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The Politics of Tuscany, Italy takes place in the framework of a semi-presidential representative democracy, whereby the President of the Region is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Legislative power is vested in the Regional Council of Tuscany, while executive power is exercised by the Regional Government led by the President, who is directly elected by the people. The current Statute, which regulates the functioning of the regional institutions, has been in force since 2005.

Prior to the rise of Fascism, most of the deputies elected in Tuscany were part of the liberal establishment (see Historical Right, Historical Left and Liberals), which governed Italy for decades. Florence and the southern provinces of the region were anyway an early stronghold of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI). At the 1924 general election, which opened the way to the Fascist authoritarian rule, Tuscany was one the regions where the National Fascist Party (PNF) obtained more than 70% of the vote.^[1]

After World War II, Tuscany became a stronghold of the Italian Communist Party (PCI), which was especially strong in rural areas. The PCI and its successors have governed the region since 1970. The region is now a stronghold of the "centre-left coalition" led by the Democratic Party (PD), like the other regions of the so-called "Red belt".^[2]^[3]^[4]

The centre-left coalition has governed the region since 1995, under President Eugenio Giani since 2020.

Legislative branch

Palazzo Capponi-Covoni and Palazzo Panciatichi in Florence are the seats of the Regional Council

The Regional Council of Tuscany is composed of 41 members.

Councillors are elected in provincial constituencies by proportional representation using the D'Hondt method. The Florence constituency is further divided into 4 sub-constituencies. Preferential voting is allowed: a maximum of two preferences can be expressed for candidates of the same party list and provided the two chosen candidates are of different gender. In this system parties are grouped in alliances, supporting a candidate for the post of President of Tuscany. The candidate receiving at least 40% of the votes is elected to the post and his/her list (or the coalition) is awarded a majority bonus in the Regional Council. If no candidate gets more than 40% of the votes, a run-off is held fourteen days after, with only the two top candidates from the first round allowed. The winning candidate is assured a majority in the Regional Council.^[5]

The Council is elected for a five-year term, but, if the President suffers a vote of no confidence, resigns or dies, under the simul stabunt, simul cadent clause introduced in 1999 (literally they will stand together or they will fall together), also the Council is dissolved and a snap election is called.

2020–2025 composition

Party		Seats	Government
bgcolor="Template:Democratic Party (Italy)/meta/color" \|	Democratic Party	23 / 41	In government
bgcolor="Template:Lega Nord/meta/color" \|	League	9 / 41	In opposition
bgcolor="Template:Brothers of Italy/meta/color" \|	Brothers of Italy	4 / 41	In opposition
bgcolor="Template:Italia Viva/meta/color" \|	Italia Viva	2 / 41	In government
bgcolor="Template:Five Star Movement/meta/color" \|	Five Star Movement	2 / 41	In opposition
bgcolor="Template:Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color" \|	Forza Italia	1 / 41	In opposition

Executive branch

Palazzo Strozzi-Sacrati in Florence is the seat of the Regional Government

The Regional Government (Giunta Regionale) is presided by the President of the Region (Presidente della Regione), who is elected for a five-year term, and is currently composed by nine members: the President and 8 regional ministers or assessors (Assessori), including a Vice President (Vice Presidente).^[6]

Current composition

The current Regional Government was sworn in on 21 October 2020.

Party			Members
style="background:Template:Democratic Party (Italy)/meta/color;"\|	Democratic Party	PD	President and 6 ministers
style="background:Template:Italia Viva/meta/color;"\|	Italia Viva	IV	1 minister
style="background:Template:Free and Equal (Italy)/meta/color;"\|	Civic Ecologic Left	SCE	1 minister

Minister	Party		Delegate for
Stefania Saccardi (vice president)	style="background:Template:Italia Viva/meta/color;"\|	IV	Agriculture, food processing, hunt and fishing
Stefano Baccelli	style="background:Template:Democratic Party (Italy)/meta/color;"\|	PD	Transports, infrastructures and sustainable mobility
Simone Bezzini	style="background:Template:Democratic Party (Italy)/meta/color;"\|	PD	Healthcare
Monia Monni	style="background:Template:Democratic Party (Italy)/meta/color;"\|	PD	Environment, circular economy, soil protection
Serena Spinelli	style="background:Template:Free and Equal (Italy)/meta/color;"\|	SCE	Social policies and public houses
Leonardo Marras	style="background:Template:Democratic Party (Italy)/meta/color;"\|	PD	Economy and tourism
Alessandra Nardini	style="background:Template:Democratic Party (Italy)/meta/color;"\|	PD	Public education, university and scientific research
Stefano Ciuoffo	style="background:Template:Democratic Party (Italy)/meta/color;"\|	PD	Bureaucratic simplification and informatisation

List of Presidents

The current President of Tuscany is Eugenio Giani, who is serving his first term after winning the 2020 regional election.

Local government

Provinces

Tuscany is divided in ten provinces, which are a traditional form of local administration in the region.

Socialist and communist ideas had an early diffusion in quite all the provinces around World War I. After the Fascist parenthesis, left-wing parties found their strongholds in eastern rural provinces, especially Siena and Arezzo, while Christian Democracy used to be strong in the north-western part of the Region.

The city of Florence is now one of major national strongholds of Democratic Party. The Province of Siena is also called the "red province of Italy", because the Italian Communist Party has always governed it with the 60% of the votes since 1945 to its dissolution in 1991.

Province	Inhabitants	President		Party
Metropolitan City of Florence (former Province of Florence)	991,862 #EF1C27	Dario Nardella (metropolitan mayor)	Democratic Party	2019
Arezzo	348,327 #0087DC	Silvia Chiassai Martini	Independent (centre-right)	2018
Grosseto	227,063 #0087DC	Antonfrancesco Vivarelli Colonna	Independent (centre-right)	2017
Livorno	341,453 #EF1C27	Maria Ida Bessi	Independent (centre-left)	2018
Lucca	392,182 #EF1C27	Luca Menesini	Democratic Party	2015
Massa and Carrara	203,642 #EF1C27	Gianni Lorenzetti	Democratic Party	2016
Pisa	414,154 #EF1C27	Massimiliano Angori	Democratic Party	2018
Pistoia	292,108 #EF1C27	Luca Marmo	Democratic Party	2019
Prato	248,174 #EF1C27	Francesco Puggelli	Democratic Party	2018
Siena	270,333 #EF1C27	Silvio Franceschelli	Democratic Party	2018

Municipalities

Tuscany is also divided in 287 comuni (municipalities), which have even more history, having been established in the Middle Ages when they were the main places of government. 18 comuni (10 provincial capitals) have more than 45,000 inhabitants, a large majority of which are ruled by the centre-left.

Provincial capitals

Municipality	Inhabitants	Mayor		Party
Arezzo	100,140 #0087DC	Alessandro Ghinelli	Independent (centre-right)	2020
Florence	370,702 #EF1C27	Dario Nardella	Democratic Party	2019
Grosseto	82,284 #0087DC	Antonfrancesco Vivarelli Colonna	Independent (centre-right)	2016
Livorno	161,084 #EF1C27	Luca Salvetti	Democratic Party	2019
Lucca	84,928 #EF1C27	Alessandro Tambellini	Democratic Party	2017
Massa	71,006 #008000	Francesco Persiani	Lega Nord	2018
Pisa	88,332 #008000	Michele Conti	Lega Nord	2018
Pistoia	90,226 #03386A	Alessandro Tomasi	Brothers of Italy	2017
Prato	187,994 #EF1C27	Matteo Biffoni	Democratic Party	2019
Siena	54,561 #0087DC	Luigi De Mossi	Independent (centre-right)	2018

Other municipalities with more than 45,000 inhabitants

Municipality	Inhabitants	Mayor		Party
Carrara	65,612 #FFEB3B	Francesco De Pasquale	Five Star Movement	2017
Viareggio	64,564 #EF1C27	Giorgio Del Ghingaro	Democratic Party	2020
Scandicci	50,304 #EF1C27	Sandro Fallani	Democratic Party	2019
Sesto Fiorentino	48,780 #EF3E3E	Lorenzo Falchi	Italian Left	2016
Empoli	47,997 #EF1C27	Brenda Barnini	Democratic Party	2019
Capannori	46,355 #EF1C27	Luca Menesini	Democratic Party	2019
Campi Bisenzio	45,325 #EF1C27	Emiliano Fossi	Democratic Party	2018
Cascina	45,143 #EF1C27	Michelangelo Betti	Democratic Party	2020

Parties and elections

Latest regional election

In the latest regional election, which took place on 20–21 September 2020, Eugenio Giani of the Democratic Party was elected President of the Region. Susanna Ceccardi of Lega Nord came second. The Democrats were by far the largest party with 34% of the vote.

References

^ Piergiorgio Corbetta; Maria Serena Piretti, Atlante storico-elettorale d'Italia, Zanichelli, Bologna 2009
^ Ceccarini, Luigi; Newell, James L. (2019). The Italian General Election of 2018: Italy in Uncharted Territory. Springer. p. 252. ISBN 9783030136178. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
^ Newell, James L. (2010). The Politics of Italy: Governance in a Normal Country. Cambridge University Press. p. 229. ISBN 9781139788892. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
^ Barbieri, Giovanni (2012). "The Northern League in the 'Red Belt' of Italy" (PDF). Bulletin of Italian Politics. 4 (2). University of Glasgow: 277–294. ISSN 1759-3077. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
^ http://raccoltanormativa.consiglio.regione.toscana.it/articolo?urndoc=urn:nir:regione.toscana:legge:2014-09-26;51
^ http://www.regione.toscana.it/regione/giunta

External links

[Corbetta-1] Piergiorgio Corbetta; Maria Serena Piretti, Atlante storico-elettorale d'Italia, Zanichelli, Bologna 2009

[2] Ceccarini, Luigi; Newell, James L. (2019). The Italian General Election of 2018: Italy in Uncharted Territory. Springer. p. 252. ISBN 9783030136178. Retrieved 15 October 2019.

[3] Newell, James L. (2010). The Politics of Italy: Governance in a Normal Country. Cambridge University Press. p. 229. ISBN 9781139788892. Retrieved 15 October 2019.

[4] Barbieri, Giovanni (2012). "The Northern League in the 'Red Belt' of Italy" (PDF). Bulletin of Italian Politics. 4 (2). University of Glasgow: 277–294. ISSN 1759-3077. Retrieved 15 October 2019.

[5] ttp://raccoltanormativa.consiglio.regione.toscana.it/articolo?urndoc=urn:nir:regione.toscana:legge:2014-09-26;51

[6] ttp://www.regione.toscana.it/regione/giunta

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@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 The Regional Council of Tuscany is composed of 41 members.
-Councillors are elected in [[Provinces of Italy|provincial]] constituencies by [[proportional representation]] using the [[D'Hondt method]]. The Florence constituency is further divided into 4 sub-constituencies. Preferential voting is allowed: a maximum of two preferences can be expressed for candidates of the same party list and provided the two chosen candidates are of different gender. In this system parties are grouped in alliances, supporting a candidate for the post of [[President of Tuscany]]. The candidate receiving at least 40% of the votes is elected to the post and his/her list (or the coalition) is awarded a majority in the Regional Council. If no candidate gets more than 40% of the votes, a run-off is held fourteen days after, with only the two top candidates from the first round allowed. The winning candidate is assured a majority in the Regional Council.<ref>http://raccoltanormativa.consiglio.regione.toscana.it/articolo?urndoc=urn:nir:regione.toscana:legge:2014-09-26;51</ref>
+Councillors are elected in [[Provinces of Italy|provincial]] constituencies by [[proportional representation]] using the [[D'Hondt method]]. The Florence constituency is further divided into 4 sub-constituencies. Preferential voting is allowed: a maximum of two preferences can be expressed for candidates of the same party list and provided the two chosen candidates are of different gender. In this system parties are grouped in alliances, supporting a candidate for the post of [[President of Tuscany]]. The candidate receiving at least 40% of the votes is elected to the post and his/her list (or the coalition) is awarded a majority bonus in the Regional Council. If no candidate gets more than 40% of the votes, a run-off is held fourteen days after, with only the two top candidates from the first round allowed. The winning candidate is assured a majority in the Regional Council.<ref>http://raccoltanormativa.consiglio.regione.toscana.it/articolo?urndoc=urn:nir:regione.toscana:legge:2014-09-26;51</ref>
-The council is elected for a five-year term, but, if the President suffers a vote of no confidence, resigns or dies, under the ''simul stabunt, simul cadent'' clause introduced in 1999 (literally ''they will stand together or they will fall together''), also the council is dissolved and a snap election is called.
+The Council is elected for a five-year term, but, if the President suffers a vote of no confidence, resigns or dies, under the ''simul stabunt, simul cadent'' clause introduced in 1999 (literally ''they will stand together or they will fall together''), also the Council is dissolved and a snap election is called.
 ===2020–2025 composition===