamilyTreeDNA – I1-S4795|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/public/I1-L69?iframe=yresults|access-date=2020-12-10|website=www.familytreedna.com}}</ref>

⚫
The male members of the [[House of Grimaldi]] were revealed to carry haplogroup I1 as a part of the Grimaldi Genealogy DNA project.<ref>{{cite web|title=FamilyTreeDNA – Grimaldi Genealogy Project at FtDNA|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/public/grimaldi.htm/default.aspx?section=yresults|access-date=2020-12-11|website=www.familytreedna.com}}</ref> The men of House Grimaldi belong to a Scandinavian subclade of I1, downstream of I1-Y3549.

⚫
President [[Andrew Jackson]] belonged to haplogroup I1, based on results from the Jackson DNA project and from genealogy.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 December 2020|title=Jackson DNA Project|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/public/jackson/default.aspx?section=yresults|access-date=|website=FamilyTreeDNA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Hay M |date=July 2020|title=Origins and history of Haplogroup I1 (Y-DNA)|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309558752|journal=ResearchGate|volume=1|page=9}}</ref>

The Russian writer [[Leo Tolstoy]] was previously named to have carried I1. This conclusion was made without any scientific and actual proof, based on the testing of the person who is presenting himself as Leo Tolstoy's male descendant Pyotr Tolstoy who revealed that he carries I1-M253.<ref name = "Maciamo_2020">{{cite web| vauthors = Maciamo E | title = Haplogroup I1 (Y-DNA)
⚫
|url= http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_I1_Y-DNA.shtml|access-date=2020-12-11|website=Eupedia|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Петр Толстой. Моя родословная. Выпуск от 18.04.2010|url=https://www.1tv.ru/shows/moya-rodoslovnaya/vypuski/petr-tolstoy|language=ru|access-date=2020-12-15}}</ref> However, Leo Tolstoy has the direct male ancestors with the Y-haplogroup N-M178 (from Rurik and Skjoldungars), and N-M231,232 (from Prince Gedimin).

[[Snorri Sturluson]] was found to likely have belonged to haplogroup I1. Y-DNA testing of his presumed descendants revealed an assignment to I-M253. Their results are available on YSearch.org.<ref name = "Maciamo_2020" />

⚫
The Swedish scientist and theologian [[Emanuel Swedenborg]] and other male members of the Swedenborg noble family were found to belong to haplogroup I1-BY229, as a part of the I1-L1302 DNA project by Jakob Norstedt.<ref>{{cite web|title=I-BY229 YTree|url=https://yfull.com/tree/I-BY229/|access-date=2020-12-10|website=yfull.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Swedenborg|url=https://hoijen.se/cat/dna/swedenborg/|access-date=2020-12-10|website=Höijen|language=sv-SE}}</ref>

⚫
[[Siener van Rensburg]], [[Boer]] patriotic figure and mystic, belonged to haplogroup I1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Claas Jansz van Rensburg, SV/PROG|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Claas-Jansz-van-Rensburg-SV-PROG/4073729836070124333|access-date=2021-01-03|website=geni_family_tree|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=janse /jansen van Rensburg I-M253 genealogy discussion|url=https://www.geni.com/discussions/211790|access-date=2021-01-03|website=geni_family_tree|language=en-US}}</ref>

⚫
[[Björn Wahlroos]], [[Finns|Finnish]] businessman and millionaire, was found to belong to haplogroup I1.<ref name = "Maciamo_2020" />

⚫
The Finnish mathematician [[Rolf Nevanlinna]] belonged to I1-M253 based on the testing of his son Arne Nevanlinna by [[Geni.com]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Rolf H. Nevanlinna|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Rolf-H-Nevanlinna/6000000007255407342|access-date=2020-12-26|website=geni_family_tree|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=olenus|date=2018-03-30|title=I1: Rolf Nevanlinna (né Neovius)|url=https://haplogroupijm429.wordpress.com/2018/03/30/i1-rolf-nevanlinna-ne-neovius/|access-date=2020-12-26|website=Descendants of haplogroup IJ-M429|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Arne Edvard Nevanlinna|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Arne-Nevanlinna/6000000024230841000|access-date=2020-12-26|website=geni_family_tree|language=en-US}}</ref>

⚫
[[Samuel Morse]] was found to have carried haplogroup I1 as a part of the Morse DNA project.<ref>{{cite web|title=Morse/Moss DNA Testing|url=https://morsesociety.org/cpage.php?pt=34|access-date=2020-12-10|website=morsesociety.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FamilyTreeDNA – Morse / Moss DNA Project|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Morse-2/default.aspx?section=yresults|access-date=2020-12-10|website=www.familytreedna.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Peter Morse's Family Tree|url=https://www.geni.com/family-tree/canvas/6000000002804426086|access-date=2020-12-10|website=www.geni.com}}</ref>

⚫
Footballers [[Sebastian Larsson]] and his father [[Svante Larsson|Svante]] Larsson were found to belong to I1-Y24470 through the testing of a family member.<ref>{{cite web|title=FamilyTreeDNA – Sweden DNA Project – Sverigeprojektet|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Sweden?iframe=yresults|access-date=2021-02-14|website=www.familytreedna.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Eskilstuna kommun · EM GN398 – Familjen Larsson, Torshälla ca 1900|url=https://eskilskallan.eskilstuna.se/items/show/78759|access-date=2021-02-14|website=Eskilstuna kommun|language=sv-SE}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=I-Y24470 YTree|url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/I-Y24470/|access-date=2021-02-14|website=www.yfull.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Familjen Larssons Anfäder |url=http://hosserudkullen.se/Larsson/tavla_larsson_a.html|access-date=2021-02-14|website=hosserudkullen.se}}</ref>

⚫
[[PewDiePie|Felix Kjellberg]] (PewDiePie) was found to belong to haplogroup I1-L22, according to testing by [[23andMe]].<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/sLJ9my42vR4 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20210125185248/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sLJ9my42vR4 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sLJ9my42vR4| title = I Did A DNA Test... (I Guess Im Cancelled Now) | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

⚫
Swedish actor [[Björn Andrésen]] belongs to haplogroup I1-L22 based on the [[Family Tree DNA|ftDNA]] and [[23andMe]] tests of one of his first cousins and one uncle on the paternal side as a part of their family research.<ref>{{cite web|title=FamilyTreeDNA – The Norway DNA Project – Norgesprosjektet|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Norway?iframe=yresults|access-date=2021-02-02|website=www.familytreedna.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Tovseth A |date=June 2018|title=Andrésen, Färnskog & Hansen family research|url=https://kjellivar.tripod.com/slekt/slekt.html|access-date=2 February 2021|website=Kjellivar.tripod.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Personer med namnet Andresen {{!}} Släktingar.se|url=https://www.slaktingar.se/slaktnamn/andresen|access-date=2021-02-02|website=www.slaktingar.se}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| work = Radio Sveriges |title=Björn Andresen: Min passion för mamma blev aldrig besvarad – Katarina Hahr möter|url=https://sverigesradio.se/avsnitt/1577916|access-date=2021-02-02 |language=sv}}</ref> Their ancestor Johan Andrésen lived on both sides of the Swedish-Norwegian border.<ref>{{cite web|title=Johan Peter Andresen – Ancestry|url=https://www.ancestry.se/search/categories/42/?name=Johan+Peter_Andresen&pg=3&cursor=2_20_20.0_39.0|access-date=2021-02-02|website=www.ancestry.se}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Family tree of Daniel Andresen |url=https://gw.geneanet.org/gustavwasa?lang=en&n=andresen&oc=0&p=daniel|access-date=2021-02-02|website=Geneanet|language=en}}</ref>


⚫
* [[Alexander Hamilton]], founding father of the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://isogg.org/ffdna.htm|title=Founding Father DNA|work=isogg.org}}</ref>
⚫
As a part of the Pine family DNA project, actor [[Chris Pine]] was found to belong to haplogroup I1-A13819.<ref>{{cite web|title=FamilyTreeDNA – Pine/Pyne Genealogy DNA Project|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Pine?iframe=yresults&fbclid=IwAR2I-4FDwqq-brIV7lZuNCrEMzBO3CvD5Q18aTPee_PKxv6VFhWYA4teJlQ|access-date=2020-12-10|website=www.familytreedna.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=James Pine, Sr.|url=https://www.geni.com/people/James-Pine-Sr/4768007432740080179|access-date=2020-12-10|website=geni_family_tree|language=en-US}}</ref>
⚫
* The [[Varangians|Varangian]] [[Šimon]], said to be the founder of the Russian [[Vorontsov]] noble family (including Prince [[Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov]] and [[Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov|Illarion Ivanovich Vorontsov-Dashkov]]) belonged to haplogroup I1-Y15024.<ref>{{cite web|title=FamilyTreeDNA – Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/i1-l1302/about/background|access-date=2020-12-10|website=familytreedna.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Faderslinjen, DNA|url=http://www.sikaby.se/dna/y_dna.html|access-date=2020-12-10|website=sikaby.se}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FamilyTreeDNA – RussiaDNA Project|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/public/russiadna/default.aspx?section=yresults|access-date=2020-12-10|website=familytreedna.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vår vikingahövding i österled|url=http://www.sikaby.se/dna/viking.html|access-date=2020-12-10|website=sikaby.se}}</ref>
⚫
* The [[Rurik dynasty|Rurikid]] Prince [[Sviatopolk I of Kiev|Sviatopolk the Accursed]] (son of [[Vladimir the Great]]) belonged to I1-S2077.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sample from Homo sapiens – BioSample – NCBI|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/biosample/?term=SAMEA6799933&fbclid=IwAR2ffDWsGEtbJVHFuyAY7WXIv75lMJ4sLW9YlBItsjhUJ4mJjvEjGM071xI|access-date=2020-12-10|website=ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Margaryan A, Lawson DJ, Sikora M, Racimo F, Rasmussen S, Moltke I, Cassidy LM, Jørsboe E, Ingason A, Pedersen MW, Korneliussen T, Wilhelmson H, Buś MM, de Barros Damgaard P, Martiniano R, Renaud G, Bhérer C, Moreno-Mayar JV, Fotakis AK, Allen M, Allmäe R, Molak M, Cappellini E, Scorrano G, McColl H, Buzhilova A, Fox A, Albrechtsen A, Schütz B, Skar B, Arcini C, Falys C, Jonson CH, Błaszczyk D, Pezhemsky D, Turner-Walker G, Gestsdóttir H, Lundstrøm I, Gustin I, Mainland I, Potekhina I, Muntoni IM, Cheng J, Stenderup J, Ma J, Gibson J, Peets J, Gustafsson J, Iversen KH, Simpson L, Strand L, Loe L, Sikora M, Florek M, Vretemark M, Redknap M, Bajka M, Pushkina T, Søvsø M, Grigoreva N, Christensen T, Kastholm O, Uldum O, Favia P, Holck P, Sten S, Arge SV, Ellingvåg S, Moiseyev V, Bogdanowicz W, Magnusson Y, Orlando L, Pentz P, Jessen MD, Pedersen A, Collard M, Bradley DG, Jørkov ML, Arneborg J, Lynnerup N, Price N, Gilbert MT, Allentoft ME, Bill J, Sindbæk SM, Hedeager L, Kristiansen K, Nielsen R, Werge T, Willerslev E | display-authors = 6 | title = Population genomics of the Viking world | journal = Nature | volume = 585 | issue = 7825 | pages = 390–96 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32939067 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8 | bibcode = 2020Natur.585..390M | hdl = 10852/83989 | s2cid = 221769227 | url = http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-86727 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| vauthors = Duczko W |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hEawXSP4AVwC|title=Viking Rus: Studies on the Presence of Scandinavians in Eastern Europe|date=2004|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-13874-2}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Birger Jarl]], Duke of Sweden of the East Geatish [[House of Bjelbo|House of Bjälbo]], founder of [[Stockholm]]; his remains were exhumed and tested in 2002 and found to be I-M253.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Malmström H, Vretemark M, Tillmar A, Durling MB, Skoglund P, Gilbert MT, Willerslev E, Holmlund G, Götherström A | display-authors = 6 | title = Finding the founder of Stockholm – a kinship study based on Y-chromosomal, autosomal and mitochondrial DNA | journal = Annals of Anatomy – Anatomischer Anzeiger | volume = 194 | issue = 1 | pages = 138–45 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 21596538 | doi = 10.1016/j.aanat.2011.03.014 | series = Special Issue: Ancient DNA }}</ref> The House of Bjälbo also provided three kings of [[Norway]], and one king of [[Denmark]] in the 14th century.
⚫
* British musician Gordon Sumner, known as [[Sting (musician)|Sting]]<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/video/finding-your-roots-british-invasion/ The British Invasion] ''Finding Your Roots''</ref>
⚫
* [[William Bradford (governor)|William Bradford]], Governor of the [[Plymouth Colony]]<ref name="mayflowerdna.org">{{cite web|title=Mayflower DNA Project|url=https://mayflowerdna.org/wiki/index.php/Mayflower_DNA_Project|access-date=2020-11-23|website=mayflowerdna.org}}</ref>
⚫
* [[William Brewster (Mayflower passenger)|William Brewster]], an early colonist who emigrated to America on the [[Mayflower]]<ref name="mayflowerdna.org" />
⚫
* Confederate general [[Robert E. Lee]]. Other prominent members of the Lee family of Virginia and Maryland were [[Richard Lee I]] and [[Richard Henry Lee]].<ref>{{cite web|title=FamilyTreeDNA – Lee Surname DNA Research Project (and Leigh, Lea, etc)|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Lee/default.aspx?section=yresults|access-date=2020-12-10|website=familytreedna.com}}</ref>
⚫
* The [[House of Grimaldi]] belong to a Scandinavian subclade of I1, downstream of I1-Y3549.<ref>{{cite web|title=FamilyTreeDNA – Grimaldi Genealogy Project at FtDNA|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/public/grimaldi.htm/default.aspx?section=yresults|access-date=2020-12-11|website=familytreedna.com}}</ref>
⚫
* President of the United States [[Andrew Jackson]].<ref>{{cite web |date=11 December 2020|title=Jackson DNA Project|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/public/jackson/default.aspx?section=yresults|website=FamilyTreeDNA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Hay M |date=July 2020|title=Origins and history of Haplogroup I1 (Y-DNA)|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309558752|journal=ResearchGate|volume=1|page=9}}</ref>
* Russian writer [[Leo Tolstoy]].<ref name="Maciamo_2020">{{cite web| vauthors = Maciamo E | title = Haplogroup I1 (Y-DNA)
⚫
|url= http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_I1_Y-DNA.shtml|access-date=2020-12-11|website=Eupedia}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Петр Толстой. Моя родословная. Выпуск от 18.04.2010|url=https://www.1tv.ru/shows/moya-rodoslovnaya/vypuski/petr-tolstoy|language=ru|access-date=2020-12-15}}</ref>


* Icelandic historian and poet [[Snorri Sturluson]]<ref name="Maciamo_2020" />
⚫
Ice hockey defenceman [[Börje Salming]] was found to carry I1-M253. On episode 6 of the first season of the Carina Bergfeldt show on Swedish television, geneticist Peter Sjölund helped Salming investigate his DNA to find out more about his [[Sámi]] roots.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.gp.se/sport/bianca-salming-om-relationen-med-börje-känner-mig-hemsk-1.41793843 |title=Bianca Salming om relationen med Börje: "Känner mig hemsk" |lang=sv |trans-title=Bianca Salming on her relationship with Börje: "Feeling awful" | vauthors = Janlind F |date=20 February 2021 |newspaper=[[Goteborgs-Posten]]}}</ref>
⚫
* Swedish scientist and theologian [[Emanuel Swedenborg]]<ref>{{cite web|title=I-BY229 YTree|url=https://yfull.com/tree/I-BY229/|access-date=2020-12-10|website=yfull.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Swedenborg|url=https://hoijen.se/cat/dna/swedenborg/|access-date=2020-12-10|website=Höijen|language=sv-SE|archive-date=2020-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026061910/https://hoijen.se/cat/dna/swedenborg/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Siener van Rensburg]], [[Boer]] patriotic figure and mystic.<ref>{{cite web|title=Claas Jansz van Rensburg, SV/PROG|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Claas-Jansz-van-Rensburg-SV-PROG/4073729836070124333|access-date=2021-01-03|website=geni_family_tree}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=janse /jansen van Rensburg I-M253 genealogy discussion|url=https://www.geni.com/discussions/211790|access-date=2021-01-03|website=geni_family_tree}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Björn Wahlroos]], [[Finns|Finnish]] businessman and millionaire.<ref name="Maciamo_2020" />
⚫
* Finnish mathematician [[Rolf Nevanlinna]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Rolf H. Nevanlinna|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Rolf-H-Nevanlinna/6000000007255407342|access-date=2020-12-26|website=geni_family_tree}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=olenus|date=2018-03-30|title=I1: Rolf Nevanlinna (né Neovius)|url=https://haplogroupijm429.wordpress.com/2018/03/30/i1-rolf-nevanlinna-ne-neovius/|access-date=2020-12-26|website=Descendants of haplogroup IJ-M429}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Arne Edvard Nevanlinna|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Arne-Nevanlinna/6000000024230841000|access-date=2020-12-26|website=geni_family_tree}}</ref>
⚫
* American inventor [[Samuel Morse]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Morse/Moss DNA Testing|url=https://morsesociety.org/cpage.php?pt=34|access-date=2020-12-10|website=morsesociety.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FamilyTreeDNA – Morse / Moss DNA Project|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Morse-2/default.aspx?section=yresults|access-date=2020-12-10|website=familytreedna.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Peter Morse's Family Tree|url=https://www.geni.com/family-tree/canvas/6000000002804426086|access-date=2020-12-10|website=geni.com}}</ref>
⚫
* Swedish Footballers [[Sebastian Larsson]] and his father [[Svante Larsson|Svante]] Larsson belong to I1-Y24470.<ref>{{cite web|title=FamilyTreeDNA – Sweden DNA Project – Sverigeprojektet|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Sweden?iframe=yresults|access-date=2021-02-14|website=familytreedna.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Eskilstuna kommun · EM GN398 – Familjen Larsson, Torshälla ca 1900|url=https://eskilskallan.eskilstuna.se/items/show/78759|access-date=2021-02-14|website=Eskilstuna kommun|language=sv-SE}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=I-Y24470 YTree|url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/I-Y24470/|access-date=2021-02-14|website=yfull.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Familjen Larssons Anfäder |url=http://hosserudkullen.se/Larsson/tavla_larsson_a.html|access-date=2021-02-14|website=hosserudkullen.se}}</ref>
⚫
* Swedish YouTuber [[PewDiePie|Felix Kjellberg]] (PewDiePie) belongs to I1-L22.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/sLJ9my42vR4 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20210125185248/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sLJ9my42vR4 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sLJ9my42vR4| title = I Did A DNA Test... (I Guess Im Cancelled Now) | via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
⚫
* Swedish actor [[Björn Andrésen]] belongs to haplogroup I1-L22.<ref>{{cite web|title=FamilyTreeDNA – The Norway DNA Project – Norgesprosjektet|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Norway?iframe=yresults|access-date=2021-02-02|website=familytreedna.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Tovseth A |date=June 2018|title=Andrésen, Färnskog & Hansen family research|url=https://kjellivar.tripod.com/slekt/slekt.html|access-date=2 February 2021|website=Kjellivar.tripod.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Personer med namnet Andresen {{!}} Släktingar.se|url=https://www.slaktingar.se/slaktnamn/andresen|access-date=2021-02-02|website=slaktingar.se}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| work = Radio Sveriges |title=Björn Andresen: Min passion för mamma blev aldrig besvarad – Katarina Hahr möter|url=https://sverigesradio.se/avsnitt/1577916|access-date=2021-02-02 |language=sv}}</ref> His ancestor Johan Andrésen lived on both sides of the Swedish-Norwegian border.<ref>{{cite web|title=Johan Peter Andresen – Ancestry|url=https://www.ancestry.se/search/categories/42/?name=Johan+Peter_Andresen&pg=3&cursor=2_20_20.0_39.0|access-date=2021-02-02|website=ancestry.se}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Family tree of Daniel Andresen |url=https://gw.geneanet.org/gustavwasa?lang=en&n=andresen&oc=0&p=daniel|access-date=2021-02-02|website=Geneanet}}</ref>
⚫
* American actor [[Chris Pine]] belongs to haplogroup I1-A13819.<ref>{{cite web|title=FamilyTreeDNA – Pine/Pyne Genealogy DNA Project|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Pine?iframe=yresults&fbclid=IwAR2I-4FDwqq-brIV7lZuNCrEMzBO3CvD5Q18aTPee_PKxv6VFhWYA4teJlQ|access-date=2020-12-10|website=familytreedna.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=James Pine, Sr.|url=https://www.geni.com/people/James-Pine-Sr/4768007432740080179|access-date=2020-12-10|website=geni_family_tree}}</ref>
⚫
* Swedish [[Sámi people|Sámi]] Ice hockey player [[Börje Salming]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.gp.se/sport/bianca-salming-om-relationen-med-börje-känner-mig-hemsk-1.41793843 |title=Bianca Salming om relationen med Börje: "Känner mig hemsk" |language=sv |trans-title=Bianca Salming on her relationship with Börje: "Feeling awful" | vauthors = Janlind F |date=20 February 2021 |newspaper=[[Goteborgs-Posten]]}}</ref>
* American colonist [[Edmund Rice (colonist)|Edmund Rice]].
* German composer [[Ludwig van Beethoven]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mercedes |date=2023-03-26 |title=Beethoven DNA Discovery – Find Out If You Are Related |url=https://whoareyoumadeof.com/blog/beethoven-dna-discovery-find-out-if-you-are-related/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=Who are You Made Of?}}</ref>


==Markers==
==Markers==
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== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{reflist}}


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjögren KG, Rasmussen S, Rasmussen M, Stenderup J, Damgaard PB, Schroeder H, Ahlström T, Vinner L, Malaspinas AS, Margaryan A, Higham T, Chivall D, Lynnerup N, Harvig L, Baron J, Della Casa P, Dąbrowski P, Duffy PR, Ebel AV, Epimakhov A, Frei K, Furmanek M, Gralak T, Gromov A, Gronkiewicz S, Grupe G, Hajdu T, Jarysz R, Khartanovich V, Khokhlov A, Kiss V, Kolář J, Kriiska A, Lasak I, Longhi C, McGlynn G, Merkevicius A, Merkyte I, Metspalu M, Mkrtchyan R, Moiseyev V, Paja L, Pálfi G, Pokutta D, Pospieszny Ł, Price TD, Saag L, Sablin M, Shishlina N, Smrčka V, Soenov VI, Szeverényi V, Tóth G, Trifanova SV, Varul L, Vicze M, Yepiskoposyan L, Zhitenev V, Orlando L, Sicheritz-Pontén T, Brunak S, Nielsen R, Kristiansen K, Willerslev E | display-authors = 6 | title = Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia | journal = Nature | volume = 522 | issue = 7555 | pages = 167–72 | date = June 2015 | pmid = 26062507 | doi = 10.1038/nature14507 | bibcode = 2015Natur.522..167A | s2cid = 4399103 | url = https://depot.ceon.pl/handle/123456789/13155 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjögren KG, Rasmussen S, Rasmussen M, Stenderup J, Damgaard PB, Schroeder H, Ahlström T, Vinner L, Malaspinas AS, Margaryan A, Higham T, Chivall D, Lynnerup N, Harvig L, Baron J, Della Casa P, Dąbrowski P, Duffy PR, Ebel AV, Epimakhov A, Frei K, Furmanek M, Gralak T, Gromov A, Gronkiewicz S, Grupe G, Hajdu T, Jarysz R, Khartanovich V, Khokhlov A, Kiss V, Kolář J, Kriiska A, Lasak I, Longhi C, McGlynn G, Merkevicius A, Merkyte I, Metspalu M, Mkrtchyan R, Moiseyev V, Paja L, Pálfi G, Pokutta D, Pospieszny Ł, Price TD, Saag L, Sablin M, Shishlina N, Smrčka V, Soenov VI, Szeverényi V, Tóth G, Trifanova SV, Varul L, Vicze M, Yepiskoposyan L, Zhitenev V, Orlando L, Sicheritz-Pontén T, Brunak S, Nielsen R, Kristiansen K, Willerslev E | display-authors = 6 | title = Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia | journal = Nature | volume = 522 | issue = 7555 | pages = 167–72 | date = June 2015 | pmid = 26062507 | doi = 10.1038/nature14507 | bibcode = 2015Natur.522..167A | s2cid = 4399103 | url = https://depot.ceon.pl/handle/123456789/13155 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Brunel S, Bennett EA, Cardin L, Garraud D, Barrand Emam H, Beylier A, Boulestin B, Chenal F, Ciesielski E, Convertini F, Dedet B, Desbrosse-Degobertiere S, Desenne S, Dubouloz J, Duday H, Escalon G, Fabre V, Gailledrat E, Gandelin M, Gleize Y, Goepfert S, Guilaine J, Hachem L, Ilett M, Lambach F, Maziere F, Perrin B, Plouin S, Pinard E, Praud I, Richard I, Riquier V, Roure R, Sendra B, Thevenet C, Thiol S, Vauquelin E, Vergnaud L, Grange T, Geigl EM, Pruvost M | display-authors = 6 | title = Ancient genomes from present-day France unveil 7,000 years of its demographic history | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 117 | issue = 23 | pages = 12791–98 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32457149 | pmc = 7293694 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1918034117 | bibcode = 2020PNAS..11712791B | url = | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Brunel S, Bennett EA, Cardin L, Garraud D, Barrand Emam H, Beylier A, Boulestin B, Chenal F, Ciesielski E, Convertini F, Dedet B, Desbrosse-Degobertiere S, Desenne S, Dubouloz J, Duday H, Escalon G, Fabre V, Gailledrat E, Gandelin M, Gleize Y, Goepfert S, Guilaine J, Hachem L, Ilett M, Lambach F, Maziere F, Perrin B, Plouin S, Pinard E, Praud I, Richard I, Riquier V, Roure R, Sendra B, Thevenet C, Thiol S, Vauquelin E, Vergnaud L, Grange T, Geigl EM, Pruvost M | display-authors = 6 | title = Ancient genomes from present-day France unveil 7,000 years of its demographic history | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 117 | issue = 23 | pages = 12791–98 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32457149 | pmc = 7293694 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1918034117 | bibcode = 2020PNAS..11712791B | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Malmström H, Gilbert MT, Thomas MG, Brandström M, Storå J, Molnar P, Andersen PK, Bendixen C, Holmlund G, Götherström A, Willerslev E | display-authors = 6 | title = Ancient DNA reveals lack of continuity between neolithic hunter-gatherers and contemporary Scandinavians. | journal = Current Biology | date = November 2009 | volume = 19 | issue = 20 | pages = 1758–62 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.017 | pmid = 19781941 | s2cid = 9487217 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Malmström H, Gilbert MT, Thomas MG, Brandström M, Storå J, Molnar P, Andersen PK, Bendixen C, Holmlund G, Götherström A, Willerslev E | display-authors = 6 | title = Ancient DNA reveals lack of continuity between neolithic hunter-gatherers and contemporary Scandinavians. | journal = Current Biology | date = November 2009 | volume = 19 | issue = 20 | pages = 1758–62 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.017 | pmid = 19781941 | s2cid = 9487217 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Malmström H, Günther T, Svensson EM, Juras A, Fraser M, Munters AR, Pospieszny Ł, Tõrv M, Lindström J, Götherström A, Storå J, Jakobsson M | title = The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 286 | issue = 1912 | page = 20191528 | date = October 2019 | pmid = 31594508 | pmc = 6790770 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2019.1528 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Malmström H, Günther T, Svensson EM, Juras A, Fraser M, Munters AR, Pospieszny Ł, Tõrv M, Lindström J, Götherström A, Storå J, Jakobsson M | title = The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 286 | issue = 1912 | page = 20191528 | date = October 2019 | pmid = 31594508 | pmc = 6790770 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2019.1528 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Villalba-Mouco V, van de Loosdrecht MS, Posth C, Mora R, Martínez-Moreno J, Rojo-Guerra M, Salazar-García DC, Royo-Guillén JI, Kunst M, Rougier H, Crevecoeur I, Arcusa-Magallón H, Tejedor-Rodríguez C, García-Martínez de Lagrán I, Garrido-Pena R, Alt KW, Jeong C, Schiffels S, Utrilla P, Krause J, Haak W | display-authors = 6 | title = Survival of Late Pleistocene Hunter-Gatherer Ancestry in the Iberian Peninsula | journal = Current Biology | volume = 29 | issue = 7 | pages = 1169–77.e7 | date = April 2019 | pmid = 30880015 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2019.02.006 | ref = {{harvid|Villalba-Mouco et al.|2019}} | publisher = [[Cell Press]] | s2cid = 76663708 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Villalba-Mouco V, van de Loosdrecht MS, Posth C, Mora R, Martínez-Moreno J, Rojo-Guerra M, Salazar-García DC, Royo-Guillén JI, Kunst M, Rougier H, Crevecoeur I, Arcusa-Magallón H, Tejedor-Rodríguez C, García-Martínez de Lagrán I, Garrido-Pena R, Alt KW, Jeong C, Schiffels S, Utrilla P, Krause J, Haak W | display-authors = 6 | title = Survival of Late Pleistocene Hunter-Gatherer Ancestry in the Iberian Peninsula | journal = Current Biology | volume = 29 | issue = 7 | pages = 1169–77.e7 | date = April 2019 | pmid = 30880015 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2019.02.006 | ref = {{harvid|Villalba-Mouco et al.|2019}} | publisher = [[Cell Press]] | s2cid = 76663708 | doi-access = free | hdl = 10261/208851 | hdl-access = free }}
{{Refend}}
{{Refend}}


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;General Y-DNA databases
;General Y-DNA databases
There are several public access databases featuring I-M253, including:
There are several public access databases featuring I-M253, including:
# http://www.ysearch.org/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104031453/http://www.ysearch.org/ |date=2011-01-04 }}
# [http://www.ysearch.org/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104031453/http://www.ysearch.org/ |date=2011-01-04 }}
# http://www.yhrd.org/
# [http://www.yhrd.org/ YHRD : Y-Chromosome STR Haplotype Reference Database]
# http://www.yfull.com/tree/I1/
# [http://www.yfull.com/tree/I1/ I1 YTree]


{{Y-DNA}}
{{Y-DNA}}

Revision as of 07:16, 14 August 2024

Haplogroup I1 (M253)
Possible time of origin3,170–4,600[1]–5,070 BP (today's diversification)[2][3] (previously 11,000 BP[4] to 33,000 BP[5]) 27,500 (diversification with I2-FGC77992)[1]
Possible place of originNorthern Europe[6]
AncestorI* (M170)
DescendantsI1a (DF29/S438);
I1b (S249/Z131);
I1c (Y18119/Z17925)
Defining mutationsM253, M307.2/P203.2, M450/S109, P30, P40, L64, L75, L80, L81, L118, L121/S62, L123, L124/S64, L125/S65, L157.1, L186, L187

Haplogroup I-M253, also known as I1, is a Y chromosome haplogroup. The genetic markers confirmed as identifying I-M253 are the SNPs M253,M307.2/P203.2, M450/S109, P30, P40, L64, L75, L80, L81, L118, L121/S62, L123, L124/S64, L125/S65, L157.1, L186, and L187.[7] It is a primary branch of Haplogroup I-M170 (I*).

Haplogroup I1 is believed to have been present among Upper Paleolithic European hunter-gatherers as a minor lineage but due to its near-total absence in pre-Neolithic DNA samples it cannot have been very widespread. Neolithic I1 samples are very sparse as well, suggesting a rapid dispersion connected to a founder effect in the Nordic Bronze Age. Today it reaches its peak frequencies in Sweden (52 percent of males in Västra Götaland County) and western Finland (more than 50 percent in Satakunta province).[8] In terms of national averages, I-M253 is found in 38-39% of Swedish males,[9][10][8] 37% of Norwegian males,[11][12][13] 34.8% of Danish males,[14][15][16] 34.5% of Icelandic males,[17][18][19] and about 28% of Finnish males.[20] Bryan Sykes, in his 2006 book Blood of the Isles, gives the members – and the notional founding patriarch of I1 the name "Wodan".[21]

All known living members descend from a common ancestor 6 times younger than the common ancestor with I2.[1]

Before a reclassification in 2008,[22] the group was known as I1a, a name that has since been reassigned to a primary branch, haplogroup I-DF29. The other primary branches of I1 (M253) are I1b (S249/Z131) and I1c (Y18119/Z17925).

More than 99% of living men with I1 belong to the DF29 branch which is estimated to have emerged in 2400 BCE.[23][24] All DF29 men share a common ancestor born between 2500 and 2400 BCE.[25] The oldest ancient individual with I1-DF29 found is Oll009, a man from early Bronze Age Sweden.[26][27]

Origins

Map of the early Nordic Bronze Age, where I1 first became prominent. The Nordic Bronze Age is often considered ancestral to the Germanic peoples.

While haplogroup I1 most likely diverged from I* as early as 27,000 years ago in the Gravettian, so far DNA studies have only been able to locate it in three Paleolithic and Mesolithic hunter-gatherers. As of November 2022, only 6 ancient DNA samples from human remains dating to earlier than the Nordic Bronze Age have been assigned to haplogroup I1:

  • A hunter-gatherer from the Azilian in Spain in 11,466 BCE classified as having a now extinct branch of I-Z2699.[24][28]
  • Burial SF11 Date: 7500 BP – The first is a DNA sample from a Scandinavian hunter-gatherer with the label SF11 found on Stora Karlsö on Gotland. SF11 was found to have carried 9 of the 312 SNPs that define haplogroup I1. SF11 was classified as I1-Z2699*.[29][30][31][32] SF11 was not assigned to a specific archaeological culture due to the skeleton being found in the Stora Förvar cave on Stora Karlsö.
  • Burial BAB5 Date: 7300-5900 BP – The second is an individual sample from Balatonszemes-Bagodomb labelled BAB5, from Neolithic Hungary.[33] BAB5 was found to have carried 1 of the 312 SNPs that define haplogroup I1. BAB5 may also be classified as I1-Z2699*.[34] BAB5 had a genetic affinity to other contemporary Neolithic farmers of Central Europe.
  • Burial RISE179 Date: 4010-3776 BP – Additionally, the third ancient I1 sample is from an individual found in a kurgan burial dating to the late Neolithic Dagger Period in Scandinavia labelled RISE179.[35] The grave is located close to Abbekås on the south coast of Skåne RISE179 had a genetic affinity to the populations of the Corded Ware culture and the Unetice culture.[35]
  • Burial oll009 Date: 3930-3750 BP - The fourth ancient I1 sample predating the Nordic Bronze Age (1700–500 BCE) is labelled oll009 and was sequenced in the study titled "The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon".[36] Oll009 is dated to the Scandinavian late Neolithic and was found in a burial in Sweden close to Öllsjö on the east coast of Skåne. Similar to RISE179, he carried a high percentage of Western Steppe-Herder ancestry and had a genetic affinity to the population of the Battle Axe culture and other populations of the Corded Ware horizon.[37] oll009 has Y11204 but does not seem to have Y164553 or Y11205.[38]

Despite the high frequency of haplogroup I1 in present-day Scandinavians, I1 is completely absent among early agriculturalist DNA samples from Neolithic Scandinavia[39][40][31] (which also is the case with other haplogroups across Europe). Except for a single DNA sample (SF11), it is also absent from Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in Scandinavia. I1 first starts to appear in Scandinavia in notable frequency during the late Neolithic in conjunction with the entrance of groups carrying Western Steppe Herder ancestry into Scandinavia, but does not increase significantly in frequency until the beginning of the Nordic Bronze Age.[35][41][42]

Due to the very low number of ancient DNA samples that have been assigned to I1 that date to earlier than the Nordic Bronze Age, it is currently unknown whether I1 was present as a rare haplogroup among Scandinavian forager cultures such as Pitted Ware before becoming assimilated by the Battle Axe culture, or if it was brought into Scandinavia by incoming groups such as Battle Axe who may have assimilated it from cultures such as the Funnelbeaker culture in Central Europe; or the steppe itself. Future research will most likely be able to determine which one of these two possible origins turns out to be the case.

Samples SF11 and BAB5 are unlike other ancient DNA samples assigned to I1 in the sense that they both seem to represent now-extinct branches of I1 that hadn't fully developed into I-M253 yet. They are therefore unlikely to have been ancestral to present-day carriers of I1, who all share a common ancestor that lived around 2600 BC.

According to a study published in 2010, I-M253 originated between 3,170 and 5,000 years ago, in Chalcolithic Europe.[2] A new study in 2015 estimated the origin as between 3,470 and 5,070 years ago or between 3,180 and 3,760 years ago, using two different techniques.[3]

In 2007, it was suggested that it initially dispersed from the area that is now Denmark.[14] However, Prof. Dr. Kenneth Nordtvedt, Montana State University, regarding the MRCA, in 2009 wrote in a personal message: "We don't know where that man existed, but the greater lower Elbe basin seems like the heartland of I1".

Latest results (January 2022) published by Y-Full suggest I1 (I-M253) was formed 27,500 ybp (95 CI: 29,800 ybp – 25,200 ybp) with TMRCA 4,600 ybp (95 CI: 5,200 ybp – 4,000 ybp). Since the most up-to date calculated estimation of TMRCA of I1 is thought to be around 2600 BC, this likely puts the ancestor of all living I1 men somewhere in Northern Europe around that time. The phylogeny of I1 shows the signature of a rapid star-like expansion.[43][44] This suggests that I1 went from being a rare marker to a rather common one in a rapid burst.[3]

Structure

I-M253 (M253, M307.2/P203.2, M450/S109, P30, P40, L64, L75, L80, L81, L118, L121/S62, L123, L124/S64, L125/S65, L157.1, L186, and L187) or I1 [7]

  • I-DF29 (DF29/S438); I1a
    • I-CTS6364 (CTS6364/Z2336); I1a1
      • FGC20030; I1a1a~
        • S4767; I1a1a1~
              • I-M227; I1a1a1a1a
        • A394; I1a1a2~
        • Y11221; I1a1a3~
        • A5338; I1a1a4~
      • CTS10028; I1a1b
        • I-L22 (L22/S142); I1a1b1
          • CTS11651/Z2338; I1a1b1a~
            • I-P109; I1a1b1a1
              • I-Y3662; I1a1b1a1e~
                • I-S14887; I1a1b1a1e2~
                  • I-Y11203; I1a1b1a1e2d~
                    • I-Y29630; I1a1b1a1e2d2~
            • CTS6017; I1a1b1a2
            • I-L205 (L205.1/L939.1/S239.1); I1a1b1a3
            • CTS6868; I1a1b1a4
              • I-Z74; I1a1b1a4a
                • CTS2208; I1a1b1a4a1~
                  • I-L287; I1a1b1a4a1a
                    • I-L258 (L258/S335); I1a1b1a4a1a1
                • I-L813; I1a1b1a4a2
                • FGC12562; I1a1b1a4a3~
          • CTS11603/S4744; I1a1b1b~
            • I-FT40464
              • I-Y19934
                • I-L300 (L300/S241); I1a1b1b1a1
                  • I-Y31032
                    • I-Y32014
                  • I-Y22918
                    • I-Y21972
                  • I-Y24013
                    • I-Y24015
                • I-Y19933
                  • I-Y19932
                    • I-Y22015
                      • I-FT57000
        • FGC10477/Y13056; I1a1b2
        • A8178, A8182, A8200, A8204; I1a1b3~
        • F13534.2/Y17263.2; I1a1b4~
    • I-Z58 (S244/Z58); I1a2
      • I-Z59 (S246/Z59); I1a2a
        • I-Z60 (S337/Z60, S439/Z61, Z62); I1a2a1
          • I-Z140 (Z140, Z141)
            • I-L338
            • I-F2642 (F2642)
          • I-Z73
            • I-L1302
          • I-L573
          • I-L803
        • I-Z382; I1a2a2
      • I-Z138 (S296/Z138, Z139); I1a2b
        • I-Z2541
    • I-Z63 (S243/Z63); I1a3
      • I-BY151; I1a3a
        • I-L849.2; I1a3a1
        • I-BY351; I1a3a2
            • I-CTS10345
              • I-Y10994
            • I-Y7075
        • I-S2078
          • I-S2077
            • I-Y2245 (Y2245/PR683)
              • I-L1237
                • I-FGC9550
              • I-S10360
                • I-S15301
              • I-Y7234
        • I-BY62 (BY62); I1a3a3
  • I-Z131 (Z131/S249); I1b
    • I-CTS6397; I1b1
  • I-Z17943 (Y18119/Z17925, S2304/Z17937); I1c

Historical expansion

A timeline of the early Germanic expansions

Haplogroup I1, as well as subclades of R1b such as R1b-U106 and subclades of R1a such as R1a-Z284, are strongly associated with Germanic peoples and are linked to the proto-Germanic speakers of the Nordic Bronze Age.[45][46] Current DNA research indicates that I1 was close to non-existent in most of Europe outside of Scandinavia and northern Germany before the Migration Period. The expansion of I1 is directly tied to that of the Germanic tribes. Starting around 900 BC, Germanic tribes started moving out of southern Scandinavia and northern Germany into the nearby lands between the Elbe and the Oder. Between 600 and 300 BC another wave of Germanic peoples migrated across the Baltic Sea and settled alongside the Vistula. Germanic migration to that area resulted in the formation of the Wielbark culture, which is associated with the Goths.[47]

I1-Z63 has been traced to the Kowalewko burial site in Poland which dates to the Roman Iron Age. In 2017 Polish researchers could successfully assign YDNA haplogroups to 16 individuals who were buried at the site. Out of these 16 individuals, 8 belonged to I1. In terms of subclades, three belonged to I-Z63, and in particular subclade I-L1237.[48] The Kowalewko archeological site has been associated with the Wielbark culture. Therefore, the subclade I-L1237 of I-Z63 may be seen somewhat as a genetic indicator of the Gothic tribe of late antiquity. I1-Z63 has also been found in a burial associated with Goth and Lombard remains in Collegno, Italy.[49][50] The cemetery is dated to the late 6th Century and further suggests that I1-Z63 and downstream subclades are linked to early Medieval Gothic migrations.

In 2015, a DNA study tested the Y-DNA haplogroups of 12 samples dated to 300–400 AD from Saxony-Anhalt in Germany. 8 of them belonged to haplogroup I1. This DNA evidence is in alignment with the historical migrations of Germanic tribes from Scandinavia to central Europe.[51]

Additionally, I1-Z63 was found in the Late Antiquity site Crypta Balbi in Rome, this time with the downstream subclade I-Y7234.[52] Material findings associated with the Lombards have been excavated in Crypta Balbi.

The Pla de l'Horta villa near Girona in Spain is located in close proximity to a necropolis with a series of tombs associated with the Visigoths. The grave goods and the typology of the tombs point to a Visigothic origin of the individuals. A small number of individuals buried at the site were sampled for DNA analysis in a 2019 study. One of the samples belonged to haplogroup I1.[53] This finding is in accordance with the common ancestral origin of the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths.

The Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain introduced I1 in the British Isles.[54]

During the Viking Age, I-M253 saw another expansion. Margaryan et al. 2020 analyzed 442 Viking world individuals from various archaeological sites in Europe. I-M253 was the most common Y-haplogroup found in the study. Norwegian and Danish Vikings brought more I1 to Britain and Ireland, while Swedish Vikings introduced it to Russia and Ukraine and brought more of it to Finland and Estonia.[55]

Geographical distribution

I-M253 is found at its highest density in Northern Europe and other countries that experienced extensive migration from Northern Europe, either in the Migration Period, the Viking Age, or modern times. It is found in all places invaded by the Norse.

During the modern era, significant I-M253 populations have also taken root in immigrant nations and former European colonies such as the United States, Australia, New Zealand and Canada.

Population Sample size I (total) I1 (I-M253) I1a1a (I-M227) Source
Albanians (Tirana) 55 21.82%=(12/55) 3.6%=(2/55) 0.0 Battaglia et al. 2008
Albanians (North Macedonia) 64 17.2%=(11/64) 4.7%=(3/64) 0.0 Battaglia et al. 2008
Albanians (Tirana)
Albanians (North Macedonia)		 55+64=119 19.33%=(23/119) 4.2%=(5/119) 0.0 Battaglia et al. 2008
Kosovo Albanians (Pristina) 114 7.96%=(9/114) 5.31%=(6/114) 0.0 Pericic et al. 2005
Albanians (Tirana)
Albanians (North Macedonia)
Kosovo Albanians (Pristina)		 55+64+114=233 13.73%=(32/233) 4.72%=(11/233) 0.0 Pericic et al. 2005
Battaglia et al. 2008
Austria 43 9.3 2.3 0.0 Underhill et al. 2007
Belarus: Vitbsk 100 15 1.0 0.0 Underhill et al. 2007
Belarus: Brest 97 20.6 1.0 0.0 Underhill et al. 2007
Bosnia 100 42 2.0 0.0 Rootsi et al. 2004
Bulgaria 808 26.6 4.3 0.0 Karachanak et al. 2013
Czech Republic 47 31.9 8.5 0.0 Underhill et al. 2007
Czech Republic 53 17.0 1.9 0.0 Rootsi et al. 2004
Denmark 122 39.3% (48/122) 34.8% (40/122) 0.0 Underhill et al. 2007
England 104 19.2 15.4 0.0 Underhill et al. 2007
Estonia 210 18.6 14.8 0.5 Rootsi et al. 2004
Estonia 118 11.9 Lappalainen et al. 2008
Finland (national) 28.0 Lappalainen et al. 2006
Finland: West 230 40% (92/230) Lappalainen et al. 2008
Finland: East 306 19% (58/306) Lappalainen et al. 2008
Finland: Satakunta region 50+ Lappalainen et al. 20089
France 58 17.2 8.6 1.7 Underhill et al. 2007
France 12 16.7 16.7 0.0 Cann et al. 2002
France (Low Normandy) 42 21.4 11.9 0.0 Rootsi et al. 2004
Germany 125 24 15.2 0.0 Underhill et al. 2007
Greece 171 15.8 2.3 0.0 Underhill et al. 2007
Hungary 113 25.7 13.3 0.0 Rootsi et al. 2004
Ireland 100 11 6.0 0.0 Underhill et al. 2007
Volga Tatars 53 13.2 11.3 0.0 Trofimova 2015
Latvia 113 3.5 Lappalainen et al. 2008
Lithuania 164 4.9 Lappalainen et al. 2008
Netherlands 93 20.4 14 0.0 Underhill et al. 2007
Norway 1766 37% (653/1766) Stenersen et al. 2006
Russia (national) 16 25 12.5 0.0 Cann et al. 2002
Russia: Pskov 130 16.9 5.4 0.0 Underhill et al. 2007
Russia: Kostroma 53 26.4 11.3 0.0 Underhill et al. 2007
Russia: Smolensk 103 12.6 1.9 0.0 Underhill et al. 2007
Russia: Voronez 96 19.8 3.1 0.0 Underhill et al. 2007
Russia: Arkhangelsk 145 15.8 7.6 0.0 Underhill et al. 2007
Russia: Cossacks 89 24.7 4.5 0.0 Underhill et al. 2007
Russia: Karelians 140 10 8.6 0.0 Underhill et al. 2007
Russia: Karelians 132 15.2 Lappalainen et al. 2008
Russia: Vepsa 39 5.1 2.6 0.0 Underhill et al. 2007
Slovakia 70 14.3 4.3 0.0 Rootsi et al. 2004
Slovenia 95 26.3 7.4 0.0 Underhill et al. 2007
Sweden (national) 160 35.6% (57/160) Lappalainen et al. 2008
Sweden (national) 38.0 Lappalainen et al. 2009
Sweden: Västra Götaland 52 Lappalainen et al. 2009
Switzerland 144 7.6 5.6 0.0 Rootsi et al. 2004
Turkey 523 5.4 1.1 0.0 Underhill et al. 2007
Ukraine: Lviv 101 23.8 4.9 0.0 Underhill et al. 2007
Ukraine: Ivanovo-Frankiv 56 21.4 1.8 0.0 Underhill et al. 2007
Ukraine: Hmelnitz 176 26.2 6.1 0.0 Underhill et al. 2007
Ukraine: Cherkasy 114 28.1 4.3 0.0 Underhill et al. 2007
Ukraine: Bilhorod 56 26.8 5.3 0.0 Underhill et al. 2007
Map showing the distribution of Y chromosomes in a trans section of England and Wales from the paper "Y Chromosome Evidence for Anglo-Saxon Mass Migration". The authors attribute the differences in frequencies of haplogroup I1 to Anglo-Saxon mass migration into England, but not into Wales.

In 2002 a paper was published by Michael E. Weale and colleagues showing genetic evidence for population differences between the English and Welsh populations, including a markedly higher level of Y-DNA haplogroup I1 in England than in Wales. They saw this as convincing evidence of Anglo-Saxon mass invasion of eastern Great Britain from northern Germany and Denmark during the Migration Period.[56] The authors assumed that populations with large proportions of haplogroup I1 originated from northern Germany or southern Scandinavia, particularly Denmark, and that their ancestors had migrated across the North Sea with Anglo-Saxon migrations and Danish Vikings. The main claim by the researchers was

that an Anglo-Saxon immigration event affecting 50–100% of the Central English male gene pool at that time is required. We note, however, that our data do not allow us to distinguish an event that simply added to the indigenous Central English male gene pool from one where indigenous males were displaced elsewhere or one where indigenous males were reduced in number ... This study shows that the Welsh border was more of a genetic barrier to Anglo-Saxon Y chromosome gene flow than the North Sea ... These results indicate that a political boundary can be more important than a geophysical one in population genetic structuring.

Distribution of Y chromosome haplogroups from Capelli et al. (2003). Haplogroup I-M253 is present in all populations, with higher frequencies in the east and lower frequencies in the west. There appears to be no discrete boundary as observed by Weale et al. (2002)

In 2003 a paper was published by Christian Capelli and colleagues which supported, but modified, the conclusions of Weale and colleagues.[57] This paper, which sampled Great Britain and Ireland on a grid, found a smaller difference between Welsh and English samples, with a gradual decrease in Haplogroup I1 frequency moving westwards in southern Great Britain. The results suggested to the authors that Norwegian Vikings invaders had heavily influenced the northern area of the British Isles, but that both English and mainland Scottish samples all have German/Danish influence.

Prominent members of I-M253

Main article: List of haplogroups of historical and famous figures

Through direct testing or testing of their descendants and genealogical evidence, the following notable people have been shown to be I-M253:

Markers

DNA example: strand 1 differs from strand 2 at a single base pair location (a C >> T polymorphism).

The following are the technical specifications for known I-M253 haplogroup SNP and STR mutations.

Name: M253[100]

Type: SNP
Source: M (Peter Underhill of Stanford University)
Position: ChrY:13532101..13532101 (+ strand)
Position (base pair): 283
Total size (base pairs): 400
Length: 1
ISOGG HG: I1
Primer F (Forward 5′→ 3′): GCAACAATGAGGGTTTTTTTG
Primer R (Reverse 5′→ 3′): CAGCTCCACCTCTATGCAGTTT
YCC HG: I1
Nucleotide alleles change (mutation): C to T

Name: M307[101]

Type: SNP
Source: M (Peter Underhill)
Position: ChrY:21160339..21160339 (+ strand)
Length: 1
ISOGG HG: I1
Primer F: TTATTGGCATTTCAGGAAGTG
Primer R: GGGTGAGGCAGGAAAATAGC
YCC HG: I1
Nucleotide alleles change (mutation): G to A

Name: P30[102]

Type: SNP
Source: PS (Michael Hammer of the University of Arizona and James F. Wilson, at the University of Edinburgh)
Position: ChrY:13006761..13006761 (+ strand)
Length: 1
ISOGG HG: I1
Primer F: GGTGGGCTGTTTGAAAAAGA
Primer R: AGCCAAATACCAGTCGTCAC
YCC HG: I1
Nucleotide alleles change (mutation): G to A
Region: ARSDP

Name: P40[103]

Type: SNP
Source: PS (Michael Hammer and James F. Wilson)
Position: ChrY:12994402..12994402 (+ strand)
Length: 1
ISOGG HG: I1
Primer F: GGAGAAAAGGTGAGAAACC
Primer R: GGACAAGGGGCAGATT
YCC HG: I1
Nucleotide alleles change (mutation): C to T
Region: ARSDP

See also

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Further reading

Haplogroup I databases
General Y-DNA databases

There are several public access databases featuring I-M253, including:

  1. [1] Archived 2011-01-04 at the Wayback Machine
  2. YHRD : Y-Chromosome STR Haplotype Reference Database
  3. I1 YTree
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_I-M253&oldid=1240233671"