Saffron-cowled blackbird: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of bird}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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{{Speciesbox |
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| name = Saffron-cowled Blackbird |
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| image = Xanthopsar flavus |
| image = Xanthopsar flavus en Bañado Los Indios, Rocha, Uruguay.jpg |
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| status = |
| status = EN |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2019 |title=''Xanthopsar flavus'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T22724673A153660526 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22724673A153660526.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> |
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
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| status2 = CITES_A1 |
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| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] |
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| status2_system = CITES |
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| classis = [[Bird|Aves]] |
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| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref> |
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| ordo = [[Passeriformes]] |
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| familia = [[Icteridae]] |
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| synonyms = |
| synonyms = |
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''Agelaius flavus'' <small>Gmelin, 1788</small> |
''Agelaius flavus'' <small>Gmelin, 1788</small> |
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The '''saffron-cowled blackbird''' ('''''Xanthopsar flavus''''') is a species of bird in the family [[Icteridae]]. It is the only species placed in the [[genus]] '''''Xanthopsar'''''. It has bright yellow underparts and black or dark brown upperparts. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and in Uruguay at the [[Quebrada de los Cuervos]]. Its natural [[habitat]]s are subtropical or tropical dry lowland [[grassland]], subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, and pastureland. It is threatened by [[habitat loss]]. |
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The '''Saffron-cowled Blackbird''' (''Xanthopsar flavus'') is a species of [[bird]] in the [[Icteridae]] family, in the [[monotypic]]<ref>{{cite book |editor=Andy Purvis, John L. Gittleman & Thomas Brooks |year=2005 |title=Phylogeny and Conservation |volume=8 |series=Conservation Biology |chapter=Conservation status and geographic distribution of avian evolutionary history |pages=267–294 |author=Thomas M. Brooks, John D. Pilgrim, Ana S. L. Rodrigues & Gustavo A. B. Da Fonseca |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780521825023 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3W_TN0790vEC&pg=PA293}}</ref> [[genus]] '''''Xanthopsar'''''. |
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It is found in [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], [[Paraguay]], and [[Uruguay]]. |
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Its natural [[habitat]]s are subtropical or tropical dry lowland [[grassland]], subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, and pastureland. |
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It is threatened by [[habitat loss]]. |
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==Taxonomy== |
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The saffron-cowled blackbird was [[Species description|formally described]] in 1788 by the German naturalist [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin]] in his revised and expanded edition of [[Carl Linnaeus]]'s ''[[Systema Naturae]]''. He placed it with the orioles in the [[genus]] ''[[Oriolus]]'' and coined the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Oriolus flavus''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Gmelin | first=Johann Friedrich | author-link=Johann Friedrich Gmelin| year=1788 | title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=13th | volume=1, Part 1 | language=Latin | location=Lipsiae [Leipzig] | publisher=Georg. Emanuel. Beer | page=389 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2896989 }}</ref> Gmelin based his account on the "Troupiale jaune d'Antigue" that had been described and illustrated in 1776 by the French naturalist [[Pierre Sonnerat]] in his book ''Voyage à la Nouvelle Guinée''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Sonnerat | first=Pierre | author-link=Pierre Sonnerat | date=1776 | title=Voyage à la Nouvelle Guinée | language=French | location=Paris | publisher=Chez Ruault | page=113 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13719183 }}</ref> There was confusion over the origin of Sonnerat's specimen, but in 1937 Austrian ornithologist [[Carl Eduard Hellmayr|Carl Hellmayr]] designated [[Río de la Plata]] as the [[type locality (biology)|type locality]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Hellmayr | first=Carl Eduard | author-link=Carl Eduard Hellmayr | year=1937 | title=Catalogue of Birds of the Americas and the Adjacent Islands in Field Museum of Natural History | series=Field Museum Natural History Publications. Zoological Series | volume=13, Part 10: Icteridae | page=184 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2662736 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Paynter | editor-first=Raymond A. Jr | year=1968 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=14 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=166 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14481367 }}</ref> The saffron-cowled blackbird is now the only species placed in the genus ''Xanthopsar'' that was introduced in 1901 by the American ornithologist [[Robert Ridgway]].<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Ridgway | first=Robert | author-link=Robert Ridgway | year=1901 | title=New birds of the families Tanagridae and Icteridae | journal=Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences | volume=3 | pages=149-155 [155] | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8872983 }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2023 | title=Oropendolas, orioles, blackbirds | work=IOC World Bird List Version 13.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/blackbirds/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=22 November 2023 }}</ref> The genus name combines the [[Ancient Greek]] ''xanthos'' meaning "yellow" with ''psar'' meaning "starling". The specific epithet ''flavus'' is [[Latin]] meaning "yellow".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n409/mode/1up 409], [https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n160/mode/1up 160]}}</ref> The species is [[monotypic]]: no [[subspecies]] are recognised.<ref name=ioc/> A molecular genetic study has shown that the saffron-cowled blackbird is closely related to the two marshbirds in the genus ''[[Pseudoleistes]]''.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Powell | first1=A.F.L.A. | last2=Barker | first2=F.K. | last3=Lanyon | first3=S.M. | last4=Burns | first4=K.J. | last5=Klicka | first5=J. | last6=Lovette | first6=I.J. | year=2014 | title=A comprehensive species-level molecular phylogeny of the New World blackbirds (Icteridae) | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=71 | pages=94-112 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.009 }}</ref> |
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{{reflist}} |
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* BirdLife International 2004. [http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/679/all ''Xanthopsar flavus'']. [http://www.iucnredlist.org 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.] Downloaded on 27 July 2007. |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Passeroidea|I.|state=collapsed}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q1591523}} |
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[[Category:Icteridae|saffron-cowled blackbird]] |
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[[Category:Birds of Argentina]] |
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[[Category:Birds of the South Region]] |
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[[Category:Birds of Paraguay]] |
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[[Category:Birds described in 1788|saffron-cowled blackbird]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin|saffron-cowled blackbird]] |
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[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]] |
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[[es:Agelaius flavus]] |
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{{Icteridae-stub}} |
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[[eo:Safrankapuĉa agelajo]] |
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[[fr:Carouge safran]] |
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[[nl:Xanthopsar]] |
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[[pt:Veste-amarela]] |
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[[zh:橙頭黑鸝]] |
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Latest revision as of 10:45, 15 October 2024
| Saffron-cowled blackbird | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Icteridae |
| Genus: | Xanthopsar Ridgway, 1901 |
| Species: | X. flavus
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| Binomial name | |
| Xanthopsar flavus (Gmelin, JF, 1788)
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| Synonyms | |
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Agelaius flavus Gmelin, 1788 | |
The saffron-cowled blackbird (Xanthopsar flavus) is a species of bird in the family Icteridae. It is the only species placed in the genus Xanthopsar. It has bright yellow underparts and black or dark brown upperparts. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and in Uruguay at the Quebrada de los Cuervos. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, and pastureland. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Taxonomy
[edit]The saffron-cowled blackbird was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the orioles in the genus Oriolus and coined the binomial name Oriolus flavus.[3] Gmelin based his account on the "Troupiale jaune d'Antigue" that had been described and illustrated in 1776 by the French naturalist Pierre Sonnerat in his book Voyage à la Nouvelle Guinée.[4] There was confusion over the origin of Sonnerat's specimen, but in 1937 Austrian ornithologist Carl Hellmayr designated Río de la Plata as the type locality.[5][6] The saffron-cowled blackbird is now the only species placed in the genus Xanthopsar that was introduced in 1901 by the American ornithologist Robert Ridgway.[7][8] The genus name combines the Ancient Greek xanthos meaning "yellow" with psar meaning "starling". The specific epithet flavus is Latin meaning "yellow".[9] The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.[8] A molecular genetic study has shown that the saffron-cowled blackbird is closely related to the two marshbirds in the genus Pseudoleistes.[10]
References
[edit]- ^ BirdLife International (2019). "Xanthopsar flavus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22724673A153660526. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22724673A153660526.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
- ^ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1788). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 389.
- ^ Sonnerat, Pierre (1776). Voyage à la Nouvelle Guinée (in French). Paris: Chez Ruault. p. 113.
- ^ Hellmayr, Carl Eduard (1937). Catalogue of Birds of the Americas and the Adjacent Islands in Field Museum of Natural History. Field Museum Natural History Publications. Zoological Series. Vol. 13, Part 10: Icteridae. p. 184.
- ^ Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1968). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 14. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 166.
- ^ Ridgway, Robert (1901). "New birds of the families Tanagridae and Icteridae". Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 3: 149-155 [155].
- ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2023). "Oropendolas, orioles, blackbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 13.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
- ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 409, 160. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ Powell, A.F.L.A.; Barker, F.K.; Lanyon, S.M.; Burns, K.J.; Klicka, J.; Lovette, I.J. (2014). "A comprehensive species-level molecular phylogeny of the New World blackbirds (Icteridae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 71: 94–112. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.009.
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