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{{Short description|Genus of rodents}}
{{automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Prehensile-tailed porcupines
| name = Prehensile-tailed porcupines
| fossil_range = Early [[Pleistocene]] to Recent<ref name = "FW">{{cite web
| fossil_range = Early [[Pleistocene]] to Recent<ref name = "FW">{{cite web
| title = ''Coendou'' in the Paleobiology Database | work = [[Fossilworks]]
| title = ''Coendou'' in the Paleobiology Database | work = [[Fossilworks]]
| url = http://fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=42136 | accessdate = 2019-03-09}}</ref>
| url = http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=42136 | access-date = 2019-03-09}}</ref>
| image = Prehensile-tailed porcupine.jpg
| image = Prehensile-tailed porcupine.jpg
| image_upright = 0.9
| image_upright = 0.9
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| taxon = Coendou
| taxon = Coendou
| authority = [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1799
| authority = [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1799
| type_species = ''[[Coendou prehensilis|Hystrix prehensilis]]''
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = {{plainlist|
| subdivision =
See text
*''[[Bicolored-spined porcupine|Coendou bicolor]]''
*''[[Black dwarf porcupine|Coendou nycthemera]]''
*''[[Brazilian porcupine|Coendou prehensilis]]''
*''[[Andean porcupine|Coendou quichua]]''
*''[[Rothschild's porcupine|Coendou rothschildi]]''
*''[[Santa Marta porcupine|Coendou sanctamartae]]''
*''[[Coendou speratus]]''
*''[[Baturite porcupine|Coendou baturitensis]]''}}
}}
}}


The '''prehensile-tailed porcupines''' or '''coendous''' (genus ''Coendou'') are found in [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]].<ref name = MSW3_a>{{MSW3 Hystricognathi | id = 13400096 | pages = 1546-1547| heading = Genus ''Coendou''}}</ref> Two other formerly recognized [[Neotropical realm|Neotropical]] tree porcupine genera, ''Echinoprocta''<ref name = MSW3_b>{{MSW3 Hystricognathi | id = 13400105 | pages = 1547-1548| heading = Genus ''Echinoprocta''}}</ref> and ''Sphiggurus'',<ref name = MSW3_c>{{MSW3 Hystricognathi | id = 13400116 | pages = 1548-1550| heading = Genus ''Sphiggurus''}}</ref> have been subsumed into ''Coendou'', since ''Sphiggurus'' was shown by genetic studies to be [[polyphyletic]], while ''Echinoprocta'' nested within ''Coendou''.<ref name="VossHubbard2013">{{cite journal|last1= Voss|first1=R. S.|last2= Hubbard|first2=C.|last3= Jansa|first3=S. A.|title= Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography|journal= American Museum Novitates|volume= 3769|issue= 3769|date= February 2013|pages= 1–36|url= http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/6417/N3769.pdf|doi= 10.1206/3769.2}}</ref>
The '''prehensile-tailed porcupines''' or '''coendous''' (genus ''Coendou'') are found in [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]].<ref name = MSW3_a>{{MSW3 Hystricognathi | id = 13400096 | pages = 1546-1547| heading = Genus ''Coendou''}}</ref> Two other formerly recognized [[Neotropical realm|Neotropical]] tree porcupine genera, ''Echinoprocta''<ref name = MSW3_b>{{MSW3 Hystricognathi | id = 13400105 | pages = 1547-1548| heading = Genus ''Echinoprocta''}}</ref> and ''Sphiggurus'',<ref name = MSW3_c>{{MSW3 Hystricognathi | id = 13400116 | pages = 1548-1550| heading = Genus ''Sphiggurus''}}</ref> have been subsumed into ''Coendou'', since ''Sphiggurus'' was shown by genetic studies to be [[polyphyletic]], while ''Echinoprocta'' nested within ''Coendou''.<ref name="VossHubbard2013">{{cite journal|last1= Voss|first1=R. S.|last2= Hubbard|first2=C.|last3= Jansa|first3=S. A.|title= Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography|journal= American Museum Novitates|volume= 3769|issue= 3769|date= February 2013|pages= 1–36|url= http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/6417/N3769.pdf|doi= 10.1206/3769.2|s2cid=55426177}}</ref>


== Characteristics ==
== Characteristics ==
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They feed on [[leaf|leaves]], shoots, [[fruit]]s, [[bark (botany)|bark]], roots, and buds. They can be pests of [[plantation]] crops.<ref name="Nowak-1999" /> They also make a distinctive "baby-like" sound to communicate in the wild.
They feed on [[leaf|leaves]], shoots, [[fruit]]s, [[bark (botany)|bark]], roots, and buds. They can be pests of [[plantation]] crops.<ref name="Nowak-1999" /> They also make a distinctive "baby-like" sound to communicate in the wild.


Young are born with soft hair that hardens to quills with age. Adults are slow-moving and will roll into a ball when threatened and on the ground. The record [[longevity]] is 27 years.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gorbunova|Bozzella|Seluanov|2008}}</ref>
Their young are born with soft hair that hardens to quills with age. Adults are slow-moving and will roll into a ball when threatened and on the ground. The record [[longevity]] is 27 years.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gorbunova|Bozzella|Seluanov|2008}}</ref>


== Species ==
== Species ==
*Genus ''Coendou'' - prehensile-tailed porcupines<ref name="VossHubbard2013" />
*Genus ''Coendou'' - prehensile-tailed porcupines<ref name="VossHubbard2013" />
**[[Baturite porcupine]] - ''C. baturitensis'' - a newly discovered species<ref name = "Feijó_2013">{{cite journal |author1= Feijó, Anderson |author2= Langguth, Alfredo |date= 2013-09-12 |title=A new species of porcupine from the Baturité range|journal= Revista Nordestina de Biologia |volume= 22 |issue= 1/2|pages= 124–126| url= http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/revnebio/article/download/16716/9644| doi=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2013/12/10/new-discovery-porcupine-species-identified-in-brazil/ |title= New Discovery: Porcupine Species Identified in Brazil | publisher=National Geographic | date=2013-12-10 |accessdate=2013-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sci-news.com/biology/science-coendou-baturitensis-porcupine-brazil-01588.html |title= Coendou baturitensis: New Porcupine Discovered in Brazil | publisher=Sci-News.com | date=2013-12-02 |accessdate=2013-12-20}}</ref>
**[[Baturite porcupine]] - ''C. baturitensis'' - a newly discovered species<ref name = "Feijó_2013">{{cite journal |author1= Feijó, Anderson |author2= Langguth, Alfredo |date= 2013-09-12 |title=A new species of porcupine from the Baturité range|journal= Revista Nordestina de Biologia |volume= 22 |issue= 1/2|pages= 124–126| url= http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/revnebio/article/download/16716/9644}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2013/12/10/new-discovery-porcupine-species-identified-in-brazil/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213064542/http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2013/12/10/new-discovery-porcupine-species-identified-in-brazil/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 13, 2013 |title= New Discovery: Porcupine Species Identified in Brazil | publisher=National Geographic | date=2013-12-10 |access-date=2013-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sci-news.com/biology/science-coendou-baturitensis-porcupine-brazil-01588.html |title= Coendou baturitensis: New Porcupine Discovered in Brazil | publisher=Sci-News.com | date=2013-12-02 |access-date=2013-12-20}}</ref>
**[[Bicolored-spined porcupine]] - ''C. bicolor''
**[[Bicolored-spined porcupine]] - ''C. bicolor''
**[[Streaked dwarf porcupine]] - ''C. ichillus''
**[[Streaked dwarf porcupine]] - ''C. ichillus''
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**[[Mexican hairy dwarf porcupine]] - ''C. mexicanus''
**[[Mexican hairy dwarf porcupine]] - ''C. mexicanus''
**[[Black dwarf porcupine]] - ''C. nycthemera''
**[[Black dwarf porcupine]] - ''C. nycthemera''
⚫
**[[Amazonian long-tailed porcupine]] - ''C. longicaudatus''
**[[Brazilian porcupine]] - ''C. prehensilis''
**[[Brazilian porcupine]] - ''C. prehensilis''
**[[Frosted hairy dwarf porcupine]] - ''C. pruinosus''
**[[Frosted hairy dwarf porcupine]] - ''C. pruinosus''
**[[Andean porcupine]] - ''C. quichua''
**[[Andean porcupine]] - ''C. quichua''
**[[Roosmalen's dwarf porcupine]] - ''C. roosmalenorum''
**[[Roosmalen's dwarf porcupine]] - ''C. roosmalenorum''
⚫
**[[Rothschild's porcupine]] - ''C. rothschildi''
**[[Stump-tailed porcupine]] - ''C. rufescens''
**[[Stump-tailed porcupine]] - ''C. rufescens''
**[[Santa Marta porcupine]] - ''C. sanctamartae''
**[[Santa Marta porcupine]] - ''C. sanctamartae''
**''[[Coendou speratus|C. speratus]]'' - a newly discovered species<ref name = "Pontes_2013">{{cite journal |author1=Pontes, A.R.M. |author2=Gadelha, J.R. |author3=Melo, É.R.A. |author4=SÁ, F.B. |author5=Loss, A.C. |author6=Caldara Jr, V. |author7=Costa, L.P. |author8=Leite, Y.L.R. |date=2013-04-05 |title=A new species of porcupine, genus ''Coendou'' (Rodentia: Erethizontidae) from the Atlantic forest of northeastern Brazil |journal=Zootaxa |volume=3636 |issue=3 |pages=421–438| url= http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2013/f/z03636p438f.pdf| doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3636.3.2}}</ref>
**''[[Coendou speratus|C. speratus]]'' - a newly discovered species<ref name = "Pontes_2013">{{cite journal |author1=Pontes, A.R.M. |author2=Gadelha, J.R. |author3=Melo, É.R.A. |author4=SÁ, F.B. |author5=Loss, A.C. |author6=Caldara Jr, V. |author7=Costa, L.P. |author8=Leite, Y.L.R. |date=2013-04-05 |title=A new species of porcupine, genus ''Coendou'' (Rodentia: Erethizontidae) from the Atlantic forest of northeastern Brazil |journal=Zootaxa |volume=3636 |issue=3 |pages=421–438| url= http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2013/f/z03636p438f.pdf| doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3636.3.2|pmid=26042302 }}</ref>
**[[Paraguaian hairy dwarf porcupine]] - ''C. spinosus''
**[[Paraguaian hairy dwarf porcupine]] - ''C. spinosus''
**[[Brown hairy dwarf porcupine]] - ''C. vestitus''
**[[Brown hairy dwarf porcupine]] - ''C. vestitus''


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|25em}}
{{Reflist|25em}}


* {{Cite journal | ref = harv
* {{Cite journal
| last1 = Gorbunova | first1 = V
| last1 = Gorbunova | first1 = V
| last2 = Bozzella | first2 = MJ
| last2 = Bozzella | first2 = MJ
Line 61: Line 56:
| doi = 10.1007/s11357-008-9053-4
| doi = 10.1007/s11357-008-9053-4
| pmc = 2527635 | pmid=19424861}}
| pmc = 2527635 | pmid=19424861}}
* {{Cite book | ref = harv
* {{Cite book
| last = Nowak | first = Ronald M
| last = Nowak | first = Ronald M
| title = Walker's Mammals of the World
| title = Walker's Mammals of the World
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| isbn = 0-8018-5789-9
| isbn = 0-8018-5789-9
}}
}}
* {{MSW3 Hystricognathi | ref = harv| id = 13400001 | pages = 1538-1599}}
* {{MSW3 Hystricognathi | id = 13400001 | pages = 1538-1599}}


{{Erethizontidae nav}}
{{Erethizontidae nav}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q868202}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q868202}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Coendou]]
[[Category:Coendou]]
[[Category:Mammals of Guyana]]
[[Category:Mammals of Guyana]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Bernard Germain de Lacépède]]

Latest revision as of 19:25, 3 March 2024

Prehensile-tailed porcupines
Temporal range: Early Pleistocene to Recent[1]
Coendou prehensilis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Erethizontidae
Subfamily: Erethizontinae
Genus: Coendou
Lacépède, 1799
Type species
Hystrix prehensilis
Species

See text

The prehensile-tailed porcupines or coendous (genus Coendou) are found in Central and South America.[2] Two other formerly recognized Neotropical tree porcupine genera, Echinoprocta[3] and Sphiggurus,[4] have been subsumed into Coendou, since Sphiggurus was shown by genetic studies to be polyphyletic, while Echinoprocta nested within Coendou.[5]

Characteristics

[edit]

Among the most notable features of Coendou porcupines are their unspined prehensile tails. The front and hind feet are also modified for grasping. These limbs all contribute to making this animal an adept climber, an adaptation to living most of their lives in trees.[6]

They feed on leaves, shoots, fruits, bark, roots, and buds. They can be pests of plantation crops.[6] They also make a distinctive "baby-like" sound to communicate in the wild.

Their young are born with soft hair that hardens to quills with age. Adults are slow-moving and will roll into a ball when threatened and on the ground. The record longevity is 27 years.[7]

Species

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Coendou in the Paleobiology Database". Fossilworks. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
  2. ^ Woods, C.A.; Kilpatrick, C.W. (2005). "Genus Coendou". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1546–1547. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ Woods, C.A.; Kilpatrick, C.W. (2005). "Genus Echinoprocta". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1547–1548. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  4. ^ Woods, C.A.; Kilpatrick, C.W. (2005). "Genus Sphiggurus". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1548–1550. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  5. ^ a b Voss, R. S.; Hubbard, C.; Jansa, S. A. (February 2013). "Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography" (PDF). American Museum Novitates. 3769 (3769): 1–36. doi:10.1206/3769.2. S2CID 55426177.
  6. ^ a b Nowak 1999
  7. ^ Gorbunova, Bozzella & Seluanov 2008
  8. ^ Feijó, Anderson; Langguth, Alfredo (2013-09-12). "A new species of porcupine from the Baturité range". Revista Nordestina de Biologia. 22 (1/2): 124–126.
  9. ^ "New Discovery: Porcupine Species Identified in Brazil". National Geographic. 2013-12-10. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved 2013-12-20.
  10. ^ "Coendou baturitensis: New Porcupine Discovered in Brazil". Sci-News.com. 2013-12-02. Retrieved 2013-12-20.
  11. ^ Pontes, A.R.M.; Gadelha, J.R.; Melo, É.R.A.; SÁ, F.B.; Loss, A.C.; Caldara Jr, V.; Costa, L.P.; Leite, Y.L.R. (2013-04-05). "A new species of porcupine, genus Coendou (Rodentia: Erethizontidae) from the Atlantic forest of northeastern Brazil" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3636 (3): 421–438. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3636.3.2. PMID 26042302.
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