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The Sèvres syndrome (Turkish: Sevr sendromu)^[1]^[2]^[3] refers to a popular^[4]^[5] belief in Turkey that dangerous internal and external enemies,^[6] especially the West,^[7]^[8] are "conspiring to weaken and carve up the Turkish Republic".^[9] The term originates from the Treaty of Sèvres of the 1920s, which partitioned the Ottoman Empire among Armenia, Greece, Britain, France, and Italy, leaving a small unaffected area around Ankara under Turkish rule; however, it was never implemented since it was left unratified by the Ottoman Parliament and due to Turkish victory on all fronts during the subsequent Turkish War of Independence.^[10] Turkish historian Taner Akçam describes this attitude as an ongoing perception that "there are forces which continually seek to disperse and destroy us, and it is necessary to defend the state against this danger".^[11]

This belief is often described as a conspiracy theory,^[12]^[13] and has been likened to fostering a siege mentality among certain members of Turkish society.

Overview

Danish political scientist Dietrich Jung describes the terms as "the perception of being encircled by enemies attempting the destruction of the Turkish state", and asserts that it remains a significant determinant of Turkish foreign policy.^[14] The term has been used in the scope of the Kurdish conflict in Turkey,^[15]^[16] accession of Turkey to the European Union^[17]^[18] and the recognition of the Armenian Genocide. Historian Nick Danforth wrote in 2015 that "Sèvres has been largely forgotten in the West, but it has a potent legacy in Turkey, where it has helped fuel a form of nationalist paranoia some scholars have called the 'Sèvres syndrome'".^[19]

History

According to Fatma Müge Göçek, the literature of Sèvres syndrome highlights three development stages of the "syndrome":^[20]

"the initial contemporaneous impact of the Sèvres Treaty on state and society in the form of fear and anxiety"
"negotiation during the radical Westernization of the Turkish Republic which is spearheaded by the military and the CHP; internal and external enemies are defined during this stage"
"the institutionalized syndrome becomes radicalized as ultra-nationalist parties try to systematically exclude such perceived enemies from the Turkish body politic"

Nefes reports a strong undercurrent of antisemitism, blaming the treaty on a supposed Jewish conspiracy.^[21]

Foreign policy of Turkey

In 2019, hailing Turkey's willingness to once more project power across the Mediterranean, Erdogan said "Thanks to this military and energy cooperation, we overturned the Treaty of Sèvres".^[22]

According to a Le Monde article, the opening date of Grand Hagia Sophia Mosque for worship was not a coincidence, as 24 July marked the 97th anniversary of the Lausanne Treaty. "In the minds of Erdogan and his far-right partners who rallied after the failed coup, it is a matter of foiling the trap of a 'new Treaty of Sevres'".^[23]

In a column responding to the Le Monde piece, İbrahim Karagül, editor-in-chief of Yeni Şafak, suggested that the Western media was not "wrong" in spotlighting the weight of Sèvres on Turkey's newly assertive foreign policy.^[22]

Comparisons

In 2015, Devlet Bahçeli, leader of the far-right Nationalist Movement Party, compared the agreement between the pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) and the Turkish government in the scope of the Kurdish–Turkish peace process to the Treaty of Sèvres. Bahçeli claimed that the agreement "will lead to the collapse of the Turkish Republic" and has vowed to resist it. This was when Bahçeli maintained an anti-government and anti-AKP stance before suddenly switching sides.^[24]

References

^ Alpay, Şahin (7 July 2009). "'Sevr Sendromu' nedir ve neden azar?". Zaman (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 25 December 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
^ Altınok, Melih (19 June 2012). "Yeni Sevr sendromu da bu mu". Taraf (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
^ Çandar, Cengiz. "Nabucco imzası 'Sevr sendromu'nun defin belgesidir". Radikal (in Turkish). Retrieved 25 July 2013.
^ Uslu, Nasuh (2004). Turkish Foreign Policy In The Post-Cold War Period. Hauppauge, N.Y.: Nova Science Publishers. p. 15. ISBN 9781590337424.
^ Abramowitz, Morton (2000). Turkey's Transformation and American Policy. New York: Century Foundation Press. p. 141. ISBN 9780870784538. Previously rarely raised, Sevres became a common word in the Turkish political lexicon in the 1990s.
^ Aksakal, Mustafa (2012). "Fatma Müge Göçek . The Transformation of Turkey: Redefining State and Society from the Ottoman Empire to the Modern Era . (Library of Modern Middle East Studies, number 103.) New York: I. B. Tauris. 2011. Pp. viii, 310. £59.50". The American Historical Review. 117 (3): 975. doi:10.1086/ahr.117.3.975.
^ Kieser, Hans-Lukas (2006). Turkey Beyond Nationalism: Towards Post-Nationalist Identities. London: Tauris. p. 232. ISBN 9781845111410. The fear of conspiracies directed toward Turkey by international actors is often referred to as the 'Sevres Syndrome'. It is the belief that the international community, and in particular the Western world, aspire to revive the terms of the Sevres Treaty imposed on the Ottoman Empire after the end of the First World War and basically divide up Turkey into smaller ethnic states.
^ Hale, William (2012). "The Alliance Under Stress, 1991-9". Turkish Foreign Policy, 1774-2000. Routledge. ISBN 9781136238024.
^ Göçek 2011, p. 105.
^ Göçek 2011, p. 116.
^ Akçam, Taner (2005). From Empire to Republic: Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian Genocide. London: Zed Books. p. 230. ISBN 9781842775271.
^ Guida, Michelangelo (2008). "The Sèvres Syndrome and 'Komplo' Theories in the Islamist and Secular Press". Turkish Studies. 9 (1): 37–52. doi:10.1080/14683840701813994. S2CID 144752641.
^ Nefes, Türkay Salim (2013). "Political Parties' Perceptions and Uses of Anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theories in Turkey". The Sociological Review. 61 (2): 247–264. doi:10.1111/1467-954X.12016. S2CID 145632390.
^ Jung, Dietrich. "The Sèvres Syndrome: Turkish Foreign Policy and its Historical Legacies". The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
^ Kizner, Stephen (7 December 1998). "Turks See Throwback to Partition in Europe's Focus on Kurds". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 July 2013. With the Sevres treaty dead, most of the world forgot it. Turks, though, did not. Many are convinced that the world is still plotting to dismember Turkey. They see every claim for regional or cultural autonomy, including those put forward by Kurdish nationalists, as means to this end. Turkish historians and sociologists call this belief the Sevres syndrome.
^ Sarı 2022, p. 147.
^ Göçek 2011, p. 109.
^ Sarı 2022, p. 144.
^ Forget Sykes-Picot. It's the Treaty of Sèvres That Explains the Modern Middle East. By Nick Danforth, 10.08.2015, Foreign Policy
^ Göçek 2011, p. 110.
^ Türkay Salim Nefes, "Understanding anti-semitic rhetoric in Turkey through the Sèvres syndrome". Turkish Studies 16.4 (2015): 572-587. online
^ ^a ^b Tharoor, Ishaan (August 10, 2020). "A century-old treaty haunts the Mediterranean". The Washington Post.
^ Jégo, Marie & Kaval, Allan (July 31, 2020). "Cent ans après, la revanche d'Erdogan sur le traité de Sèvres". Le Mond.
^ "MHP leader says Kurdish peace process will 'ruin' Turkey". Today's Zaman. 2 March 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2015.

Bibliography

Drakoularakos, Stavros. "Turkey and Erdoğan's rising 'Lausanne Syndrome'". Digest of Middle East Studies 30.1 (2021): 22–33. doi=10.1111/dome.12224
Göçek, Fatma Müge (2011). The Transformation of Turkey: Redefining State and Society from the Ottoman Empire to the Modern Era. London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781848856110.
Guida, Michelangelo. "The Sèvres syndrome and 'Komplo' theories in the Islamist and Secular Press". Turkish Studies 9.1 (2008): 37–52.^{[permanent dead link]}
Gulmez, Didem Buhari. "Foreigner Rights in Turkey: From Sèvres Syndrome to Decoupled Europeanization". in Europeanization in a Global Context (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2017) pp. 141–166.
Hovsepyan, Levon. "The Fears of Turkey: the Sèvres Syndrome". Information and Public Relation Center (2012).
Matthews, Ryan John. "Sevres Syndrome: Constructing the populist us versus them through fear in Turkey". (PhD. Diss. Virginia Tech, 2021)
Nefes, Türkay Salim. "Understanding anti-semitic rhetoric in Turkey through the sèvres syndrome". Turkish Studies 16.4 (2015): 572–587.
Oprea, Iulia-Alexandra. "Heritage Of Fear: The Sèvres Syndrome, Turkishness". in Dynamics and Policies of Prejudice from the Eighteenth to the Twenty-first Century (2018) pp: 143+.
Sarı, Buğra (2022). "Culture of Insecurity and Production of Foreign Policy Crises: Turkey's Sèvres Syndrome and Syrian Support for the PKK during the 1998 October Crisis". Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies. 24 (1): 138–157. doi:10.1080/19448953.2021.1992186. S2CID 244912298.
Schmid, Dorothée. "Turkey: The Sèvres Syndrome, or the Interminable War". Politique etrangere 1 (2014): 199–213.
Yılmaz, Hakan. "Euroscepticism in Turkey: Parties, elites, and public opinion". South European Society and Politics 16.01 (2011): 185–208.^{[permanent dead link]}

[1] Alpay, Şahin (7 July 2009). "'Sevr Sendromu' nedir ve neden azar?". Zaman (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 25 December 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2013.

[2] Altınok, Melih (19 June 2012). "Yeni Sevr sendromu da bu mu". Taraf (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2013.

[3] Çandar, Cengiz. "Nabucco imzası 'Sevr sendromu'nun defin belgesidir". Radikal (in Turkish). Retrieved 25 July 2013.

[4] Uslu, Nasuh (2004). Turkish Foreign Policy In The Post-Cold War Period. Hauppauge, N.Y.: Nova Science Publishers. p. 15. ISBN 9781590337424.

[5] Abramowitz, Morton (2000). Turkey's Transformation and American Policy. New York: Century Foundation Press. p. 141. ISBN 9780870784538. Previously rarely raised, Sevres became a common word in the Turkish political lexicon in the 1990s.

[6] Aksakal, Mustafa (2012). "Fatma Müge Göçek . The Transformation of Turkey: Redefining State and Society from the Ottoman Empire to the Modern Era . (Library of Modern Middle East Studies, number 103.) New York: I. B. Tauris. 2011. Pp. viii, 310. £59.50". The American Historical Review. 117 (3): 975. doi:10.1086/ahr.117.3.975.

[7] Kieser, Hans-Lukas (2006). Turkey Beyond Nationalism: Towards Post-Nationalist Identities. London: Tauris. p. 232. ISBN 9781845111410. The fear of conspiracies directed toward Turkey by international actors is often referred to as the 'Sevres Syndrome'. It is the belief that the international community, and in particular the Western world, aspire to revive the terms of the Sevres Treaty imposed on the Ottoman Empire after the end of the First World War and basically divide up Turkey into smaller ethnic states.

[8] Hale, William (2012). "The Alliance Under Stress, 1991-9". Turkish Foreign Policy, 1774-2000. Routledge. ISBN 9781136238024.

[FOOTNOTEGöçek2011105-9] Göçek 2011, p. 105.

[FOOTNOTEGöçek2011116-10] Göçek 2011, p. 116.

[11] Akçam, Taner (2005). From Empire to Republic: Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian Genocide. London: Zed Books. p. 230. ISBN 9781842775271.

[12] Guida, Michelangelo (2008). "The Sèvres Syndrome and 'Komplo' Theories in the Islamist and Secular Press". Turkish Studies. 9 (1): 37–52. doi:10.1080/14683840701813994. S2CID 144752641.

[13] Nefes, Türkay Salim (2013). "Political Parties' Perceptions and Uses of Anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theories in Turkey". The Sociological Review. 61 (2): 247–264. doi:10.1111/1467-954X.12016. S2CID 145632390.

[14] Jung, Dietrich. "The Sèvres Syndrome: Turkish Foreign Policy and its Historical Legacies". The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 23 July 2013.

[15] Kizner, Stephen (7 December 1998). "Turks See Throwback to Partition in Europe's Focus on Kurds". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 July 2013. With the Sevres treaty dead, most of the world forgot it. Turks, though, did not. Many are convinced that the world is still plotting to dismember Turkey. They see every claim for regional or cultural autonomy, including those put forward by Kurdish nationalists, as means to this end. Turkish historians and sociologists call this belief the Sevres syndrome.

[FOOTNOTESarı2022147-16] Sarı 2022, p. 147.

[FOOTNOTEGöçek2011109-17] Göçek 2011, p. 109.

[FOOTNOTESarı2022144-18] Sarı 2022, p. 144.

[19] Forget Sykes-Picot. It's the Treaty of Sèvres That Explains the Modern Middle East. By Nick Danforth, 10.08.2015, Foreign Policy

[FOOTNOTEGöçek2011110-20] Göçek 2011, p. 110.

[21] Türkay Salim Nefes, "Understanding anti-semitic rhetoric in Turkey through the Sèvres syndrome". Turkish Studies 16.4 (2015): 572-587. online

[Tharoor-22] Tharoor, Ishaan (August 10, 2020). "A century-old treaty haunts the Mediterranean". The Washington Post.

[23] Jégo, Marie & Kaval, Allan (July 31, 2020). "Cent ans après, la revanche d'Erdogan sur le traité de Sèvres". Le Mond.

[24] "MHP leader says Kurdish peace process will 'ruin' Turkey". Today's Zaman. 2 March 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2015.

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 {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
-The '''Sèvres Syndrome''' ({{lang-tr|Sevr Sendromu}})<ref>{{cite news|last=Alpay|first=Şahin|title='Sevr Sendromu' nedir ve neden azar?|url=http://www.zaman.com.tr/sahin-alpay/sevr-sendromu-nedir-ve-neden-azar_866763.html|access-date=25 July 2013|newspaper=[[Zaman (newspaper)|Zaman]]|date=7 July 2009|language=tr|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225184803/http://www.zaman.com.tr/sahin-alpay/sevr-sendromu-nedir-ve-neden-azar_866763.html|archive-date=25 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Altınok|first=Melih|title=Yeni Sevr sendromu da bu mu|url=http://www.taraf.com.tr/melih-altinok/makale-yeni-sevr-sendromu-da-bu-mu.htm|access-date=25 July 2013|newspaper=[[Taraf]]|date=19 June 2012|language=tr|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913015650/http://www.taraf.com.tr/melih-altinok/makale-yeni-sevr-sendromu-da-bu-mu.htm|archive-date=13 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Çandar|first=Cengiz|title=Nabucco imzası 'Sevr sendromu'nun defin belgesidir|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/yazarlar/cengiz_candar/nabucco_imzasi_sevr_sendromunun_defin_belgesidir-944937|access-date=25 July 2013|newspaper=[[Radikal]]|authorlink=Cengiz Çandar|language=tr}}</ref> refers to a popular<ref>{{cite book|last=Uslu|first=Nasuh|title=Turkish Foreign Policy In The Post-Cold War Period|year=2004|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|location=Hauppauge, N.Y.|isbn=9781590337424|page=15}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Abramowitz|first=Morton|title=Turkey's Transformation and American Policy|year=2000|publisher=Century Foundation Press|location=New York|isbn=9780870784538|page=141|quote=Previously rarely raised, Sevres became a '''common''' word in the Turkish political lexicon in the 1990s.}}</ref> belief in Turkey that dangerous internal and external enemies,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aksakal |first1=Mustafa |title=Fatma Müge Göçek . The Transformation of Turkey: Redefining State and Society from the Ottoman Empire to the Modern Era . (Library of Modern Middle East Studies, number 103.) New York: I. B. Tauris. 2011. Pp. viii, 310. £59.50. |journal=The American Historical Review |date=2012 |volume=117 |issue=3 |pages=975–975 |doi=10.1086/ahr.117.3.975}}</ref> especially [[Western world|the West]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Kieser|first=Hans-Lukas|title=Turkey Beyond Nationalism: Towards Post-Nationalist Identities|year=2006|publisher=Tauris|location=London|isbn=9781845111410|page=232|quote=The fear of conspiracies directed toward Turkey by international actors is often referred to as the "Sevres Syndrome". It is the belief that the international community, and in particular the Western world, aspire to revive the terms of the Sevres Treaty imposed on the Ottoman Empire after the end of the First World War and basically divide up Turkey into smaller ethnic states.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hale|first=William|title=Turkish Foreign Policy, 1774-2000|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136238024|chapter=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZGtjjun84lAC&pg=PT351&dq=S%C3%A8vres+Syndrome&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kxfvUfqTGpCi4AP3j4CIBA&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=S%C3%A8vres%20Syndrome&f=false The Alliance Under Stress, 1991-9]}}</ref> are "conspiring to weaken and carve up the [[Turkish Republic]]."{{sfn|Göçek|2011|p=105}} The term originates from the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] of the 1920s, which [[Partition of the Ottoman Empire|partitioned]] the [[Ottoman Empire]] between [[First Republic of Armenia|Armenia]], [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]], [[Great Britain|Britain]], [[France]], and [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], leaving a small unaffected area around [[Ankara]] under Turkish rule; however, it was never implemented since it was left unratified by the Ottoman Parliament and due to Turkish victory on all fronts during the subsequent [[Turkish War of Independence]].{{sfn|Göçek|2011|p=116}} Turkish historian [[Taner Akçam]] describes this attitude as an ongoing perception that "there are forces which continually seek to disperse and destroy us, and it is necessary to defend the state against this danger."<ref>{{cite book|last=Akçam|first=Taner|title=From Empire to Republic: Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian Genocide|year=2005|publisher=Zed Books|location=London|isbn=9781842775271|page=230|authorlink=Taner Akçam}}</ref>
+The '''Sèvres syndrome''' ({{lang-tr|Sevr sendromu}})<ref>{{cite news|last=Alpay|first=Şahin|title='Sevr Sendromu' nedir ve neden azar?|url=http://www.zaman.com.tr/sahin-alpay/sevr-sendromu-nedir-ve-neden-azar_866763.html|access-date=25 July 2013|newspaper=[[Zaman (newspaper)|Zaman]]|date=7 July 2009|language=tr|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225184803/http://www.zaman.com.tr/sahin-alpay/sevr-sendromu-nedir-ve-neden-azar_866763.html|archive-date=25 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Altınok|first=Melih|title=Yeni Sevr sendromu da bu mu|url=http://www.taraf.com.tr/melih-altinok/makale-yeni-sevr-sendromu-da-bu-mu.htm|access-date=25 July 2013|newspaper=[[Taraf]]|date=19 June 2012|language=tr|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913015650/http://www.taraf.com.tr/melih-altinok/makale-yeni-sevr-sendromu-da-bu-mu.htm|archive-date=13 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Çandar|first=Cengiz|title=Nabucco imzası 'Sevr sendromu'nun defin belgesidir|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/yazarlar/cengiz_candar/nabucco_imzasi_sevr_sendromunun_defin_belgesidir-944937|access-date=25 July 2013|newspaper=[[Radikal]]|authorlink=Cengiz Çandar|language=tr}}</ref> refers to a popular<ref>{{cite book|last=Uslu|first=Nasuh|title=Turkish Foreign Policy In The Post-Cold War Period|year=2004|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|location=Hauppauge, N.Y.|isbn=9781590337424|page=15}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Abramowitz|first=Morton|title=Turkey's Transformation and American Policy|year=2000|publisher=Century Foundation Press|location=New York|isbn=9780870784538|page=141|quote=Previously rarely raised, Sevres became a '''common''' word in the Turkish political lexicon in the 1990s.}}</ref> belief in Turkey that dangerous internal and external enemies,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aksakal |first1=Mustafa |title=Fatma Müge Göçek . The Transformation of Turkey: Redefining State and Society from the Ottoman Empire to the Modern Era . (Library of Modern Middle East Studies, number 103.) New York: I. B. Tauris. 2011. Pp. viii, 310. £59.50. |journal=The American Historical Review |date=2012 |volume=117 |issue=3 |pages=975 |doi=10.1086/ahr.117.3.975}}</ref> especially [[Western world|the West]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Kieser|first=Hans-Lukas|title=Turkey Beyond Nationalism: Towards Post-Nationalist Identities|year=2006|publisher=Tauris|location=London|isbn=9781845111410|page=232|quote=The fear of conspiracies directed toward Turkey by international actors is often referred to as the 'Sevres Syndrome'. It is the belief that the international community, and in particular the Western world, aspire to revive the terms of the Sevres Treaty imposed on the Ottoman Empire after the end of the First World War and basically divide up Turkey into smaller ethnic states.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hale|first=William|title=Turkish Foreign Policy, 1774-2000|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136238024|chapter=The Alliance Under Stress, 1991-9|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZGtjjun84lAC&dq=S%C3%A8vres+Syndrome&pg=PT351}}</ref> are "conspiring to weaken and carve up the [[Turkey|Turkish Republic]]".{{sfn|Göçek|2011|p=105}} The term originates from the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] of the 1920s, which [[Partition of the Ottoman Empire|partitioned]] the [[Ottoman Empire]] among [[First Republic of Armenia|Armenia]], [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]], [[Great Britain|Britain]], [[France]], and [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], leaving a small unaffected area around [[Ankara]] under Turkish rule; however, it was never implemented since it was left unratified by the Ottoman Parliament and due to Turkish victory on all fronts during the subsequent [[Turkish War of Independence]].{{sfn|Göçek|2011|p=116}} Turkish historian [[Taner Akçam]] describes this attitude as an ongoing perception that "there are forces which continually seek to disperse and destroy us, and it is necessary to defend the state against this danger".<ref>{{cite book|last=Akçam|first=Taner|title=From Empire to Republic: Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian Genocide|year=2005|publisher=Zed Books|location=London|isbn=9781842775271|page=230|authorlink=Taner Akçam}}</ref>
-This belief is often described as a [[Conspiracy theories in Turkey|conspiracy theory]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guida |first1=Michelangelo |title=The Sèvres Syndrome and " Komplo " Theories in the Islamist and Secular Press |journal=Turkish Studies |date=2008 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=37–52 |doi=10.1080/14683840701813994|s2cid=144752641 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nefes |first1=Türkay Salim |title=Political Parties' Perceptions and Uses of Anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theories in Turkey |journal=The Sociological Review |date=2013 |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=247–264 |doi=10.1111/1467-954X.12016|s2cid=145632390 }}</ref> and has been likened to fostering a [[siege mentality]] among certain members of Turkish society.
+This belief is often described as a [[Conspiracy theories in Turkey|conspiracy theory]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guida |first1=Michelangelo |title=The Sèvres Syndrome and 'Komplo' Theories in the Islamist and Secular Press |journal=Turkish Studies |date=2008 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=37–52 |doi=10.1080/14683840701813994|s2cid=144752641}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nefes |first1=Türkay Salim |title=Political Parties' Perceptions and Uses of Anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theories in Turkey |journal=The Sociological Review |date=2013 |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=247–264 |doi=10.1111/1467-954X.12016|s2cid=145632390}}</ref> and has been likened to fostering a [[siege mentality]] among certain members of Turkish society.
 ==Overview==
-Danish political scientist Dietrich Jung describes the terms as "the perception of being encircled by enemies attempting the destruction of the Turkish state," and asserts that it remains a significant determinant of Turkish foreign policy.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jung|first=Dietrich|title=The Sèvres Syndrome: Turkish Foreign Policy and its Historical Legacies|url=http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/archives_roll/2003_07-09/jung_sevres/jung_sevres.html|publisher=The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref> The term has been used in the scope of the [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict|Kurdish conflict in Turkey]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Kizner|first=Stephen|title=Turks See Throwback to Partition in Europe's Focus on Kurds|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/07/world/turks-see-throwback-to-partition-in-europe-s-focus-on-kurds.html|access-date=24 July 2013|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=7 December 1998|quote=With the Sevres treaty dead, most of the world forgot it. Turks, though, did not. Many are convinced that the world is still plotting to dismember Turkey. They see every claim for regional or cultural autonomy, including those put forward by Kurdish nationalists, as means to this end. Turkish historians and sociologists call this belief ''the Sevres syndrome.''}}</ref> [[accession of Turkey to the European Union]] in 1987 by Turkish nationalist circles{{sfn|Göçek|2011|p=109}} and the [[recognition of the Armenian Genocide]]. Historian Nick Danforth wrote in 2015 that “Sèvres has been largely forgotten in the West, but it has a potent legacy in Turkey, where it has helped fuel a form of nationalist paranoia some scholars have called the ‘Sèvres syndrome’”.<ref>[https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/08/10/sykes-picot-treaty-of-sevres-modern-turkey-middle-east-borders-turkey/ Forget Sykes-Picot. It’s the Treaty of Sèvres That Explains the Modern Middle East. By Nick Danforth, 10.08.2015, Foreign Policy]</ref>
+Danish political scientist Dietrich Jung describes the terms as "the perception of being encircled by enemies attempting the destruction of the Turkish state", and asserts that it remains a significant determinant of Turkish foreign policy.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jung|first=Dietrich|title=The Sèvres Syndrome: Turkish Foreign Policy and its Historical Legacies|url=http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/archives_roll/2003_07-09/jung_sevres/jung_sevres.html|publisher=The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref> The term has been used in the scope of the [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict|Kurdish conflict in Turkey]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Kizner|first=Stephen|title=Turks See Throwback to Partition in Europe's Focus on Kurds|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/07/world/turks-see-throwback-to-partition-in-europe-s-focus-on-kurds.html|access-date=24 July 2013|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=7 December 1998|quote=With the Sevres treaty dead, most of the world forgot it. Turks, though, did not. Many are convinced that the world is still plotting to dismember Turkey. They see every claim for regional or cultural autonomy, including those put forward by Kurdish nationalists, as means to this end. Turkish historians and sociologists call this belief ''the Sevres syndrome''.}}</ref>{{sfn|Sarı|2022|page=147}} [[accession of Turkey to the European Union]]{{sfn|Göçek|2011|p=109}}{{sfn|Sarı|2022|page=144}} and the [[recognition of the Armenian Genocide]]. Historian Nick Danforth wrote in 2015 that "Sèvres has been largely forgotten in the West, but it has a potent legacy in Turkey, where it has helped fuel a form of nationalist paranoia some scholars have called the 'Sèvres syndrome{{'"}}.<ref>[https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/08/10/sykes-picot-treaty-of-sevres-modern-turkey-middle-east-borders-turkey/ Forget Sykes-Picot. It's the Treaty of Sèvres That Explains the Modern Middle East. By Nick Danforth, 10.08.2015, Foreign Policy]</ref>
-According to Armenia's former foreign minister [[Alexander Arzumanyan]] there is an "irrational fear in Turkey regarding the Treaty of Sèvres, which unites liberals and radical [nationalists] alike".<ref>{{cite web|script-title=hy:Ուրվագիծ 24 February 2015|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w6f879arps8|website=YouTube|publisher=Kentron TV|language=hy|format=starting at around 25:00|date=24 February 2015|quote=իռացիոնալ վախ Սևրի դաշնագրի նկատմամբ, որը համախմբում է լիբերալներից մինչև ռադիկալներ Թուրքիայում:}}</ref>
 ==History==
-According to Fatma Müge Göçek, the literature of Sèvres Syndrome highlights three development stages of the "syndrome":{{sfn|Göçek|2011|p=110}}
+According to Fatma Müge Göçek, the literature of Sèvres syndrome highlights three development stages of the "syndrome":{{sfn|Göçek|2011|p=110}}
 *"the initial contemporaneous impact of the Sèvres Treaty on state and society in the form of fear and anxiety"
-*"negotiation during the radical Westernization of the Turkish Republic which is spearheaded by the military and the [[Republican People's Party (Turkey)|RPP]]; internal and external enemies are defined during this stage"
+*"negotiation during the radical Westernization of the Turkish Republic which is spearheaded by the military and the [[Republican People's Party|CHP]]; internal and external enemies are defined during this stage"
 *"the institutionalized syndrome becomes radicalized as ultra-nationalist parties try to systematically exclude such perceived enemies from the Turkish body politic"
-<!--
-It describes the impact of the 1920 [[Treaty of Sèvres]] on the formation and subsequent development of the Turkish state.   In this treaty, the victorious powers sought the division of the former Ottoman heartland of [[Anatolia]].
+Nefes reports a strong undercurrent of antisemitism, blaming the treaty on a supposed Jewish conspiracy.<ref>Türkay Salim Nefes, "Understanding anti-semitic rhetoric in Turkey through the Sèvres syndrome". ''Turkish Studies'' 16.4 (2015): 572-587. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tuerkay_Nefes/publication/282431048_Understanding_Anti-Semitic_Rhetoric_in_Turkey_Through_The_Sevres_Syndrome/links/56ae780408aeaa696f2ec6a5.pdf online]</ref>
-The Treaty created an Armenian homeland in the east and added largely Greek-speaking parts of Thrace and the Aegean coast to [[Greece]].
-Large swaths of the rest would have been under British, French, Italian or International control, including [[Constantinople]] and the [[Bosporous]].
-The independent Turkish state that emerged would have been quite small.
-The perceived humiliation of this division of land provoked a Turkish uprising under [[Ataturk]] that led to the creation of modern Turkey.
-According to researcher Levon Hovsepyan, discussions over challenges facing Turkey, the country’s domestic and [[foreign policy]], vision of the state are taking place in Turkey’s different sociopolitical, scientific and analytical circles within the framework of which the fears and phobic perceptions of the Turkish public and political circles are being manifested. In that context the discussions over possible dismemberment of Turkey, violation of integrity and existence of such initiatives by external forces have intensified in different spheres. This phenomenon is referred to as the  “Sèvres syndrome”,  “Sèvresphobia” or “fear of dismemberment”. Such discussions on the state and social levels of Turkey are the result of complex perception of a number of existing issues which, in turn, give birth to conclusions based on worries and phobias and form psychological stereotypes.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hovsepyan|first=Levon|title=The Fears of Turkey: The Sèvres Syndrome|year=2012|publisher=Information and Public Relation Center|location=Yerevan|isbn=978-999-41-2-631-6|url=http://bs-kavkaz.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Fears_Turkey.pdf}}</ref>
-http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist-180032-what-keeps-the-s%C3%A8vres-syndrome-alive-andkicking.html
--->
-Nefes reports a strong undercurrent of antisemitism, blaming the treaty on a supposed Jewish conspiracy.<ref>Türkay Salim  Nefes,  "Understanding anti-semitic rhetoric in Turkey through the Sèvres syndrome." ''Turkish Studies'' 16.4 (2015): 572-587. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tuerkay_Nefes/publication/282431048_Understanding_Anti-Semitic_Rhetoric_in_Turkey_Through_The_Sevres_Syndrome/links/56ae780408aeaa696f2ec6a5.pdf online]
- </ref>
 ==Foreign policy of Turkey==
-In 2019, hailing Turkey's willingness to once more project power across the Mediterranean, Erdogan said “Thanks to this military and energy cooperation, we overturned the Treaty of Sèvres”.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/08/10/treaty-sevres-erdogan-turkey/ A century-old treaty haunts the Mediterranean. By Ishaan Tharoor, Washington Post, August 10, 2020]</ref>
+In 2019, hailing Turkey's willingness to once more project power across the Mediterranean, Erdogan said "Thanks to this military and energy cooperation, we overturned the Treaty of Sèvres".<ref name="Tharoor">Tharoor, Ishaan (August 10, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/08/10/treaty-sevres-erdogan-turkey/ "A century-old treaty haunts the Mediterranean"]. ''The Washington Post''.</ref>
-According to a [[Le Monde]] article, the opening date of Grand [[Hagia Sophia]] Mosque for worship was not a coincidence, as 24 July marked the 97th anniversary of the [[Lausanne Treaty]]. "In the minds of Erdogan and his far-right partners who rallied after the failed coup, it is a matter of foiling the trap of a 'new Treaty of Sevres'".<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2020/07/31/turquie-revanche-sur-le-traite-de-sevres_6047822_3210.html Cent ans après, la revanche d’Erdogan sur le traité de Sèvres. Par Marie Jégo et Allan Kaval. Le Mond. 31 juillet 2020]</ref>
+According to a [[Le Monde]] article, the opening date of Grand [[Hagia Sophia]] Mosque for worship was not a coincidence, as 24 July marked the 97th anniversary of the [[Lausanne Treaty]]. "In the minds of Erdogan and his far-right partners who rallied after the failed coup, it is a matter of foiling the trap of a 'new Treaty of Sevres{{'"}}.<ref>Jégo, Marie & Kaval, Allan (July 31, 2020). [https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2020/07/31/turquie-revanche-sur-le-traite-de-sevres_6047822_3210.html "Cent ans après, la revanche d'Erdogan sur le traité de Sèvres"]. ''Le Mond''.</ref>
-In a column responding to the Le Monde piece, [[İbrahim Karagül]], editor-in-chief of [[Yeni Şafak]], suggested that the Western media wasn't “wrong” in spotlighting the weight of Sèvres on Turkey's newly assertive foreign policy.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/08/10/treaty-sevres-erdogan-turkey/ A century-old treaty haunts the Mediterranean. By Ishaan Tharoor, Washington Post, August 10, 2020]</ref>
+In a column responding to the Le Monde piece, [[İbrahim Karagül]], editor-in-chief of [[Yeni Şafak]], suggested that the Western media was not "wrong" in spotlighting the weight of Sèvres on Turkey's newly assertive foreign policy.<ref name="Tharoor" />
 ==Comparisons==
-In  2015 [[Devlet Bahçeli]], leader of the far-right [[Nationalist Movement Party]], compared the agreement between the pro-Kurdish [[Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)|Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP)]] and the Turkish government in the scope of the [[Solution process|Kurdish–Turkish peace process]] to the Treaty of Sèvres. Bahçeli claimed the agreement "will lead to the collapse of the Turkish Republic and has vowed to resist it."<ref>{{cite news|title=MHP leader says Kurdish peace process will 'ruin' Turkey|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/national_mhp-leader-says-kurdish-peace-process-will-ruin-turkey_374165.html|work=[[Today's Zaman]]|date=2 March 2015}}</ref>
+In 2015, [[Devlet Bahçeli]], leader of the far-right [[Nationalist Movement Party]], compared the agreement between the pro-Kurdish [[Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)|Peoples' Democratic Party]] (HDP) and the Turkish government in the scope of the [[2013–2015 PKK–Turkey peace process|Kurdish–Turkish peace process]] to the Treaty of Sèvres. Bahçeli claimed that the agreement "will lead to the collapse of the Turkish Republic" and has vowed to resist it. This was when Bahçeli maintained an anti-government and anti-[[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|AKP]] stance before [[People's Alliance (Turkey)|suddenly switching sides]].<ref>{{cite news|title=MHP leader says Kurdish peace process will 'ruin' Turkey|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/national_mhp-leader-says-kurdish-peace-process-will-ruin-turkey_374165.html|work=[[Today's Zaman]]|date=2 March 2015|access-date=6 March 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071656/http://www.todayszaman.com/national_mhp-leader-says-kurdish-peace-process-will-ruin-turkey_374165.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 ==See also==
+* [[Conspiracy theories in Turkey]]
 * [[Siege mentality]]
-* [[Trianon Syndrome]]
+* [[Trianon syndrome]]
 ==References==
@@ Line 57: / Line 36: @@
 ==Bibliography==
-* Drakoularakos, Stavros. "Turkey and Erdoğan’s rising 'Lausanne Syndrome'." ''Digest of Middle East Studies'' 30.1 (2021): 22-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/dome.12224
+* Drakoularakos, Stavros. "Turkey and Erdoğan's rising 'Lausanne Syndrome{{'"}}. ''Digest of Middle East Studies'' 30.1 (2021): 22–33. [https://doi.org/10.1111/dome.12224 doi=10.1111/dome.12224]
 *{{cite book|last=Göçek|first=Fatma Müge|title=The Transformation of Turkey: Redefining State and Society from the Ottoman Empire to the Modern Era|year=2011|publisher=I.B.Tauris|location=London|isbn=9781848856110}}
+* Guida, Michelangelo. [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?output=instlink&q=info:0mE1uEvjEKcJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=0,27&scillfp=13700259623899101819&oi=lle "The Sèvres syndrome and 'Komplo' theories in the Islamist and Secular Press"]. ''Turkish Studies'' 9.1 (2008): 37–52.{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}
+* Gulmez, Didem Buhari. [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/978-1-349-95059-1_8 "Foreigner Rights in Turkey: From Sèvres Syndrome to Decoupled Europeanization"]. in ''Europeanization in a Global Context'' (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2017) pp.&nbsp;141–166.
-* Guida, Michelangelo. "The Sèvres syndrome and 'Komplo' theories in the Islamist and Secular Press." ''Turkish Studies'' 9.1 (2008): 37-52. [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?output=instlink&q=info:0mE1uEvjEKcJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=0,27&scillfp=13700259623899101819&oi=lle online]
+* Hovsepyan, Levon. [https://allturkey.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/The-Fears-of-Turkey.-The-Sevres-Syndrome.pdf "The Fears of Turkey: the Sèvres Syndrome"]. ''Information and Public Relation Center'' (2012).
-* Gulmez, Didem Buhari. "Foreigner Rights in Turkey: From Sèvres Syndrome to Decoupled Europeanization." in ''Europeanization in a Global Context'' (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2017) pp. 141-166. [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/978-1-349-95059-1_8 online]
+* Matthews, Ryan John. [https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/102135/Matthews_RJ_T_2021.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y "Sevres Syndrome: Constructing the populist us versus them through fear in Turkey"]. (PhD. Diss. Virginia Tech, 2021)
+* Nefes, Türkay Salim. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tuerkay_Nefes/publication/282431048_Understanding_Anti-Semitic_Rhetoric_in_Turkey_Through_The_Sevres_Syndrome/links/56ae780408aeaa696f2ec6a5.pdf "Understanding anti-semitic rhetoric in Turkey through the sèvres syndrome"]. ''Turkish Studies'' 16.4 (2015): 572–587.
-* Hovsepyan, Levon. "The Fears of Turkey: the Sèvres Syndrome." ''Information and Public Relation Center'' (2012). [https://allturkey.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/The-Fears-of-Turkey.-The-Sevres-Syndrome.pdf online]
+* Oprea, Iulia-Alexandra. [https://books.google.com/books?id=UupwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 "Heritage Of Fear: The Sèvres Syndrome, Turkishness"]. in ''Dynamics and Policies of Prejudice from the Eighteenth to the Twenty-first Century'' (2018) pp: 143+.
-* Matthews, Ryan John. "Sevres Syndrome: Constructing the populist us versus them through fear in Turkey" (PhD. Diss. Virginia Tech, 2021) [https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/102135/Matthews_RJ_T_2021.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y online].
+* {{cite journal |last1=Sarı |first1=Buğra |title=Culture of Insecurity and Production of Foreign Policy Crises: Turkey's ''Sèvres Syndrome'' and Syrian Support for the PKK during the 1998 October Crisis |journal=Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies |date=2022 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=138–157 |doi=10.1080/19448953.2021.1992186|s2cid=244912298}}
+* Schmid, Dorothée. "Turkey: The Sèvres Syndrome, or the Interminable War". ''Politique etrangere'' 1 (2014): 199–213.
-* Nefes, Türkay Salim. "Understanding anti-semitic rhetoric in Turkey through the sèvres syndrome." ''Turkish Studies'' 16.4 (2015): 572-587. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tuerkay_Nefes/publication/282431048_Understanding_Anti-Semitic_Rhetoric_in_Turkey_Through_The_Sevres_Syndrome/links/56ae780408aeaa696f2ec6a5.pdf online]
+* Yılmaz, Hakan. [https://www.academia.edu/download/2817295/HakanYilmaz-EuroskepticismInTurkey-SESP-2011.pdf "Euroscepticism in Turkey: Parties, elites, and public opinion"]. ''South European Society and Politics'' 16.01 (2011): 185–208.{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}
-* Oprea, Iulia-Alexandra. "Heritage Of Fear: The Sèvres Syndrome, Turkishness." in ''Dynamics and Policies of Prejudice from the Eighteenth to the Twenty-first Century'' (2018) pp: 143+. [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dynamics_and_Policies_of_Prejudice_from/UupwDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq="Sèvres+Syndrome"&pg=PA143&printsec=frontcover online]
-* Schmid, Dorothée. "Turkey: The Sèvres Syndrome, or the Interminable War." ''Politique etrangere'' 1 (2014): 199-213.
-* Yılmaz, Hakan. "Euroscepticism in Turkey: Parties, elites, and public opinion." ''South European Society and Politics'' 16.01 (2011): 185-208. [https://www.academia.edu/download/2817295/HakanYilmaz-EuroskepticismInTurkey-SESP-2011.pdf online]
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Sevres Syndrome}}
 [[Category:Modern history of Turkey]]
+[[Category:Turkish nationalism]]
 [[Category:Conspiracy theories in Turkey]]
+[[Category:Military and warfare conspiracy theories]]