Jump to content

L'arpa festante: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m →External links: add authority control
2020
 
(9 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|Baroque chamber orchestra based in Munich}}
{{Infobox orchestra
{{Infobox orchestra
| name = {{lang|it|L'arpa festante|italic=no}}
| name = {{lang|it|L'arpa festante|italic=no}}
| type = Baroque [[chamber orchestra]] {{nowrap|on [[historically informed performance|period instruments]]}}
| type = Baroque [[chamber orchestra]] {{nowrap|on [[historically informed performance|period instruments]]}}
| image = File:Baroque orchestra L'arpa festante.JPG
| image = Baroque orchestra L'arpa festante.JPG
| image_size = 240px
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Rehearsal of Bach's [[Mass in B minor structure|Mass in B minor]] in [[St. Martin, Idstein]]
| caption = Rehearsal of Bach's [[Mass in B minor structure|Mass in B minor]] in [[St. Martin, Idstein]]
| founder = [[Michi Gaigg]] (concertmaster)
| founded = {{Start date|1983}} by concertmaster {{nowrap|[[Michi Gaigg]]}}
| founded = {{Start date|1983}} by concertmaster {{nowrap|[[Michi Gaigg]]}}
| location = Munich
| location = Munich
Line 11: Line 11:
'''{{lang|it|L'arpa festante|italic=no}}''' is a German [[chamber orchestra]], specializing in the revival and performance of unknown works, especially from the [[Baroque music|Baroque era]]. It was established in Munich in 1983 by [[Michi Gaigg]], who also led the ensemble as concertmaster until 1995. The ensemble takes its name from [[Giovanni Battista Maccioni]]'s dramatic cantata {{lang|it|L'arpa festante}} (''The Festive Harp'') which was first performed in 1653, inaugurating what was to become the [[Bavarian State Opera]].<ref name="Carus" />
'''{{lang|it|L'arpa festante|italic=no}}''' is a German [[chamber orchestra]], specializing in the revival and performance of unknown works, especially from the [[Baroque music|Baroque era]]. It was established in Munich in 1983 by [[Michi Gaigg]], who also led the ensemble as concertmaster until 1995. The ensemble takes its name from [[Giovanni Battista Maccioni]]'s dramatic cantata {{lang|it|L'arpa festante}} (''The Festive Harp'') which was first performed in 1653, inaugurating what was to become the [[Bavarian State Opera]].<ref name="Carus" />


{{lang|it|L'arpa festante|italic=no}} plays in varying ensembles of up to 40 players, often with choirs and soloists.<ref name="Scobel" /> Early music is played on period instruments in [[historically informed performance]]s.<ref name="BC" /> The orchestra's focus is on revivals of less-known works of the Baroque in Southern Germany, music by members of the [[Bach family]], and [[oratorio]]s of the Baroque and [[Classical period (music)|Classical periods]].<ref name="MIZ" />
{{lang|it|L'arpa festante|italic=no}} plays in varying ensembles of up to 40 players, often with choirs and soloists.<ref name="Scobel" /> Early music is played on period instruments in [[historically informed performance]]s.<ref name="BC" /> The orchestra's focus is on revivals of less-known works of the Baroque in Southern Germany, music by members of the [[Bach family]], and [[oratorio]]s of the Baroque and [[Classical period (music)|Classical periods]].<ref name="MIZ" />


The orchestra played Bach's [[Mass in B minor]] with the [[Frankfurter Kantorei]], conducted by [[Winfried Toll]].<ref name="Scobel" /> They performed the work at the [[Cathedral of Trier]] with the cathedral choir, when {{lang|de|Domkapellmeister}} Stephan Rommelspacher left after 13 years for a new position in Leipzig,<ref name="Kluth" /> and in [[St. Martin, Idstein]].<ref name="Wenda" />
The orchestra played Bach's [[Mass in B minor]] with the [[Frankfurter Kantorei]], conducted by [[Winfried Toll]].<ref name="Scobel" /> They performed the work at the [[Cathedral of Trier]] with the cathedral choir, when {{lang|de|Domkapellmeister}} Stephan Rommelspacher left after 13 years for a new position in Leipzig,<ref name="Kluth" /> and in [[St. Martin, Idstein]].<ref name="Wenda" />
Line 17: Line 17:
== Recordings ==
== Recordings ==


The orchestra has recorded rarely performed music, some for the first time. Examples include six symphonies by [[Georg Matthias Monn]] recorded in 1996, and cello concertos and symphonies ({{lang|de|Cello-Konzerte und Sinfonien}}) by [[Christian Ernst Graf]] and [[Carl Friedrich Abel]] in 2010. They also have participated in the recording of vocal works. In 2003 they recorded Telemann's [[Passions (Telemann)|Passion]] ''Das selige Erwägen des bittern Leiden und Sterbens Jesu Christi'' with the Freiburger Vokalensemble, conducted by [[Wolfgang Schäfer]], then probably the only recording of the work. A review noted: "The orchestra ... playing on original instruments, relish all of Telemann's varied orchestration and the wind players in particular contribute some fine solos."<ref name="Hugill" /> In 2006 they recorded Bach's ''[[Christmas Oratorio]]'' and a first recording of ''{{lang|de|Pythagorische Schmids-Fuencklein}}'' (1692) by [[Rupert Ignaz Mayr]] in 2006.<ref name="Scobel" /> They recorded his ''Confitebor Tibi'' in 2008.
The orchestra has recorded rarely performed music, some for the first time. Examples include ''Vêpres aux Jésuites'' by [[Marc-Antoine Charpentier]] recorded in 1993, with [[Michel Corboz]] as conductor, six symphonies by [[Georg Matthias Monn]] recorded in 1996, and cello concertos and symphonies ({{lang|de|Cello-Konzerte und Sinfonien}}) by [[Christian Ernst Graf]] and [[Carl Friedrich Abel]] in 2010. They also have participated in the recording of vocal works. In 2003 they recorded Telemann's [[Passions (Telemann)|Passion]] ''Das selige Erwägen des bittern Leiden und Sterbens Jesu Christi'' with the Freiburger Vokalensemble, conducted by [[Wolfgang Schäfer]], then probably the only recording of the work. A review noted: "The orchestra ... playing on original instruments, relish all of Telemann's varied orchestration and the wind players in particular contribute some fine solos."<ref name="Hugill" /> In 2006 they recorded Bach's ''[[Christmas Oratorio]]'' and a first recording of ''{{lang|de|Pythagorische Schmids-Fuencklein}}'' (1692) by [[Rupert Ignaz Mayr]] in 2006.<ref name="Scobel" /> They recorded his ''Confitebor Tibi'' in 2008.


For the publisher [[Carus-Verlag]] they produced a first recording of eleven sacred vocal works by [[Johann Philipp Förtsch]], titled ''Ich freue mich im Herrn'', and works by [[David Pohle]], titled {{lang|de|Wie der Hirsch schreyet: Diligam te Domine; In te Domine speravi; Benedicam Dominum; Jesu chare; Paratum cor meum.}}, conducted by Rien Voskuilen.
For the publisher [[Carus-Verlag]] they produced a first recording of eleven sacred vocal works by [[Johann Philipp Förtsch]], titled ''Ich freue mich im Herrn'', and in 2004 of works by [[David Pohle]], titled {{lang|de|Wie der Hirsch schreyet: Diligam te Domine; In te Domine speravi; Benedicam Dominum; Jesu chare; Paratum cor meum.}}, conducted by Rien Voskuilen.<ref name="Clements 2004" />


They recorded [[Carl Heinrich Graun]]'s ''Te Deum'' and motets with the Basel Madrigalists, conducted by Fritz Näf. In 2006 they recorded a historically informed performance of Mozart's [[Requiem (Mozart)|Requiem]] with the Bachchor Mainz conducted by [[Ralf Otto]], with soloists [[Julia Kleiter]], [[Gerhild Romberger]], [[Daniel Sans]] and [[Klaus Mertens]] which was broadcast by the [[Hessischer Rundfunk]] in a documentary on the work on 28 April 2006.<ref name="NCA" /> With the same choir and conductor they began in 2010 a recording of [[cantata]]s by [[Wilhelm Friedemann Bach]].<ref name="Plank" /> They recorded music by [[Giovanni Battista Martini]], ''Te Deum – Magnificat – Introitus – Concerti'' in 2010. The same year, they ventured into historically informed performances of [[Romantic music]], [[Joseph Rheinberger]]'s ''Cantus Missae'' and [[Anton Bruckner]]'s [[Mass No. 2 (Bruckner)|Mass in E minor]].
They recorded [[Carl Heinrich Graun]]'s ''Te Deum'' and motets with the Basel Madrigalists, conducted by Fritz Näf. In 2006 they recorded a historically informed performance of Mozart's [[Requiem (Mozart)|Requiem]] with the [[Bachchor Mainz]] conducted by [[Ralf Otto]], with soloists [[Julia Kleiter]], [[Gerhild Romberger]], [[Daniel Sans]] and [[Klaus Mertens]] which was broadcast by [[Hessischer Rundfunk]] in a documentary on the work on 28 April 2006.<ref name="NCA" /> With the same choir and conductor they began in 2010 a recording of [[cantata]]s by [[Wilhelm Friedemann Bach]].<ref name="Plank" /> They recorded music by [[Giovanni Battista Martini]], ''Te Deum – Magnificat – Introitus – Concerti'' in 2010. The same year they ventured into historically informed performances of [[Romantic music]], [[Josef Rheinberger]]'s ''Cantus Missae'' and Bruckner's [[Mass No. 2 (Bruckner)|Mass in E minor]].

They recorded violin concertos by {{ill|Francesco Maria Cattaneo|de}} and anonymous music from the Dresden court library with soloist Anton Sterck in 2019. A reviewer described the group as "an excellent ensemble, playing with taste and a feel of joie de vivre, the string sound enhanced by a crisp harpsichord or gentle lute, depending on the mood in any particular movement."<ref name="Clements 2020" /> In 2020 they recorded sacred music composed in Germany in the late 17th century, selected by counter-tenor [[David Erler]] for his first solo album. A reviewer summarised: "His singing and the way he treats the text do full justice to what this music is about, both musically and spiritually. L'arpa festante is his perfect partner, as the instrumentalists are also very aware of the texts and their meaning."<ref name="Veen" />


== References ==
== References ==
Line 28: Line 30:
| refs =
| refs =


<ref name="Carus">{{cite web
<ref name="Clements 2004">{{cite web
| last = Clements
| url = http://www.carus-verlag.com/index.php3?selSprache=1&BLink=KKPerson&PersonID=4698
| first = Dominy
| title = L'arpa festante - Barockorchester München
| url = http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2007/Nov07/Pohle_83413.htm
| publisher = [[Carus-Verlag]]
| title = David Pohle (1624-1695) / Wie der Hirsch schreyet – Musica Sacra
| year = 2003
| website = musicweb-international.com
| accessdate = 16 September 2013
| date = November 2007
| language = de
| access-date = 25 September 2024
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


<ref name="BC">{{cite web
<ref name="Clements 2020">{{cite web
| last = Clements
| url = http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/BOLAF.htm
| first = Dominy
| title = Barockorchester L’arpa festante (Baroque Orchestra)
| url = https://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev//2020/May/Cattaneo_VCs_ACC24364.htm
| publisher = bach-cantatas.com
| title = Francesco Maria Cattaneo (c. 1697-1758) / Violin Concertos (Dresden 1730/1740)
| year = 2003
| website = musicweb-international.com
| accessdate = 16 September 2013
| date = May 2020
| language = de
| access-date = 25 September 2024
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


<ref name="MIZ">{{cite web
<ref name="Hugill">{{cite web
| last = Hugill
| url = http://www.miz.org/details_8358_233.html
| first = Robert
| title = L'Arpa festante / Barockorchester München
| url = http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2003/july03/TelemannPassionOratorio.htm
| publisher = Deutsches Musikinformationszentrum
| title = Telemann Passions Oratorium
| year = 2007
| website = musicweb-international.com
| language = German
| date = 2003
| accessdate = 16 September 2013
| access-date = 22 November 2010
}}</ref>

<ref name="Kluth">{{cite news
| last = Kluth
| first = Gerhard
| url = http://www.journal.lu/article/bachs-h-moll-messe-zum-abschied/
| title = Bachs h-Moll Messe zum Abschied
| publisher = Letzeburger Journal
| date = 9 September 2013
| language = de
| access-date = 16 September 2013
}}</ref>

<ref name="Plank">{{cite web
| last = Plank
| first = Steven
| url = http://www.operatoday.com/content/2011/12/wilhelm_friedem.php
| title = Wilhelm Friedemann Bach Cantatas
| work = operatoday.com
| date = 22 December 2011
| access-date = 16 September 2010
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


Line 59: Line 89:
| title = h-Moll-Messe
| title = h-Moll-Messe
| publisher = [[Frankfurter Kantorei]]
| publisher = [[Frankfurter Kantorei]]
| year = 2006
| date = 2006
| language = German
| language = de
| accessdate = 16 September 2013
| access-date = 16 September 2013
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


<ref name="Kluth">{{cite news
<ref name="Veen">{{cite web
| last = Kluth
| last = Veen
| first = Gerhard
| first = Johan van
| url = https://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev//2022/Jan/Psalms-songs-CHR77453.htm
| url = http://www.journal.lu/article/bachs-h-moll-messe-zum-abschied/
| title = Psalmen & Lobgesänge / (Psalms and Songs of Praise from the Central German Baroque)
| title = Bachs h-Moll Messe zum Abschied
| website = musicweb-international.com
| publisher = Letzeburger Journal
| date = 9 September 2013
| date = January 2022
| language = German
| language = de
| accessdate = 16 September 2013
| access-date = 25 September 2024
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


Line 80: Line 110:
| url = http://www.wiesbadener-kurier.de/region/kultur/lokale-kultur/print_13489520.htm
| url = http://www.wiesbadener-kurier.de/region/kultur/lokale-kultur/print_13489520.htm
| title = Bachs "h-moll-Messe" in St.Martin in Idstein
| title = Bachs "h-moll-Messe" in St.Martin in Idstein
| publisher = Wiesbadener Kurier
| newspaper = [[Wiesbadener Kurier]]
| date = 1 October 2013
| date = 1 October 2013
| language = German
| language = de
| accessdate = 2 October 2013
| access-date = 2 October 2013
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131005005241/http://www.wiesbadener-kurier.de/region/kultur/lokale-kultur/print_13489520.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131005005241/http://www.wiesbadener-kurier.de/region/kultur/lokale-kultur/print_13489520.htm
| archive-date = 5 October 2013
| archive-date = 5 October 2013
Line 89: Line 119:
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


<ref name="Hugill">{{cite web
<ref name="BC">{{cite web
| url = http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/BOLAF.htm
| last = Hugill
| title = Barockorchester L'arpa festante (Baroque Orchestra)
| first = Robert
| work = Bach Cantatas Website
| url = http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2003/july03/TelemannPassionOratorio.htm
| date = 2003
| title = Telemann Passions Oratorium
| access-date = 16 September 2013
| publisher = musicweb-international.com
| year = 2003
| accessdate = 22 November 2010
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


<ref name="NCA">{{cite web
<ref name="Carus">{{cite web
| url = http://www.ncamusic.com/rezensionen-popup.php?lang=de&current=35_CD-Tipp%2Bf%25FCr%2B%255C%2522Klassik-Ze
| url = http://www.carus-verlag.com/index.php3?selSprache=1&BLink=KKPerson&PersonID=4698
| title = CD-Tipp für "Klassik-Zeit"
| title = L'arpa festante – Barockorchester München
| publisher = ncamusic.com
| publisher = [[Carus-Verlag]]
| year = 2006
| date = 2003
| access-date = 16 September 2013
| language = German
| accessdate = 16 September 2010
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


<ref name="Plank">{{cite web
<ref name="MIZ">{{cite web
| url = http://www.miz.org/details_8358_233.html
| last = Plank
| title = L'Arpa festante / Barockorchester München
| first = Steven
| publisher = [[Deutsches Musikinformationszentrum]]
| url = http://www.operatoday.com/content/2011/12/wilhelm_friedem.php
| date = 2007
| title = Wilhelm Friedemann Bach Cantatas
| language = de
| publisher = operatoday.com
| date = 22 December 2011
| access-date = 16 September 2013
}}</ref>
| accessdate = 16 September 2010

<ref name="NCA">{{cite web
| url = http://www.ncamusic.com/rezensionen-popup.php?lang=de&current=35_CD-Tipp%2Bf%25FCr%2B%255C%2522Klassik-Ze
| title = CD-Tipp für ''Klassik-Zeit''
| work = ncamusic.com
| date = 2006
| language = de
| access-date = 16 September 2010
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


Line 121: Line 156:


== External links ==
== External links ==
* {{DNB portal|5139579-4}}
* [http://www.classicalarchives.com/ensemble/6590.html Recordings] classicalarchives.com
* {{Allmusic|id=mn0002178047}}
* {{Allmusic|id=mn0002178047}}
* [http://www.classicalarchives.com/ensemble/6590.html Recordings], classicalarchives.com
* [http://www.musik-st-egidien.de/kuenstler/gastkuenstler/orchester/larpa_festante/index.html L'arpa festante] St. Egidien, Nürnberg {{in lang|de}}
* [http://www.musik-st-egidien.de/kuenstler/gastkuenstler/orchester/larpa_festante/index.html L'arpa festante], [[St. Egidien, Nuremberg]] {{in lang|de}}
* [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/albumList.jsp?name_id1=65641&name_role1=4&bcorder=4 L'arpa festante] arkivmusic.com
* [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/albumList.jsp?name_id1=65641&name_role1=4&bcorder=4 L'arpa festante], [[ArkivMusic]]


{{authority control}}
{{authority control|state=collapsed}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Arpa Festante, L}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Arpa Festante, L}}

Latest revision as of 19:01, 25 September 2024

L'arpa festante
Baroque chamber orchestra on period instruments
Rehearsal of Bach's Mass in B minor in St. Martin, Idstein
Founded1983 (1983) by concertmaster Michi Gaigg
LocationMunich

L'arpa festante is a German chamber orchestra, specializing in the revival and performance of unknown works, especially from the Baroque era. It was established in Munich in 1983 by Michi Gaigg, who also led the ensemble as concertmaster until 1995. The ensemble takes its name from Giovanni Battista Maccioni's dramatic cantata L'arpa festante (The Festive Harp) which was first performed in 1653, inaugurating what was to become the Bavarian State Opera.[1]

L'arpa festante plays in varying ensembles of up to 40 players, often with choirs and soloists.[2] Early music is played on period instruments in historically informed performances.[3] The orchestra's focus is on revivals of less-known works of the Baroque in Southern Germany, music by members of the Bach family, and oratorios of the Baroque and Classical periods.[4]

The orchestra played Bach's Mass in B minor with the Frankfurter Kantorei, conducted by Winfried Toll.[2] They performed the work at the Cathedral of Trier with the cathedral choir, when Domkapellmeister Stephan Rommelspacher left after 13 years for a new position in Leipzig,[5] and in St. Martin, Idstein.[6]

Recordings

[edit]

The orchestra has recorded rarely performed music, some for the first time. Examples include Vêpres aux Jésuites by Marc-Antoine Charpentier recorded in 1993, with Michel Corboz as conductor, six symphonies by Georg Matthias Monn recorded in 1996, and cello concertos and symphonies (Cello-Konzerte und Sinfonien) by Christian Ernst Graf and Carl Friedrich Abel in 2010. They also have participated in the recording of vocal works. In 2003 they recorded Telemann's Passion Das selige Erwägen des bittern Leiden und Sterbens Jesu Christi with the Freiburger Vokalensemble, conducted by Wolfgang Schäfer, then probably the only recording of the work. A review noted: "The orchestra ... playing on original instruments, relish all of Telemann's varied orchestration and the wind players in particular contribute some fine solos."[7] In 2006 they recorded Bach's Christmas Oratorio and a first recording of Pythagorische Schmids-Fuencklein (1692) by Rupert Ignaz Mayr in 2006.[2] They recorded his Confitebor Tibi in 2008.

For the publisher Carus-Verlag they produced a first recording of eleven sacred vocal works by Johann Philipp Förtsch, titled Ich freue mich im Herrn, and in 2004 of works by David Pohle, titled Wie der Hirsch schreyet: Diligam te Domine; In te Domine speravi; Benedicam Dominum; Jesu chare; Paratum cor meum., conducted by Rien Voskuilen.[8]

They recorded Carl Heinrich Graun's Te Deum and motets with the Basel Madrigalists, conducted by Fritz Näf. In 2006 they recorded a historically informed performance of Mozart's Requiem with the Bachchor Mainz conducted by Ralf Otto, with soloists Julia Kleiter, Gerhild Romberger, Daniel Sans and Klaus Mertens which was broadcast by Hessischer Rundfunk in a documentary on the work on 28 April 2006.[9] With the same choir and conductor they began in 2010 a recording of cantatas by Wilhelm Friedemann Bach.[10] They recorded music by Giovanni Battista Martini, Te Deum – Magnificat – Introitus – Concerti in 2010. The same year they ventured into historically informed performances of Romantic music, Josef Rheinberger's Cantus Missae and Bruckner's Mass in E minor.

They recorded violin concertos by Francesco Maria Cattaneo [de] and anonymous music from the Dresden court library with soloist Anton Sterck in 2019. A reviewer described the group as "an excellent ensemble, playing with taste and a feel of joie de vivre, the string sound enhanced by a crisp harpsichord or gentle lute, depending on the mood in any particular movement."[11] In 2020 they recorded sacred music composed in Germany in the late 17th century, selected by counter-tenor David Erler for his first solo album. A reviewer summarised: "His singing and the way he treats the text do full justice to what this music is about, both musically and spiritually. L'arpa festante is his perfect partner, as the instrumentalists are also very aware of the texts and their meaning."[12]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "L'arpa festante – Barockorchester München". Carus-Verlag. 2003. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
  2. ^ a b c Scobel, Cordula (2006). "h-Moll-Messe" (PDF) (in German). Frankfurter Kantorei. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
  3. ^ "Barockorchester L'arpa festante (Baroque Orchestra)". Bach Cantatas Website. 2003. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
  4. ^ "L'Arpa festante / Barockorchester München" (in German). Deutsches Musikinformationszentrum. 2007. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
  5. ^ Kluth, Gerhard (9 September 2013). "Bachs h-Moll Messe zum Abschied" (in German). Letzeburger Journal. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
  6. ^ Wenda, Manuel (1 October 2013). "Bachs "h-moll-Messe" in St.Martin in Idstein". Wiesbadener Kurier (in German). Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
  7. ^ Hugill, Robert (2003). "Telemann Passions Oratorium". musicweb-international.com. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
  8. ^ Clements, Dominy (November 2007). "David Pohle (1624-1695) / Wie der Hirsch schreyet – Musica Sacra". musicweb-international.com (in German). Retrieved 25 September 2024.
  9. ^ "CD-Tipp für Klassik-Zeit". ncamusic.com (in German). 2006. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
  10. ^ Plank, Steven (22 December 2011). "Wilhelm Friedemann Bach Cantatas". operatoday.com. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
  11. ^ Clements, Dominy (May 2020). "Francesco Maria Cattaneo (c. 1697-1758) / Violin Concertos (Dresden 1730/1740)". musicweb-international.com (in German). Retrieved 25 September 2024.
  12. ^ Veen, Johan van (January 2022). "Psalmen & Lobgesänge / (Psalms and Songs of Praise from the Central German Baroque)". musicweb-international.com (in German). Retrieved 25 September 2024.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27arpa_festante&oldid=1247739818"