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{{short description|American militia officer}}
{{short description|American militia officer}}
{{other people}}
{{for|the baseball player|Joe Bowman}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = Joseph Bowman
| name = Joseph Bowman
Line 7: Line 7:
| caption = Joseph Bowman grave marker, at [[St. Francis Xavier Cathedral and Library|St. Francis Xavier Cathedral Cemetery]], near [[George Rogers Clark National Historical Park]], [[Vincennes, Indiana]]
| caption = Joseph Bowman grave marker, at [[St. Francis Xavier Cathedral and Library|St. Francis Xavier Cathedral Cemetery]], near [[George Rogers Clark National Historical Park]], [[Vincennes, Indiana]]
| birth_name = Joseph Lawrence Bowman
| birth_name = Joseph Lawrence Bowman
| birth_date = c. March 8, 1752
| birth_date = c. {{Birth date|1752|03|8}} March 8, 1752
| birth_place = [[Frederick County, Virginia]]
| birth_place = [[Frederick County, Virginia]]
| death_date = August 14 or 15, 1779 (aged 27)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1779|08|15|1752|03|08}}
| death_place = [[Fort Sackville|Fort Patrick Henry]], near [[Vincennes, Indiana]], then part of [[Illinois County, Virginia]], present-day [[Knox County, Indiana]]
| death_place = [[Fort Sackville|Fort Patrick Henry]]
| death_cause = burn wounds from gunpowder explosion
| death_cause = burn wounds from gunpowder explosion
| resting_place = originally along the [[Wabash River]], near [[Vincennes, Indiana]], present-day [[St. Francis Xavier Cathedral and Library|St. Francis Xavier Cathedral Cemetery]], near [[George Rogers Clark National Historical Park]], Vincennes, Indiana
| resting_place = [[St. Francis Xavier Cathedral and Library|St. Francis Xavier Cathedral Cemetery]], near [[George Rogers Clark National Historical Park]]
| resting_place_coordinates =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| occupation = frontiersman, hunter, farmer, soldier, state militia officer
| occupation = frontiersman, hunter, farmer, soldier, state militia officer
| nationality = American
| nationality = American
| period =
| other names =
| other_names = Captain Bowman, Major Bowman
| spouse =
| spouse =
| children =
| children =
| parents = George Bowman and Mary Hite, Anglicized from Hans Georg Baumann and Marie Elisabetha Hite
| parents = [[George Bowman (pioneer)|George Bowman]] and Mary Hite, Anglicized from Hans Georg Baumann and Marie Elisabetha Hite
| relatives = Jost Hite (grandfather), [[John Bowman (pioneer)|John (Johannes) Bowman]] (brother), Isaac Bowman (brother), Abraham Bowman (brother)
| relatives = Jost Hite (grandfather)<br />[[Jacob Bowman]] (brother)<br />[[John Bowman (pioneer)|John Bowman]] (brother)<br />[[Isaac Bowman]] (brother)<br />[[Abraham Bowman]] (brother)
{{Infobox military person
|embed = Yes
|placeofburial_coordinates = <!--{{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}}-->
|allegiance = {{flagicon image|Betsy_Ross_flag.svg}} [[United States]]
|branch = [[Virginia militia|Virginia Militia]]
|branch_label = <!--"Branch" or "Service"-->
|serviceyears = 1774, 1778-1779
|serviceyears_label =
| rank = [[File:US-O4 insignia.svg|20px]] [[Major (United States)|Major]]
|rank_label =
|servicenumber =
|unit =
|commands =
|battles = [[Lord Dunmore's War]]<br />[[American Revolutionary War]]
*[[Illinois Campaign]]
|battles_label =
|awards =
|alma_mater =
|spouse = <!--{{marriage|name|start date|end date}}; add spouse if reliably sourced-->
|children =
|relations =
|laterwork =
|signature =
|signature_size =
|signature_alt =
|module =
}}
}}
}}
'''Joseph Bowman''', born '''Joseph Lawrence Bowman''' (c. 1752 – August 14 or 15, 1779), was a frontier, [[Virginia militia|Virginia state militia]] officer, during the [[American Revolutionary War]]. He was second-in-command, during Colonel [[George Rogers Clark]]'s 1778 military expedition to capture the [[Illinois Country]], in which Clark and his men seized the key British-controlled towns of [[Kaskaskia, Illinois|Kaskaskia]], [[Cahokia, Illinois|Cahokia]], and [[Vincennes, Indiana|Vincennes]]. Following the 1779 campaign and defeat of the British forces, in Vincennes, Bowman was critically injured in an accidental gunpowder explosion and subsequently died of his wounds. He was the only American officer killed during the 1778-1779 [[Illinois campaign]].<ref>English, ''Conquest of the Country'', 1:108.</ref> Joseph Bowman kept a daily journal of his trek from Kaskaskia to Vincennes, which is one of the best primary source accounts of Clark's victorious campaign.
'''Joseph Lawrence Bowman''' ({{circa|1752}} – 15 August 1779) was an American frontiersmen and military officer who fought during the [[American Revolutionary War]]. He was second-in-command during Colonel [[George Rogers Clark]]'s 1778 military campaign to capture the [[Illinois Country]], in which Clark and his men seized the key British-controlled towns of [[Kaskaskia, Illinois|Kaskaskia]], [[Cahokia, Illinois|Cahokia]], and [[Vincennes, Indiana|Vincennes]]. Following the campaign, Bowman was critically injured in an accidental gunpowder explosion and subsequently died of his wounds. He was the only American officer killed during the 1778-1779 [[Illinois campaign]].<ref>English, ''Conquest of the Country'', 1:108.</ref> Joseph Bowman kept a daily journal of his trek from Kaskaskia to Vincennes, which is one of the best primary source accounts of Clark's victorious campaign.


==Early life==
==Early life==
Joseph Bowman was born in [[Frederick County, Virginia]], the son of George Bowman and Mary Hite, Anglicized from their original, German names, Hans Georg Baumann and Marie Elisabetha Hite. His maternal grandfather was Jost Hite, a German immigrant credited, as the first white, European colonist to settle west of the [[Blue Ridge Mountains]] of Virginia.<ref>English, ''Conquest of the Country'', 1:112.</ref> In 1732, Hite led his extended family, including his daughter Mary and her husband, George Bowman, to the [[Shenandoah Valley]], near present-day [[Winchester, Virginia|Winchester]], [[Frederick County, Virginia]]. Jost Hite distributed land, that he owned, to his family and to other settlers—claims, which would later be contested in ''[[Hite v. Fairfax]]'', a landmark Virginia land case. Joseph Bowman was born at [[Fort Bowman]], near present-day [[Strasburg, Virginia|Strasburg]], [[Shenandoah County, Virginia]].
Joseph Bowman was born in [[Frederick County, Virginia]], the son of George Bowman and Mary Hite. Their names were Anglicized from their original German names, Hans Georg Baumann and Marie Elisabetha Hite. His maternal grandfather was Jost Hite, a German immigrant credited as the first white, European colonist to settle west of the [[Blue Ridge Mountains]] of Virginia.<ref>English, ''Conquest of the Country'', 1:112.</ref> In 1732, Hite led his extended family, including his daughter Mary and her husband, George Bowman, to the [[Shenandoah Valley]], near present-day [[Winchester, Virginia|Winchester]], [[Frederick County, Virginia]]. Jost Hite distributed land that he owned to his family and to other settlers—claims, which would later be contested in ''[[Hite v. Fairfax]]'', a landmark Virginia land case.


In 1774, Joseph Bowman served in the Virginia colonial militia, during [[Dunmore's War|Lord Dunmore's War]]. Other Virginians, who served with him in the war, included George Rogers Clark and [[Leonard Helm]]. A year later, Bowman moved to Kentucky with other British colonists,<ref name=Brown>{{cite web |last=Brown |first=William Dodd |title=Joseph Bowman (1752–1779) |website=Dictionary of Virginia Biography, Library of Virginia |year=2001 |url=http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/dvb/bio.asp?b=Bowman_Joseph |accessdate=11 Aug 2021}}</ref> who were seeking available land on the western frontier. In 1776, Bowman was among the petitioners in [[Harrodsburg|Harrodsburg, Kentucky]] seeking to establish a new county. On September 11, 1777, thirty-seven men from the area gathered at Bowman's property to shell corn and were attacked by [[Native Americans in the United States|Indians]]. One white settler was killed and six others were wounded, before the Indians were driven off.<ref>English, 1:83</ref>
In 1774, Joseph Bowman served in the Virginia colonial militia during [[Dunmore's War|Lord Dunmore's War]]. Other Virginians, who served with him in the war, included George Rogers Clark and [[Leonard Helm]]. A year later, Bowman moved to Kentucky with other Anglo-American colonists who were seeking available land on the western frontier.<ref name="Brown">{{cite web|last=Brown|first=William Dodd|year=2001|title=Joseph Bowman (1752–1779)|url=http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/dvb/bio.asp?b=Bowman_Joseph|website=Dictionary of Virginia Biography, Library of Virginia|accessdate=11 Aug 2021}}</ref> In 1776, Bowman was among the petitioners in [[Harrodsburg|Harrodsburg, Kentucky]] seeking to establish a new county. On September 11, 1777, thirty-seven men from the area gathered at Bowman's property to shell corn and were attacked by [[Native Americans in the United States|Indians]]. One white settler was killed and six others were wounded before the Indians were driven off.<ref>English, 1:83</ref>


==Revolutionary War service==
==Revolutionary War service==
Joseph Bowman and three of his brothers served in the American Revolutionary War. Bowman is sometimes, confused with his brother, Colonel [[John Bowman (pioneer)|John Bowman]], a prominent leader of the Kentucky frontier settlements, of the Virginia State Forces, during the war.<ref>Butterfield, ''History of Clark's Conquest'', 294n.</ref>
Joseph Bowman and three of his brothers served in the American Revolutionary War. Bowman is sometimes confused with his brother, Colonel [[John Bowman (pioneer)|John Bowman]], a prominent leader of the Kentucky frontier settlements of the Virginia State Forces during the war.<ref>Butterfield, ''History of Clark's Conquest'', 294n.</ref>


Joseph Bowman served, as a captain, during George Rogers Clark's [[Illinois campaign|campaign]], into the Illinois Country and was present, at the capture of Fort Gage in [[Kaskaskia, Illinois|Kaskaskia]], on July 4, 1778. Captain Bowman later, moved north, leading an [http://www.nwta.com/about/the-field-guide/ ununiformed], combined American, mostly Virginian and locally-born, Illinois Country, French/transplanted [[French Canadian|French Canadien]] force, to capture [[Prairie du Rocher, Illinois|Prairie du Rocher]] and [[Cahokia, Illinois|Cahokia]]<ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/S?ammem/fawbib:@OR(@field(AUTHOR+@od1(Bowman,+Joseph,+1752+1779))+@field(OTHER+@od1(Bowman,+Joseph,+1752+1779))+) Letter from Joseph Bowman to George Brinker] from ''The First American West: The Ohio River Valley, 1750-1820'' at the [[Library of Congress]]</ref> [[Fort de Chartres]] and [[Cahokia]], where Bowman remained, for a time, as the commanding officer of the renamed Fort Bowman.<ref>English, 1:197</ref>
In early 1778, Colonel George Rogers Clark offered Bowman a commission if he could raise his own company. Captain Bowman assembled his company and joined the rest of Clark's force on 12 May 1778,<ref name=Brown /> and was part of Clark's [[Illinois campaign|campaign]]. Bowman was present at the capture of Fort Gage in [[Kaskaskia, Illinois|Kaskaskia]], on 4 July 1778. Bowman later moved north, leading a non-uniformed, combined force of Virginian, local Illinois Country, and French-Canadian's to capture [[Prairie du Rocher, Illinois|Prairie du Rocher]] and [[Cahokia, Illinois|Cahokia]]<ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/S?ammem/fawbib:@OR(@field(AUTHOR+@od1(Bowman,+Joseph,+1752+1779))+@field(OTHER+@od1(Bowman,+Joseph,+1752+1779))+) Letter from Joseph Bowman to George Brinker] from ''The First American West: The Ohio River Valley, 1750-1820'' at the [[Library of Congress]]</ref> [[Fort de Chartres]] and [[Cahokia]], where Bowman remained for a time as the commanding officer of the renamed Fort Bowman.<ref>English, 1:197</ref>


When [[Fort Sackville]], renamed Fort Patrick Henry and Captain Leonard Helm, the Virginia state militia commander, were captured by British Lt-Governor [[Henry Hamilton (governor)|Henry "Hair Buyer" Hamilton]], in late 1778, Captain Bowman marched with Colonel Clark, in February 1779, across {{convert|180|mi|km}}, to lay siege to the British forces at [[Vincennes, Indiana|Vincennes]]. Joseph Bowman also, participated in the negotiations for their surrender. After the British surrender, the American flag was raised and the fort was renamed Fort Patrick Henry, on February 24, 1779.
When [[Fort Sackville]], renamed Fort Patrick Henry and Captain Leonard Helm, was captured by British Lt-Governor [[Henry Hamilton (governor)|Henry "Hair Buyer" Hamilton]] in late 1778, Captain Bowman marched with Colonel Clark in February 1779 across {{convert|180|mi|km}} to lay siege to the British outpost at [[Vincennes, Indiana|Vincennes]]. Bowman also participated in the negotiations for their surrender. After the surrender, the American flag was raised and the fort was renamed Fort Patrick Henry, on February 24, 1779.
Within days, a dispatch from the Governor of Virginia arrived, with commissions promoting Clark to general, and Bowman to major. For his services rendered, Major Bowman was granted a total of {{convert|4312|acre|km2}} in land north of the [[Ohio River]], known as "[[Clark's Grant]]."<ref>English, 2:839</ref>
Within days, a dispatch from the Governor of Virginia arrived, with commissions promoting Clark to general, and Bowman to [[Major (United States)|major]]. For his services rendered, Major Bowman was granted a total of {{convert|4312|acre|km2}} in land north of the [[Ohio River]], known as "[[Clark's Grant]]."<ref>English, 2:839</ref>


==Death==
==Death==
In celebration, of the end, of General Clark's Illinois campaign, a six-pounder cannon was fired on February 25, 1779. During the cannon salute, some of the artillery [[gunpowder]] charges accidentally ignited, wounding [[Edward Worthington|Captain Edward Worthington]], four privates, a captured British soldier, and critically wounding Captain Bowman. Oddly enough, General Clark made no mention of the tragic cannon accident in his memoir. However, Clark does describe Major Bowman leading soldiers, as late as June 1779. Due to the severe burn wounds he received, the health of Major Bowman deteriorated, causing him to die, at Fort Patrick Henry, on August 14, 1779.<ref>English, 1:109 is a facsimile of Bowman's death certificate.</ref> The last page of his journal is blank, except for an anonymous notation: "God save the [Virginia] commonwealth, this 15th day of August, 1779."<ref>English 1:374 says Bowman probably died on August 15 and was buried August 18.</ref> A bronze grave marker with the date of August 18, 1779 was later, placed in the St. Francis Xavier Cemetery, adjacent to the [[George Rogers Clark National Historical Park]], [[Vincennes]], [[Knox County, Indiana]], though he was buried somewhere along the [[Wabash River]].
[[File:Bowmvinc.jpg|Major Joseph Bowman's funeral and funeral procession were recreated at the 2006 [[Spirit of Vincennes Rendezvous]]|thumb]]In celebration of the end of General Clark's Illinois campaign, a six-pounder cannon was fired on February 25, 1779. During the cannon salute, some of the artillery [[gunpowder]] charges accidentally ignited, wounding [[Edward Worthington|Captain Edward Worthington]], four American privates, a British prisoner of war, and critically wounding Captain Bowman. Oddly enough, General Clark made no mention of the tragic cannon accident in his memoir, however, Clark does describe Major Bowman leading soldiers, as late as June 1779. Due to the severe burn wounds he received, the health of Major Bowman deteriorated, causing him to die at Fort Patrick Henry on 14 August 1779.<ref>English, 1:109 is a facsimile of Bowman's death certificate.</ref> The last page of his journal is blank, except for an anonymous notation: "God save the [Virginia] commonwealth, this 15th day of August, 1779."<ref>English 1:374 says Bowman probably died on 15 August 15 and was buried 18 August.</ref> A bronze grave marker with the date of 18 August 1779 was later, placed in the St. Francis Xavier Cemetery, adjacent to the [[George Rogers Clark National Historical Park]], [[Vincennes]], [[Knox County, Indiana]], though he was buried somewhere along the [[Wabash River]].

[[File:Bowmvinc.jpg|framed|center|Major Joseph Bowman's funeral and funeral procession were recreated at the 2006 [[Spirit of Vincennes Rendezvous]]]]


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 57: Line 81:
*[http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2003_winter_spring/forgotten_knife.htm "The Forgotten Long Knife"], article about Bowman from the ''Early American Review'', 2003.
*[http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2003_winter_spring/forgotten_knife.htm "The Forgotten Long Knife"], article about Bowman from the ''Early American Review'', 2003.
*[http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=594 "Fort Bowman"], historical marker near the house where Joseph Bowman was born.
*[http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=594 "Fort Bowman"], historical marker near the house where Joseph Bowman was born.
*[https://uncommonwealth.virginiamemory.com/blog/2019/06/12/a-virginian-a-tomahawk-the-american-revolution-in-the-old-west/ "A Virginian, A Tomahawk, & The American Revolution In The Old West"], article regarding Bowman's interactions with Native Americans


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


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[[Category:1752 births]]
[[Category:1750s births]]
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[[Category:1779 deaths]]
[[Category:American Revolutionary War deaths]]
[[Category:American Revolutionary War deaths]]
[[Category:American Revolutionary War Diarists]]
[[Category:American Revolutionary War diarists]]
[[Category:18th-century American diarists]]
[[Category:Bowman family|Joseph]]
[[Category:Bowman family|Joseph]]
[[Category:Illinois in the American Revolution]]
[[Category:Illinois in the American Revolution]]
[[Category:Indiana in the American Revolution]]
[[Category:Indiana in the American Revolution]]
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[[Category:People in Dunmore's War]]
[[Category:Kentucky pioneers]]
[[Category:Kentucky pioneers]]
[[Category:People from Shenandoah County, Virginia]]
[[Category:People of Kentucky in the American Revolution]]
[[Category:People of Kentucky in the American Revolution]]
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[[Category:Virginia militiamen in the American Revolution]]
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[[Category:People of Virginia in the American Revolution]]
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[[Category:Virginia colonial people]]

Latest revision as of 23:49, 29 July 2024

For other people named Joseph Bowman, see Joseph Bowman (disambiguation).
Joseph Bowman
Joseph Bowman grave marker, at St. Francis Xavier Cathedral Cemetery, near George Rogers Clark National Historical Park, Vincennes, Indiana
Born
Joseph Lawrence Bowman

c. (1752-03-08)March 8, 1752 March 8, 1752
Frederick County, Virginia
DiedAugust 15, 1779(1779-08-15) (aged 27)
Fort Patrick Henry
Cause of deathburn wounds from gunpowder explosion
Resting placeSt. Francis Xavier Cathedral Cemetery, near George Rogers Clark National Historical Park
NationalityAmerican
Occupation(s)frontiersman, hunter, farmer, soldier, state militia officer
Parent(s)George Bowman and Mary Hite, Anglicized from Hans Georg Baumann and Marie Elisabetha Hite
RelativesJost Hite (grandfather)
Jacob Bowman (brother)
John Bowman (brother)
Isaac Bowman (brother)
Abraham Bowman (brother)
Military career
Allegiance United States
Service/branchVirginia Militia
Years of service1774, 1778-1779
Rank Major
Battles/warsLord Dunmore's War
American Revolutionary War

Joseph Lawrence Bowman (c. 1752 – 15 August 1779) was an American frontiersmen and military officer who fought during the American Revolutionary War. He was second-in-command during Colonel George Rogers Clark's 1778 military campaign to capture the Illinois Country, in which Clark and his men seized the key British-controlled towns of Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes. Following the campaign, Bowman was critically injured in an accidental gunpowder explosion and subsequently died of his wounds. He was the only American officer killed during the 1778-1779 Illinois campaign.[1] Joseph Bowman kept a daily journal of his trek from Kaskaskia to Vincennes, which is one of the best primary source accounts of Clark's victorious campaign.

Early life

[edit]

Joseph Bowman was born in Frederick County, Virginia, the son of George Bowman and Mary Hite. Their names were Anglicized from their original German names, Hans Georg Baumann and Marie Elisabetha Hite. His maternal grandfather was Jost Hite, a German immigrant credited as the first white, European colonist to settle west of the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia.[2] In 1732, Hite led his extended family, including his daughter Mary and her husband, George Bowman, to the Shenandoah Valley, near present-day Winchester, Frederick County, Virginia. Jost Hite distributed land that he owned to his family and to other settlers—claims, which would later be contested in Hite v. Fairfax, a landmark Virginia land case.

In 1774, Joseph Bowman served in the Virginia colonial militia during Lord Dunmore's War. Other Virginians, who served with him in the war, included George Rogers Clark and Leonard Helm. A year later, Bowman moved to Kentucky with other Anglo-American colonists who were seeking available land on the western frontier.[3] In 1776, Bowman was among the petitioners in Harrodsburg, Kentucky seeking to establish a new county. On September 11, 1777, thirty-seven men from the area gathered at Bowman's property to shell corn and were attacked by Indians. One white settler was killed and six others were wounded before the Indians were driven off.[4]

Revolutionary War service

[edit]

Joseph Bowman and three of his brothers served in the American Revolutionary War. Bowman is sometimes confused with his brother, Colonel John Bowman, a prominent leader of the Kentucky frontier settlements of the Virginia State Forces during the war.[5]

In early 1778, Colonel George Rogers Clark offered Bowman a commission if he could raise his own company. Captain Bowman assembled his company and joined the rest of Clark's force on 12 May 1778,[3] and was part of Clark's campaign. Bowman was present at the capture of Fort Gage in Kaskaskia, on 4 July 1778. Bowman later moved north, leading a non-uniformed, combined force of Virginian, local Illinois Country, and French-Canadian's to capture Prairie du Rocher and Cahokia[6] Fort de Chartres and Cahokia, where Bowman remained for a time as the commanding officer of the renamed Fort Bowman.[7]

When Fort Sackville, renamed Fort Patrick Henry and Captain Leonard Helm, was captured by British Lt-Governor Henry "Hair Buyer" Hamilton in late 1778, Captain Bowman marched with Colonel Clark in February 1779 across 180 miles (290 km) to lay siege to the British outpost at Vincennes. Bowman also participated in the negotiations for their surrender. After the surrender, the American flag was raised and the fort was renamed Fort Patrick Henry, on February 24, 1779. Within days, a dispatch from the Governor of Virginia arrived, with commissions promoting Clark to general, and Bowman to major. For his services rendered, Major Bowman was granted a total of 4,312 acres (17.45 km2) in land north of the Ohio River, known as "Clark's Grant."[8]

Death

[edit]
Major Joseph Bowman's funeral and funeral procession were recreated at the 2006 Spirit of Vincennes Rendezvous

In celebration of the end of General Clark's Illinois campaign, a six-pounder cannon was fired on February 25, 1779. During the cannon salute, some of the artillery gunpowder charges accidentally ignited, wounding Captain Edward Worthington, four American privates, a British prisoner of war, and critically wounding Captain Bowman. Oddly enough, General Clark made no mention of the tragic cannon accident in his memoir, however, Clark does describe Major Bowman leading soldiers, as late as June 1779. Due to the severe burn wounds he received, the health of Major Bowman deteriorated, causing him to die at Fort Patrick Henry on 14 August 1779.[9] The last page of his journal is blank, except for an anonymous notation: "God save the [Virginia] commonwealth, this 15th day of August, 1779."[10] A bronze grave marker with the date of 18 August 1779 was later, placed in the St. Francis Xavier Cemetery, adjacent to the George Rogers Clark National Historical Park, Vincennes, Knox County, Indiana, though he was buried somewhere along the Wabash River.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ English, Conquest of the Country, 1:108.
  2. ^ English, Conquest of the Country, 1:112.
  3. ^ a b Brown, William Dodd (2001). "Joseph Bowman (1752–1779)". Dictionary of Virginia Biography, Library of Virginia. Retrieved 11 Aug 2021.
  4. ^ English, 1:83
  5. ^ Butterfield, History of Clark's Conquest, 294n.
  6. ^ Letter from Joseph Bowman to George Brinker from The First American West: The Ohio River Valley, 1750-1820 at the Library of Congress
  7. ^ English, 1:197
  8. ^ English, 2:839
  9. ^ English, 1:109 is a facsimile of Bowman's death certificate.
  10. ^ English 1:374 says Bowman probably died on 15 August 15 and was buried 18 August.

References

[edit]
  • Butterfield, Consul Willshire. History of George Rogers Clark's Conquest of the Illinois and the Wabash Towns, 1778 and 1779. Columbus, Ohio: Heer, 1904.
  • English, William Hayden. Conquest of the Country Northwest of the River Ohio 1778-1783 and Life of Gen. George Rogers Clark Vol I. ©1896. The Bowen-Merrill Company. Indianapolis, Ind., and Kansas City, Mo.
  • Harrison, Lowell H. George Rogers Clark and the War in the West. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1976; Reprinted 2001, ISBN 0-8131-9014-2.
[edit]
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