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Phi Sigma Alpha

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Phi Sigma Alpha
ΦΣΑ
FoundedOctober 22, 1928; 96 years ago (1928-10-22)
University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus
TypeSocial
AffiliationCIPFI
Former AffiliationUnion Latino Americana
StatusActive
ScopeInternational
MottoCaballeros Ante Todo
SloganOmne Rarum Carum
Member badge
Colors  Azure,   Gules,   Or
Flag
PublicationAnuario Sigma
PhilanthropyFundación Sigma
Chapters10 (university), 7 (alumni)
Members4,376 + lifetime
HeadquartersCalle Méjico corner of Calle Chile
Hato Rey, Puerto Rico
United States
Websitephisigmaalpha.org

Phi Sigma Alpha (ΦΣΑ), commonly known as La Sigma, is a Puerto Rican fraternity originally established as the Sigma Delta Alpha Fraternity (Sociedad de Amigos) on October 22, 1928, at the University of Puerto Rico by twelve students and a professor.[1] Phi Sigma Alpha can trace its roots back to 1898 to the Union Hispano Americana,[2] as well as to the first ever Greek letter Hispanic-oriented fraternity, Sigma Iota, established in 1912.[3] By 1998 there were over 4,376 members.[4]

History

Origins 1898–1928

  • Monument of Sigma Iota's birthplace on the former LSU Campus
    Monument of Sigma Iota's birthplace on the former LSU Campus
  • Union Hispano Americana emblem
    Union Hispano Americana emblem

Phi Sigma Alpha traces its origins to several organizations including Phi Lambda Alpha. Phi Lambda Alpha fraternity was founded at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1919. The fraternity was the result of a merger of three societies: Pi Delta Phi Fraternity at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), founded in 1916; Phi Lambda Alpha Fraternity, founded in 1919 at the University of California, Berkeley;[5][6] and the Unión Hispano Americana, founded in 1898, at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York. This last one was the first Latin-American student society formed in the USA;[2] A group of Latin American students organized the Unión Hispano Americana (UHA) as a cultural and intellectual secret society based on the ideology of Pan-Americanism.[7]

After ΦΛΑ was organized, other societies joined it: the "Club Latino-Americano", founded in 1919 at Colorado School of Mines; the "Federación Latino-Americana", founded in 1926 at Columbia University and which joined in 1928; the "Club Hispania" of Cornell University, founded in 1929, and which joined in 1931; the "Club Hispano-Americano" of Tri-State College in Angola, Indiana, founded in 1921, and which joined in 1929, and the Alfa Tenoxtitlan Militant chapter (founded in 1929) whose members had come from the former ΦΛΑ society in Mexico City, Mexico.[8]

Sigma Iota fraternity was founded in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, on March 2, 1912, previously known as the Sociedad Hispano Americana, which was founded in the University of Louisiana in 1904. Between 1912 and 1925, Sigma Iota expanded rapidly in the United States, South America, and Europe. As a result of this, Sigma Iota became the first international Latin American-based fraternity.[9] Sigma Iota and Phi Lambda Alpha joined and became Phi Iota Alpha in 1931.[10] In 1932, Phi Iota Alpha reorganized and formed the Union Latino Americana (ULA) as its overall governing body, dividing their member fraternities in Latin America into zones according to the country they represented.[11]

The Sigma 1928–1934

Sigma Delta Alpha fraternity was established by twelve students and a professor on October 22, 1928, at the University of Puerto Rico at the Glorieta Fabián. The founding members included:[8][12]

Sigma History
Sigma founders and two of the first members to join
  • Gilberto Alemar
  • Santos P. Amadeo (professor of law)
  • Adalberto Carrasquillo
  • Juan Figueroa
  • Fernando Jiménez
  • Charles H. Juliá
  • José Laracuente
  • Diego Guerrero Noble
  • Samuel L. Rodríguez
  • Victor M. Sánchez
  • Hugo D. Storer
  • Gilberto del Valle
  • Joaquin Velilla

Originally the name Kappa Delta Alpha was considered but it was quickly changed to Sigma Delta Alpha. By December 5, 1928, they established their chapter house where they began holding meetings.[8]

For many years, Sigma Delta Alpha enjoyed a certain amount of notoriety not enjoyed by other student organizations at the university. Its membership included four of the most important student leadership positions at the university: the Yearbook editor, the senior class president, the Athletic Society president, and the ROTC Battalion Commander. Every activity sponsored by the school administration was consulted with the Sigma Delta Alpha chapter president at the university in Río Piedras.[8] In 1929, the Beta chapter at the Colegio de Mayagüez (University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez) was established;[13] thus the original chapter came to be known as Alpha.[14]

The union 1934–1939

Main article: Union Latino Americana

Phi Sigma Alpha had its first reorganization with the merger between the Alpha Boriquen Militant chapter of Phi Iota Alpha and Sigma Delta Alpha of the University of Puerto Rico in 1934. The Puerto Rican zone came to be when the Alpha Boriquen Militant Chapter was founded in San Juan, Puerto Rico, on March 4, 1934, by former members of Phi Iota Alpha.[15]

Under the conditions stated above, a movement came about to unite Sigma Delta Alpha with the Alpha Boriquen Militant Chapter of Phi Iota Alpha. It was not an easy task since many of the Sigma Delta Alpha members did not want the change or to alter their history. But the decision was made and thus the Phi Sigma Alpha Zone of the Union Latino Americana came to be.[16][17] A "Zone Directive" was created and a constitution was drafted, since there was no central body to control the fraternity.

By 1937, the ULA had several well-established and functional zones including:[16]

ULA held its last Convention on January 7–8, 1938.[8] Delegates from the United States, Cuba and the Puerto Rico zones were present. At the convention, agreement could not be reached over the ideals of the fraternity. After the convention, each zone considered the matter independently. The USA zone decided that the ideals of the ULA ought to be Pan-Americanism (the unification of Latin America by a system of confederacy) and led its members towards a position of pro-independence as it related to Puerto Rico, while the Cuban zone did not reach a decision on their own and ultimately decide to go along with the ideals conceptualized by the USA zone.[8]

The Puerto Rico zone rejected this decision because it considered the introduction of political issues to be detrimental to the fraternity. Thus on September 25, 1938, the Phi Sigma Alpha Zone withdrew from the Union Latino Americana.[19] The ULA dissolved shortly after.

The era of growth 1939–1964

Like the members of the Sigma, a majority of the members of the Chapter of Phi Iota Alpha of the University of Louisiana disillusioned with the character given to their brotherhood, withdrew from the Fraternity and, in April 1939, founded Sigma Iota Alpha,[8] a fraternity composed of Latin students of that University. As it was to be expected this new grouping was received with distrust by the other Latin fraternal organizations at the university. Since Phi Sigma Alpha was organized in Puerto Rico with ideals similar to those of the Sigma Iota Alpha in Louisiana, and since both organizations were the product of almost identical former brotherhoods, negotiations were immediately started to merge the two brotherhoods into one. This was decided in a convention celebrated on September 10, 1939, at the University of Puerto Rico, organizing themselves as "Fraternidad Sigma" (Sigma Fraternity) with two ramifications: Phi Sigma Alpha Zone in Puerto Rico and Sigma Iota Alpha Zone in Louisiana (Later the USA Zone's name was changed to Phi Sigma Beta Zone and came to include other universities in north Louisiana).[8]

The Phi Sigma Alpha Zone was organized by a board of directors of the zone, the Militant chapter Alpha Boriquén of San Juan, and two university chapters, one at U.P.R.-Río Piedras and another one at the U.P.R.-Mayagüez (then known as the Colegio de Agricultura y Artes Mecanicas de Mayagüez (CAAM)). Years later the militant chapters of Ponce and Mayagüez were also organized.[20]

The Sigma Iota Alpha Zone (Phi Sigma Beta) was made up of the Alpha chapter in the University of Louisiana. In 1941, the Beta chapter in the city of Baltimore, Maryland, was organized. It was composed of students from various nearby universities, including Georgetown, University of Maryland, University of Baltimore, Johns Hopkins, and George Washington University.[8]

With time it became increasingly more difficult to sustain a fully functional zone in the United States, while pretending it worked as well as zone one in Puerto Rico. A reformist movement arose abroad that culminated in 1964 with the establishment of the Phi Sigma Alpha Fraternity composed of active and militant chapters that can be found in Puerto Rico, in the United States, or abroad. Therefore, the model based on zones was abolished and eliminated.[8]

The era of progress and adaptations (1964)

This article is a part of a series on
Phi Sigma Alpha
Fraternity
History
Phi Lambda Alpha
Phi Iota Alpha
Sigma Iota
Union Latino Americana
Presidents
List of Sigma Presidents
Associations
CIPFI
Concilio Interfraternitario de Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican fraternities and sororities
Category - Wikiproject

Puerto Rico felt the economic boom of the post-Second World War years, and this boom was also evident in its universities. Puerto Rican youth registered in Puerto Rican universities in record numbers, and the Fraternity, which acted as the supplier of the union between its young people and an escape from arduous studies, also offered student housing. During the next two decades, Sigma enjoyed extensive enrollment in the original chapters as well as the new ones that were beginning to develop. While the baby boom effect declined dramatically in the late 1970s /early 1980s, it resurged at the end of the 1980s and continued until the beginning of the 1990s.[8]

"Un Sigma es ante todo un caballero"

Phi Sigma Alpha Creed

The 1990s brought an era of mandated accountability of fraternities, partly resulting from the deaths of two young cadets of the quasi-fraternal group the "Panthers" of the ROTC in the CAAM,[21] and also a damages lawsuit perpetrated against another island fraternity. This brought forth a law, which can be found in Article 125 of the New Puerto Rico Penal Code, to control the initiation processes or "hazing" and to protect candidates.[22] The Sigma Brotherhood, which since 1959 had prohibited in its processes the use of the "Pledge Paddle", achieved another "first" from its prohibition of acts against the physical and mental dignity of the neophyte even before Article 125 was enacted.

The Sigma has continued its emphasis throughout the years on the areas of community and social work by its active and militant chapters which regularly take part in blood drives and fund-raising activities for different organizations. The "Beca Sigma" (Sigma Scholarship) program has been re-established and promises to offer young Puerto Ricans of scarce resources the opportunity to receive a university education.[1]

Symbols and traditions

The fraternity's colors are Azure, Gules, and Or. Its motto is ''Caballeros Ante Todo''. Brothers in active chapters are called "activos" and alumni Brothers are called "militantes". Yet all Brothers call each other "Sigmas".

Governance

The fraternity's highest administrative body is the "Junta de Directores", or Board of Directors. This body is composed of two groups. The first is the "Comité Ejecutivo Central" (Central Executive Committee) which includes the fraternity president, vice president, and others. The second group is composed of the regional presidents, and the presidents and secretaries of all the fraternity chapters, alumni, and active members.[23] All members have an equal vote. The Board of Directors meets several times a year, as convened by the fraternity president. As of 2010, there were six regions, with the ones in Puerto Rico named after their main city: San Juan Region, Guayama Region, Ponce Region, Arecibo Region, Mayagüez Region, and the USA Region, based in Florida.[23]

Headquarters

Casa Club Sigma's main entrance

Phi Sigma Alpha's main headquarters are located at the corner of Calle Mejico and Calle Chile in Hato Rey, Puerto Rico.[1] The offices are located in the Alpha Boriquen Chapter's clubhouse, known as Casa Club Sigma. Its restaurant has operated uninterrupted since 1968.[24] Its activity halls are rented out for meetings and events held by many organizations.[25] The clubhouse has two main activity halls and two smaller ones, which can all be opened up to create one big room, or used individually.

There is also a bar and restaurant area, called Vales’ Place, reserved for fraternity members and their guests. In the back of the Casa Club Sigma is a basketball court. There used to be a swimming pool as well, but it has been paved over to provide an additional parking area. The main offices of the fraternity are on the second floor of the building. On the back is the Pub Sigma, which is used by the Alfa Omega Activo chapter for their meetings and social events.

Sigma Foundation

Sigma Foundation logo

The "Fundación Sigma" (Sigma Foundation) is a nonprofit organization, established to offer Puerto Rican youth of limited resources and those of outstanding academic records the opportunity to cover part of their university expenses. Through different fraternity activities, carried out to raise funds, the organization seeks to be fiscally responsible as the basis to fulfill its philanthropic goals.[26]

The fraternity collaborates and contributes to different organizations, mainly to the "Fondita de Jesus", the American Red Cross, American Cancer Society and "Centro Espibi" in Mayagüez.[1] Various golf tournaments are held to raise funds for charities. The Beta Boriquen chapter coordinates one such tournament with the Mayagüez Rotary Club.[27] The fraternity has raised funds for Da Vida Caminando con Raymond (Walk-A-Thon) during the years the event was active, for the 2023 event they raised $25,000.00. [28] Since 2019 the fraternity has been running a Consciousness raising campaign against violence against women, in March 2024 beginning to show a campaign on Caribbean Cinemas.[29][30] As part of their campaign against violence against women, the fraternity donated $80,000.00 to the feminist nonprofit Proyecto Matria in September 24, 2024.[31]

Chapters

The fraternity has both university and alumni chapters. The university chapters are named by a Greek letter (depending on their order of founding), followed by the word "activo" (active). The alumni chapters follow the same nomenclature, except that instead of "activo" they are called "boriquén".

University chapters

Following is an incomplete list of the fraternity's university chapters.

Chapter Institution Location Status References
Alfa-Omega Activo University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus San Juan, Puerto Rico Active [Notes]
Beta Activo University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez Mayagüez, Puerto Rico Active [32]
Gamma Activo Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico Ponce, Puerto Rico Active [33]
Delta Activo Interamerican University of Puerto Rico San Germán, Puerto Rico Active [34]
Epsilon Activo Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico San Juan, Puerto Rico Active [Notes]
Zeta Activo University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo Arecibo, Puerto Rico Active [35]
Omicrón Activo University of Puerto Rico at Aguadilla Aguadilla, Puerto Rico Active
Epsilon Columbia Activo Miami, Florida Active
Omega Columbia Activo Orlando, Florida Active
Alfa Azteca Activo Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara Guadalajara, Mexico Active

Notes^

* ΑΩ-Activo Chapter was originally two chapters located in SJ, PR; Α-Activo at UPR Río Piedras and Ω-Activo at Inter American U at SJ; the chapters merged.
* Epsilon Activo Chapter was originally at UPR, Medical Sciences Campus, but after years of inactivity, it was re-opened in 2007 at the Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico.

Alumni chapters

Chapter Location Status References
Alfa Boriquén San Juan, Puerto Rico Active
Beta Boriquén Mayagüez, Puerto Rico Active
Delta Boriquén Arecibo, Puerto Rico Active
Épsilon Boriquén Guayama, Puerto Rico Active
Kappa Boriquén Dorado, Puerto Rico Active
Omicrón Boriquén Aguadilla, Puerto Rico Active
Tau Boriquén Caguas, Puerto Rico Active
Ýpsilon Boriquén Yauco, Puerto Rico Active
Omega Boriquén San Germán, Puerto Rico Active
Alpha Columbia Boriquen Washington, D.C. Active
Epsilon Columbia Boriquén Miami, Florida Active
Tau Columbia Boriquén Texas Active
Omega Columbia Boriquén Orlando, Florida Active

Notable members

The group has had among its members many respected Puerto Ricans and Latin Americans.[1]

  • Don Luis A. Ferré (left)
    Don Luis A. Ferré (left)
  • Raymond Arrieta
    Raymond Arrieta
  • William Navas
    William Navas
  • Raúl Juliá
    Raúl Juliá
Name Chapter Notability References
Raúl Juliá Alpha Activo Professional actor [36][37]
Osvaldo Rivera Cianchini Judge and founder of the San Blas Half Marathon
Raúl M. Arias-Marxuach Alpha Activo Chief US District Judge of the US District Court for the District of Puerto Rico.
Salvador M. Padilla Escabi Beta Activo Secretary of State of Puerto Rico and Adjutant General of Puerto Rico
Mako Oliveras Alpha Activo Minor League Baseball player and manager
Luis A. Ferré Governor of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico state senator [37][38][36][39]
Ramón Torres Braschi Superintendent of the Puerto Rico Police Department [36][40]
Daniel Lopéz Romo Beta Activo United States Attorney for the District of Puerto Rico, Brigadier General and assistant adjutant general for Air, Puerto Rico Air National Guard.
Eudaldo Báez Galib Senator in the Puerto Rico legislature [41][42]
Carlos Contreras Aponte Beta Activo Secretary of the Puerto Rico Department of Transportation and Public Works
Noel Estrada Composer of "En mi viejo San Juan" [36]
Pedro N. Rivera Beta Activo Brigadier General and first Hispanic to be named medical commander in the U.S. Air Force
José Izquierdo Stella Senator in the Puerto Rico legislature [38]
Facundo Bueso Sanllehí Guggenheim Fellow, physicist, and educator [36]
Oscar Ramón “Moncho” Loubriel Flores Alpha Activo property/hidration manager and mascot of Vaqueros de Bayamón and Puerto Rico men's national basketball team [43]
Jaime Santiago Olympic sports shooter
Carlos Irizarry Yunque Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico [44]
José Miguel Agrelot Comedian and Guinness record holder [36][37]
Raymond Arrieta Alpha Activo Comedian [45][46]
David Cruz Vélez Senator in the Puerto Rico legislature and former Ombudsman for Persons with Disabilities of Puerto Rico [38]
Manuel Abreu Castillo President of the Puerto Rico Bar Association; writer [47]
William Navas Beta Activo Sub-Secretary of the United States Navy; General [48]
Angel Morey 17th Secretary of State of Puerto Rico
Sol Luis Descartes Puerto Rico's Secretary of the Treasury and president of the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico [49]
Pedro González Ramos President of Universidad del Sagrado Corazón
José Victor Oliver Ledesma Owner of P.R. Distillers
Leo Perez Minaya founder and former Chair of Democrats Abroad in the Dominican Republic [50]
Luis Somoza Debayle President of Nicaragua [36]
Marco Rigau Gaztambide Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico [51]
Marco Rigau Jiménez Puerto Rican senator for the Popular Democratic Party [38]
Juan A. Rivero Beta Activo Biologist, author, and founder of Dr. Juan A. Rivero Zoo [52]
Arturo L. Carrión Muñoz Former executive vice president of the Puerto Rico Bankers Association
Charles Cuprill Oppenheimer Major General, Puerto Rico National Guard; Dean of the Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico School of Law [53]
Oscar A. San Antonio Mendoza Member of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico and Sergeant-at-Arms of the House of Representatives [38]
Ángel Morey Noble Alpha Activo Member of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico
Hiram Rafael Cancio District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico [1]
Luis Stefani Long time Chancellor of the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez [36]
Santos P. Amadeo Senator in the Puerto Rico legislature; constitutional law scholar; first president of the fraternity [36][38][39]
José L. Purcell Judge in the Superior Court of Puerto Rico; founded the Puerto Rico Volleyball Federation [36]
Guillermo A. Baralt Author, historian
Rafael Pont Flores Radio (WKAQ) sports commentator; sports columnist for the El Mundo [36]
César Benito Cabrera Former US Ambassador to the island nations of Mauritius and the Seychelles
Mario Rubén García Palmieri Secretary of Health of Puerto Rico [12][54]
Manuel Rodríguez Ramos Puerto Rican writer, law professor, and Secretary of Justice of Puerto Rico [55]
William Riefkohl Executive Director of the Puerto Rico Manufacturers Association [56]
Adán Nigaglioni Loyola Dean of UPRCM School of Medicine
Enrique Pérez Santiago Secretary of Health of Puerto Rico [57]
José M. Saldaña President of the University of Puerto Rico
Jaime Frontera Olympic basketball player, flag bearer for Puerto Rico in the 1968 Summer Olympics
Eugenio Fernández Cerra Senator in the Puerto Rico legislature [38][39]
Herminio Brau del Toro Lawyer, engineer, professor, writer, president of P.R. Distillers
Justo A. Méndez Rodriguez Senator in the Puerto Rico legislature; ex-Secretary of Agriculture of Puerto Rico [38][58][39]
José Menéndez Monroig Senator in the Puerto Rico legislature [38][58][39]
Enrique A. Vicéns Senator in the Puerto Rico legislature [39][38]
Lionel Fernández Méndez Senator in the Puerto Rico legislature [39][38]
Gaspar Rivera Cestero House of Representatives of Puerto Rico [36]
Ubaldino Ramírez de Arellano House of Representatives of Puerto Rico [38][58]
Eduardo Zavála Vázquez House of Representatives of Puerto Rico [38]
Eduardo Bhatia Gautier Former Speaker of the Senate of Puerto Rico [37][59]
Hugo David Storer Tavarez Director of Promotion of the Puerto Rico Economic Development Administration [58]
Eugenio S. Belaval Member of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico [38][58]
Hernán Padilla Member of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico; two-term Mayor of San Juan [38][58]
Santiago Polanco Abreu Speaker of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives; Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico [38][58]
Adolfo L. Monserrate Anselmi Member of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico [38][58]
Isidro A. Negrón Irizarry Mayor of the city of San German [60]
Charles H. Juliá Member of the Senate of Puerto Rico [38][61]
Antonio Colorado Secretary of State of Puerto Rico; Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico [38]
José Rodríguez Quiles Former member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives
Agustín F. Carbó Lugo Former executive director of the Puerto Rico Solid Waste Management Authority; Chairman of Puerto Rico Energy Commission [62]

Dr Fernando L Villamil, world renown Orthopedic Spine Surgeon, Latin Doctors TV show on Telemundo

See also

References

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  46. ^ Marrero, Rosalina; Vargas, Patricia (June 7, 2013). "Mañana será un gran día". El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). Puerto Rico: GFR Media. pp. 62–63. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  47. ^ Who's who in finance and industry. Marquis Who's Who. 1963. p. 3.
  48. ^ Celebrando 81 años de Hermandad. Puerto Rico: Fi Sigma Alfa. October 2009. p. 35.
  49. ^ Aniversario de Oro. Puerto Rico: Fi Sigma Alfa. October 1977. p. 130.
  50. ^ Aniversario de Oro. Puerto Rico: Fi Sigma Alfa. October 1977. p. 149.
  51. ^ "Semblanzas de lo Jueces del Tribunal Supremo de Puerto Rico". Revista Jurídica de la Universidad de Puerto Rico (in Spanish). 47. San Juan, Puerto Rico: University of Puerto Rico: 343. 1978.
  52. ^ Celebrando 81 años de Hermandad. Puerto Rico: Fi Sigma Alfa. October 2009. p. 134.
  53. ^ "Phi Sigma Alpha Presidents". fisigmaalfa.org. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
  54. ^ "Historia de la regionalización". Galenus (in Spanish). 03. 2003. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
  55. ^ "Phi Sigma Alpha Presidents". fisigmaalfa.org. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
  56. ^ 82 Sigma Convención. Puerto Rico: Fi Sigma Alfa. October 2010. p. 7.
  57. ^ "Capitulo Eterno". fisigmaalfa.org. Archived from the original on 2008-04-15. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
  58. ^ a b c d e f g h "Capitulo Eterno". fisigmaalfa.org. Archived from the original on 2008-04-15. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
  59. ^ Stewart Sotomayor, John A. (September 9, 2009). "Ponencia Sigma" (PDF) (in Spanish). Senate of Puerto Rico: 1–4. Retrieved January 11, 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  60. ^ Celebrando 81 años de Hermandad. Puerto Rico: Fi Sigma Alfa. October 2009. p. 107.
  61. ^ "Phi Sigma Alpha Presidents". fisigmaalfa.org. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2007-09-17.
  62. ^ "Designan presidente de la Comisión Reguladora de Energía". www.noticel.com. Retrieved 2016-04-26.
  • National home page
  • External videos
    video icon You may listen to the "Farola" and "Brindis Sigma" with an introduction by José Miguel Agrelot here.
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