Red-necked spurfowl: Difference between revisions

Red-necked spurfowl
	Adult and immature P. afer cranchii (Leach, 1818) in Queen Elizabeth NP
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Galliformes
Family:	Phasianidae
Genus:	Pternistis
Species:	P. afer
Binomial name
	Pternistis afer; (Müller, PLS, 1776)
	geographic distribution
Synonyms
	Francolinus afer; Tetrao afer;

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The red-necked spurfowl or red-necked francolin (Pternistis afer), is a gamebird in the pheasant family Phasianidae that is a resident species in southern Africa.

Taxonomy

The red-necked spurfowl was described in 1776 by the German zoologist Philipp Ludwig Statius Müller and given the binomial name Tetrao afer.^[2] The type locality was later designated as Benguela in western Angola.^[3]^[4] The specific epithet afer is the Latin word for "African".^[5] The species is now placed in the genus Pternistis that was introduced by the German naturalist Johann Georg Wagler in 1832.^[6]^[7] A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2019 found that the red-necked spurfowl is sister to the grey-breasted spurfowl.^[8]

Although many subspecies have been described only four are now recognised:^[7]

P. a. cranchii (Leach, 1818) — north Gabon and south Congo Republic though south, east Democratic Republic of the Congo to central Angola and west Zambia to central Tanzania, west Kenya and Uganda^[a]
P. a. afer (Müller, PLS, 1776) — west Angola, northwest Namibia
P. a. castaneiventer Gunning & Roberts, 1911 — south and east South Africa
P. a. humboldtii (Peters, W, 1854) — southeast Kenya and north and east Tanzania to Mozambique, northeast Zambia and east Zimbabwe

P. a. cranchii
(Leach, 1818)
in western Kenya
P. a. afer
(Statius Müller, 1776)
in northern Namibia
P. a. castaneiventer
Gunning & Roberts, 1911
in South Africa
P. a. humboldtii
(Peters, W, 1854)
in Mozambique

Description

The red-necked spurfowl is 25–38 cm (9.8–15.0 in) in length, with significant size differences between the subspecies.^[9] It is a generally dark spurfowl, brown above and black-streaked grey or white underparts. The bill, bare facial skin, neck and legs are bright red.

Distribution and habitat

The red-necked spurfowl breeds across the central belt of Africa and down the east coast to South Africa.

Behaviour and ecology

The red-necked spurfowl is a wary species, keeping to deep cover, although it sometimes feeds in open scrub or cultivation if disturbance is limited and there are thickets nearby. The nest is a bare scrape, and three to nine eggs are laid.

Status

Widespread and common throughout its large range, the red-necked spurfowl is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.^[1]

Notes

^ Mandiwana-Neudani et al (2019) treat P. a. cranchii as a separate species, Cranch's spurfowl.^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b BirdLife International (2018). "Pternistis afer". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22678855A132050529. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22678855A132050529.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^ Statius Müller, Philipp Ludwig (1776). Des Ritters Carl von Linné Königlich Schwedischen Lelbarztes uc. uc. vollständigen Natursystems Supplements und Register-Band über alle sechs Theile oder Classen des Thierreichs mit einer ausführlichen Erklärung ausgefertiget (in German). Nürnberg: Gabriel Nicolaus Raspe. p. 129.
^ Sclater, William Lutley (1920). "Note on the red-necked francolin". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 41: 133–135.
^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 85.
^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ Wagler, Johann Georg (1832). "Neue Sippen und Gattungen der Säugthiere und Vögel". Isis von Oken (in German and Latin). 1832. cols 1218–1235 [1229].
^ ^a ^b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2020). "Pheasants, partridges, francolins". IOC World Bird List Version 10.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ ^a ^b Mandiwana-Neudani, T.G.; Little, R.M.; Crowe, T.M.; Bowie, R.C.K. (2019). "Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of African spurfowls Galliformes, Phasianidae, Phasianinae, Coturnicini: Pternistis spp" (PDF). Ostrich. 90 (2): 145–172. Bibcode:2019Ostri..90..145M. doi:10.2989/00306525.2019.1584925. S2CID 195417777.
^ McGowan, P.J.K.; Kirwan, G.M. (2020). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Red-necked Francolin (Pternistis afer)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. doi:10.2173/bow.renfra1.01. S2CID 241255267. Retrieved 16 February 2020.

Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse by Madge and McGowan, ISBN 0-7136-3966-0

External links

Xeno-canto: audio recordings of the red-necked spurfowl
(Red-necked spurfowl = ) Red-necked francolin - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds
BirdLife Species Factsheet
IUCN Red List

[9] Mandiwana-Neudani et al (2019) treat P. a. cranchii as a separate species, Cranch's spurfowl.^[8]

[iucn_status_19_November_2021-1] BirdLife International (2018). "Pternistis afer". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22678855A132050529. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22678855A132050529.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.

[2] Statius Müller, Philipp Ludwig (1776). Des Ritters Carl von Linné Königlich Schwedischen Lelbarztes uc. uc. vollständigen Natursystems Supplements und Register-Band über alle sechs Theile oder Classen des Thierreichs mit einer ausführlichen Erklärung ausgefertiget (in German). Nürnberg: Gabriel Nicolaus Raspe. p. 129.

[3] Sclater, William Lutley (1920). "Note on the red-necked francolin". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 41: 133–135.

[4] Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 85.

[5] Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[6] Wagler, Johann Georg (1832). "Neue Sippen und Gattungen der Säugthiere und Vögel". Isis von Oken (in German and Latin). 1832. cols 1218–1235 [1229].

[ioc-7] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2020). "Pheasants, partridges, francolins". IOC World Bird List Version 10.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 11 February 2020.

[mandiwana-8] Mandiwana-Neudani, T.G.; Little, R.M.; Crowe, T.M.; Bowie, R.C.K. (2019). "Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of African spurfowls Galliformes, Phasianidae, Phasianinae, Coturnicini: Pternistis spp" (PDF). Ostrich. 90 (2): 145–172. Bibcode:2019Ostri..90..145M. doi:10.2989/00306525.2019.1584925. S2CID 195417777.

[hbw-10] McGowan, P.J.K.; Kirwan, G.M. (2020). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Red-necked Francolin (Pternistis afer)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. doi:10.2173/bow.renfra1.01. S2CID 241255267. Retrieved 16 February 2020.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|Species of bird}}
-{{Taxobox
+{{Speciesbox
 | name = Red-necked spurfowl
 | status = LC
 | status_system = IUCN3.1
+| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Pternistis afer'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22678855A132050529 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22678855A132050529.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
-| image = Francolinus_afer1.jpg
+| image = Red-necked spurfowl (Pternistis afer cranchii), crop.jpg
-| image_width =
+| image2 = Red-necked spurfowl (Pternistis afer cranchii) immature, crop.jpg
-| image_caption = ''P. a. cranchii'' in Masai Mara
+| image2_caption = Adult and immature ''P. afer cranchii'' <small>(Leach, 1818)</small> in [[Queen Elizabeth National Park|Queen Elizabeth NP]]
-| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
+| genus = Pternistis
-| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
+| species = afer
-| classis = [[Bird|Aves]]
+| authority = ([[Philipp Ludwig Statius Müller|Müller, PLS]], 1776)
-| ordo = [[Galliformes]]
-| familia = [[Phasianidae]]
-| subfamilia = [[Perdicinae]]
-| genus = ''[[Pternistis]]''
-| species = '''''P. afer'''''
-| binomial = ''Pternistis afer''
-| binomial_authority = ([[Philipp Ludwig Statius Müller|Müller]], 1766)
 | synonyms =*''Francolinus afer''
+*''Tetrao afer''
+| range_map = Red-necked spurfowl distribution map.svg
+| range_map_caption = {{leftlegend|#00fe00|&nbsp;geographic distribution|outline=#d4d4d4}}
 }}
-The '''red-necked spurfowl''' or '''red-necked francolin''' (''Pternistis afer''), is a [[gamebird]] in the pheasant family [[Phasianidae]] of the order [[Galliformes]], gallinaceous birds.
+The '''red-necked spurfowl''' or '''red-necked francolin''' ('''''Pternistis afer'''''), is a [[gamebird]] in the pheasant family [[Phasianidae]] that is a resident species in southern Africa.
+==Taxonomy==
-==Range and status==
+The red-necked spurfowl was described in 1776 by the German zoologist [[Philipp Ludwig Statius Müller]] and given the [[binomial name]] ''Tetrao afer''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Statius Müller | first=Philipp Ludwig | author-link=Philipp Ludwig Statius Müller | year=1776 | title=Des Ritters Carl von Linné Königlich Schwedischen Lelbarztes uc. uc. vollständigen Natursystems Supplements und Register-Band über alle sechs Theile oder Classen des Thierreichs mit einer ausführlichen Erklärung ausgefertiget  | place=Nürnberg | publisher=Gabriel Nicolaus Raspe | language=German | page=129 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51217780 }}</ref> The [[type location (biology)|type locality]] was later designated as [[Benguela]] in western Angola.<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Sclater  | first=William Lutley | author-link=William Lutley Sclater | year=1920 | title=Note on the red-necked francolin | journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club | volume=41 | pages=133–135 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32428357 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1934 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=2 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts  | page=85 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14482898 }}</ref> The specific epithet ''afer'' is the Latin word for "African".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url=https://archive.org/details/helmdictionarysc00jobl | url-access=limited | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=[https://archive.org/details/helmdictionarysc00jobl/page/n35 35] }}</ref> The species is now placed in the [[genus]] ''[[Pternistis]]'' that was introduced by the German naturalist [[Johann Georg Wagler]] in 1832.<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Wagler | first=Johann Georg | author-link=Johann Georg Wagler | year=1832 | title=Neue Sippen und Gattungen der Säugthiere und Vögel | journal=Isis von Oken | volume=1832 | at=cols 1218–1235 [1229] | language=German, Latin | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26455534 }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | year=2020 | title=Pheasants, partridges, francolins | work=IOC World Bird List Version 10.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/pheasants/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=11 February 2020 }}</ref> A [[molecular phylogenetic]] study published in 2019 found that the red-necked spurfowl is [[sister taxon|sister]] to the [[grey-breasted spurfowl]].<ref name=mandiwana>{{ cite journal | last1=Mandiwana-Neudani | first1=T.G. | last2=Little | first2=R.M. | last3=Crowe | first3=T.M. | last4=Bowie | first4=R.C.K. | year=2019 | title=Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of African spurfowls Galliformes, Phasianidae, Phasianinae, Coturnicini: ''Pternistis'' spp. | journal=Ostrich | volume=90 | issue=2 | pages=145–172 | doi=10.2989/00306525.2019.1584925 | bibcode=2019Ostri..90..145M | s2cid=195417777 | url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2018/05/23/329243.full.pdf }}</ref>
-The red-necked spurfowl breeds across the central belt of [[Africa]] and down the east coast to [[South Africa]]. Widespread and common throughout its large range, the red-necked spurfowl is evaluated as Least Concern on the [[IUCN Red List]] of Threatened Species.
+Although many [[subspecies]] have been described only four are now recognised:<ref name=ioc/>
+* ''P. a. cranchii'' <small>([[William Elford Leach|Leach]], 1818)</small> — north Gabon and south Congo Republic though south, east Democratic Republic of the Congo to central Angola and west Zambia to central Tanzania, west Kenya and Uganda{{efn|Mandiwana-Neudani et al (2019) treat ''P. a. cranchii'' as a separate species, Cranch's spurfowl.<ref name=mandiwana/>}}
+* ''P. a. afer'' <small>([[Philipp Ludwig Statius Müller|Müller, PLS]], 1776)</small> — west Angola, northwest Namibia
+* ''P. a. castaneiventer'' <small>[[J. W. B. Gunning|Gunning]] & [[Austin Roberts (zoologist)|Roberts]], 1911</small> — south and east South Africa
+* ''P. a. humboldtii'' <small>([[Wilhelm Peters|Peters, W]], 1854)</small> — southeast Kenya and north and east Tanzania to Mozambique, northeast Zambia and east Zimbabwe
+<gallery mode=packed heights=140 style="font-size:100%; line-height:130%">
+Red-necked Francolin (Francolinus afer) (20529615134), crop.jpg|''P. a. cranchii''<br><small>(Leach, 1818)</small><br>in western Kenya
+Pternistis afer subsp afer, Kunene River Lodge, Birding Weto, a.jpg|''P. a. afer''<br><small>(Statius Müller, 1776)</small><br>in northern Namibia
+Red-necked Spurfowl 2015 01 17 1406, crop.jpg|''P. a. castaneiventer''<br><small>Gunning & Roberts, 1911</small><br>in South Africa
+Red-necked Spurfowl - Pternistis afer, Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique (44137857440), crop.jpg|''P. a. humboldtii''<br><small>(Peters, W, 1854)</small><br>in Mozambique
+</gallery>
 ==Description==
-It is 25–38&nbsp;cm in length, with a significant size difference between the subspecies, of which there are some seven or eight. It is a generally dark [[francolin]], brown above and black-streaked grey or white underparts. The bill, bare facial skin, neck and legs are bright red.
+The red-necked spurfowl is {{cvt|25|–|38|cm}} in length, with significant size differences between the subspecies.<ref name=hbw>{{cite journal|last1=McGowan|first1=P.J.K.|last2=Kirwan|first2=G.M.|year=2020|title=Red-necked Francolin (''Pternistis afer'')|editor1-last=del Hoyo|editor1-first=J.|editor2-last=Elliott|editor2-first=A.|editor3-last=Sargatal|editor3-first=J.|editor4-last=Christie|editor4-first=D.A.|editor5-last=de Juana|editor5-first=E.|journal=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive|publisher=Lynx Edicions|doi=10.2173/bow.renfra1.01 |s2cid=241255267 |url=https://www.hbw.com/node/53418|accessdate=16 February 2020|url-access=subscription}}</ref> It is a generally dark spurfowl, brown above and black-streaked grey or white underparts. The bill, bare facial skin, neck and legs are bright red.
+==Distribution and habitat==
-==Habits==
+The red-necked spurfowl breeds across the central belt of [[Africa]] and down the east coast to [[South Africa]].
+==Behaviour and ecology==
 The red-necked spurfowl is a wary species, keeping to deep cover, although it sometimes feeds in open scrub or cultivation if disturbance is limited and there are thickets nearby. The nest is a bare scrape, and three to nine eggs are laid.
-==Races==
+==Status==
+Widespread and common throughout its large range, the red-necked spurfowl is evaluated as Least Concern on the [[IUCN Red List]] of Threatened Species.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />
-Many races have been described. Most of them are subsumed under 7 to 8 taxa, but these differ depending on the author:<ref name=hbw>{{cite web |last1=McGowan |first1=P.J.K. |last2=Kirwan |first2=G.M. |date = 2013 |title=Red-necked Francolin (Pternistis afer) |website=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive | publisher = Lynx Edicions, Barcelona | url = http://www.hbw.com/node/53418 |accessdate=30 September 2015}}</ref><ref name=geo>{{cite book |last=Chittenden |first=H. |title=Roberts geographic variation of southern African birds |year=2012 |publisher=JVBBF |location=Cape Town |isbn=978-1-920602-00-0 |pages=40–41 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>
-* ''P. a. cranchii'' <small>(Leach, 1818)</small> – [[Lake Victoria]] basin southwards to [[Zambia]], the [[Angola]]n interior & northern [[Malawi]]
+==Notes==
-* ''P. a. leucoparaeus'' <small>(G. A. Fischer & Reichenow, 1884)</small> – southeastern [[Kenya]]
+{{notelist}}
-* ''P. a. harterti'' <small>Reichenow, 1909</small> – [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]] to northern [[Tanzania]]
-* ''P. a. loangwae'' <small>C.H.B.Grant & Mackworth-Praed, 1934</small> – eastern Zambia & Malawi
-* ''P. a. melanogaster'' <small>Neumann, 1898</small> – Tanzania & Zambia to northern [[Mozambique]]
-* ''P. a. swynnertoni'' <small>[[William Lutley Sclater|W.L.Sclater]], 1921</small> – eastern [[Zimbabwe]] & central Mozambique
-* ''P. a. afer'' <small>(Statius Müller, 1776)</small> – western Angola & northwestern [[Namibia]]
-* ''P. a. lehmanni'' <small>[[Austin Roberts|Roberts]], 1931</small> – [[Limpopo]] and [[Mpumalanga]], South Africa
-* ''P. a. castaneiventer'' <small>Gunning & Roberts, 1911</small> – eastern [[South Africa]]
-* ''P. a. notatus'' <small>Roberts, 1924</small> – [[Western Cape]], South Africa
-<gallery>
-File:Red-necked Spurfowl (Francolinus afer).jpg|''P. a. harterti''<br><small>Reichenow, 1909</small>
-File:Red-necked Francolin - Malawi S4E2852 (15362427470).jpg|''P. a. loangwae''<br><small>C.H.B.Grant & Mackworth-Praed, 1934</small>
-File:FrancolinusHumboldtiDavies.jpg|''P. a. swynnertoni''<br><small>Sclater, 1921</small>
-File:PternistesCastaneiventerDavies.jpg|''P. a. castaneiventer''<br><small>Gunning & Roberts, 1911</small>
-File:PternistesNudicollisDavies.jpg|''P. a. notatus''<br><small>Roberts, 1924</small>
-</gallery>
 == References ==
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist}}
+* ''Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse'' by Madge and McGowan, {{ISBN|0-7136-3966-0}}
-* {{IUCN2006|assessor=BirdLife International|year=2004|id=47034|title=Francolinus afer|downloaded=11 May 2006}}
-* ''Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse'' by Madge and McGowan, ISBN 0-7136-3966-0
 == External links ==
-{{commons|Francolinus afer|''Francolinus afer''}}
+{{Commons|Pternistis afer|''Pternistis afer''}}
+*[https://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Pternistis-afer Xeno-canto: audio recordings of the red-necked spurfowl]
 * (Red-necked spurfowl = ) Red-necked francolin - [http://sabap2.adu.org.za/docs/sabap1/198.pdf Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds]
-* [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=178&m=0 BirdLife Species Factsheet]
+* [http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/red-necked-francolin-pternistis-afer BirdLife Species Factsheet]
 * [http://www.redlist.org/search/details.php?species=47034 IUCN Red List]
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q27074582}}
+[[Category:Pternistis|red-necked spurfowl]]
 [[Category:Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa]]
-[[Category:Animals described in 1766]]
+[[Category:Birds described in 1776|red-necked spurfowl]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by Philipp Ludwig Statius Müller|red-necked spurfowl]]
-[[Category:Pternistis]]