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[[File: Aero Star MP37F Allison Shift selector and Parking brake lever.jpg|thumb|A commercial [[push-button]]-based electronic shift selector made by [[Allison Transmission]]]]
[[File: Aero Star MP37F Allison Shift selector and Parking brake lever.jpg|thumb|A commercial [[push-button]]-based electronic shift selector made by [[Allison Transmission]]]]
'''Shift-by-wire''' is an [[automotive]] concept or system that employs electrical or electronic connections that replace the [[Linkage (mechanical)|mechanical connection]] between the driver's [[gearshift]] mechanism and the [[Transmission (mechanical device)|transmission]]. Since becoming commercially available in 1996, shift-by-wire has been commonly used in [[automated manual transmission]] and has later been implemented in [[semi-automatic transmission]] and [[automatic transmission]].<ref name="Naunheimer2011">{{citation |title=Automotive Transmissions: Fundamentals, Selection, Design and Application |edition=Second |publisher=Springer |author=Harald Naunheimer |isbn=978-3-642-16213-8 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16214-5 |year=2011 |display-authors=etal |chapter=9.1.3 Shift-by-Wire}}</ref>
'''Shift by wire''' is the system by which the transmission modes are engaged/changed in an automobile through electronic controls without any mechanical linkage between the gear shifting lever and the transmission. The transmission shifting was traditionally accomplished by mechanical links to put the vehicle in [[Automatic transmission#Automatic transmission modes|Park, Reverse, Neutral and Drive positions]] through a lever mounted on the steering column or a gear shifter near the center console.


Dispensing with gearshift mechanical linkages has several advantages: it reduces complexity and simplifies assembly; reduces the force required to shift gears and allows it to be customized with [[haptic technology]]; allows for more [[Automotive design#Interior design|interior design]] freedom in the placement of the gearshift mechanism; allows for automation of the engagement of the [[parking brake]] and other functions; reduces cabin noise by eliminating the acoustic linkage between the transmission and the gear shift; and by reducing floor openings it improves the [[Automotive safety|crash behavior]] of the vehicle.<ref name="Naunheimer2011"/>
This eliminates routing space required for housing the mechanical linkages between the shifter and the transmission and provides effortless shifting through the press of a button or through knobs. Elimination of this linkage removes any shift effort from the driver’s gear selection.


With a mechanical connection, the gearshift selector always matches the engaged transmission gear. With shift-by-wire, safety mechanisms need to be put in place. The system needs to block incorrect input and "guide" the gearshift back to a position that matches the state of the transmission in case of error. Another solution is to separate the gearshift selector from the gear indicator, meaning the driver has to visually monitor which gear is actually engaged, for instance on a display. Safety considerations require [[Redundancy (engineering)|redundancy]] in the gearshift and transmission sensors and in the [[CAN bus|vehicle communication network]].<ref name="Naunheimer2011"/>
== Production vehicles using shift by wire ==
{{Expand list|date=December 2013}}
*Audi
**A2
**A3
**A4
**A5
**A6
**A7
**A8<ref name="audiusanews">{{cite web|url=http://audiusanews.com/newsrelease.do;jsessionid=405A84FD0001C5AA0DDB5A661D296DE9?&id=2691&allImage=1&teaser=wire-technology&mid=114|title=Upgrade &#124; Audi USA|publisher=audiusanews.com|accessdate=2016-07-12}}</ref>
**Q5
**Q7
*BMW<ref name="bmw">{{cite web|url=http://www.bmw.com/com/en/insights/technology/technology_guide/articles/six_speed_automatic_transmission.html|title=BMW Technology Guide : Six-speed automatic transmission|author=BMW AG|publisher=bmw.com|date=2010-05-23|accessdate=2016-08-26}}</ref>
**1 Series
**2 Series
**3 Series
**4 Series
**5 Series
**6 Series
**7 Series
**i3{{citation missing|date=February 2017}}
**i8{{citation missing|date=February 2017}}
**X1
**X2
**X3
**X4
**X5
**X6
*General Motors
** Buick
*** Enclave (2018 - present)
*** LaCrosse (2017 - present)
** Cadillac
*** XT5 (2017 - present)
** Chevrolet
***Bolt EV
** GMC
*** Terrain (2018 - present)
** Opel
*** Ampera-e
*Citroën
** C4 Picasso I and C4 Picasso II (B78)<ref name="springerprofessional">{{cite web|url=http://www.springerprofessional.de/shift-by-wire-aktuator-fuer-getriebe-im-citroen-c4-picasso-6176/3941518.html|title=Automobil + Motoren &#124; Shift-by-wire-Aktuator für Getriebe im Citroën C4 Picasso &#124; springerprofessional.de|publisher=springerprofessional.de|accessdate=2016-07-12}}</ref>
*Genesis
**G70
**G80 (2018)
**G90
*Mercedes<ref name="emercedesbenz">{{cite web|url=http://www.emercedesbenz.com/autos/mercedes-benz/corporate-news/a-look-at-mercedes-benz-seven-speed-automatic-transmissions/|title=A Look At Mercedes-Benz Seven-Speed Automatic Transmissions &#124; eMercedesBenz|publisher=emercedesbenz.com|accessdate=2016-07-12}}</ref>
**A-Class
**B-Class
**C-Class
**CLA-Class
**S-Class Sedan
**S-Class Coupe
**E-Class Sedan
**E-Class Coupe
**CL-Class coupe
**GL-Class
**GLA-Class
**GLC-Class
**GLE-Class
**GLS-Class
**G-Class
**GLK-Class
**M-Class
**R-Class
*Nissan Leaf<ref name="nissan-global">{{cite web|url=http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/TECHNOLOGY/OVERVIEW/leaf.html|title=Nissan LEAF &#124; NISSAN &#124; TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES|publisher=nissan-global.com|accessdate=2016-07-12}}</ref>
*Chrysler 300 <ref name="media.chrysler.com">{{Cite web|title=FCA US Media - New Eight Speed Transmission Introduced by Chrysler|url=https://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=11378&mid=|last=|first=|date=|website=fcanorthamerica.com|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-05-24}}</ref>
*Dodge Charger <ref name="media.chrysler.com"/>
*Renault Espace V (JFC) <ref name="indianautosblog">{{cite web|url=http://indianautosblog.com/2013/10/next-gen-renault-espace-99473|title=Europe - Next gen Renault Espace begins testing|publisher=indianautosblog.com|accessdate=2016-07-12}}</ref>
*Rolls Royce
**Phantom
**Ghost
**Wraith
*Kia
** K 900
** Stinger
*Volkswagen
**Golf
**Phaeton
**Touareg
*Toyota
**Prius
**Highlander Hybrid
*Lincoln
**MKZ
*Honda
**Accord 2.0t
**City Hybrid
**Fit Hybrid
**Vezel Hybrid
**CR-V Diesel
*Volvo
**Hybrid Models
**Mild-Hybrid Models
**XC40
*Jaguar-Landrover
*Mini Cooper
**Convertible
**Mini 3-Door
*Hyundai
**Palisade
**Sonata (all 2020 Models)
**Kona OS EV
**Ioniq OS EV
**Genesis
*Skoda
**Octavia


== Safety recalls related to shift-by-wire systems ==
== Park by wire ==
{{distinguish|Parking brake}}
There have been safety issues identified with production vehicles implementing the shift by wire systems which have led to recalls.<ref name = "NHTSA recalls">{{cite web|url=http://www-odi.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/problems/defect/defectsummary2.cfm?inv_id=22604&type=VEHICLE&typenum=1&cmpt_id=200&prod_id=936780&make=BMW&model=745I&model_yr=2003|title=Keeping You Safe &#124; Safercar &#124; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)|publisher=www-odi.nhtsa.dot.gov|accessdate=2016-07-12}}</ref> The major hazards associated with this type of systems are vehicle not achieving park state and vehicle moving in the wrong direction (Drive vs Reverse)
A '''park by wire''' system engages the [[parking pawl]] of a transmission using electrical means, without the traditional mechanical system which involves linkages between the gear shifter and the transmission. Park-by-wire can be considered a part of a [[shift by wire]] system, as it shifts the transmission into park mode.<ref name="Naunheimer2011">{{citation |title=Automotive Transmissions: Fundamentals, Selection, Design and Application |edition=Second |publisher=Springer |author=Harald Naunheimer |isbn=978-3-642-16213-8 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16214-5 |year=2011 |display-authors=etal |chapter=9.1.3 Shift-by-Wire}}</ref> The main components of a park by wire system include the driver interface which could be a lever, switch, or knob; an [[electronic control unit]]; and actuators which are capable of driving the parking pawl into and out of the locking position with the parking gear of the transmission.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ricardo.com/PageFiles/26480/VALDYN_A0_Poster%20PRINT.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=ricardo.com |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901233508/http://ricardo.com/PageFiles/26480/VALDYN_A0_Poster%20PRINT.pdf |archive-date=1 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2023}}


== See also ==
== See also ==
*[[Drive by wire]]
*[[Drive by wire]]
*[[Unsafe at Any Speed#"Disaster_deferred"|Unsafe at Any Speed § Disaster deferred]]
*[[Park by wire]]
*[[Life-critical system]]
*[[Manual transmission#Finger shift]]


== References ==
== References ==

Latest revision as of 23:01, 17 February 2024

A commercial push-button-based electronic shift selector made by Allison Transmission

Shift-by-wire is an automotive concept or system that employs electrical or electronic connections that replace the mechanical connection between the driver's gearshift mechanism and the transmission. Since becoming commercially available in 1996, shift-by-wire has been commonly used in automated manual transmission and has later been implemented in semi-automatic transmission and automatic transmission.[1]

Dispensing with gearshift mechanical linkages has several advantages: it reduces complexity and simplifies assembly; reduces the force required to shift gears and allows it to be customized with haptic technology; allows for more interior design freedom in the placement of the gearshift mechanism; allows for automation of the engagement of the parking brake and other functions; reduces cabin noise by eliminating the acoustic linkage between the transmission and the gear shift; and by reducing floor openings it improves the crash behavior of the vehicle.[1]

With a mechanical connection, the gearshift selector always matches the engaged transmission gear. With shift-by-wire, safety mechanisms need to be put in place. The system needs to block incorrect input and "guide" the gearshift back to a position that matches the state of the transmission in case of error. Another solution is to separate the gearshift selector from the gear indicator, meaning the driver has to visually monitor which gear is actually engaged, for instance on a display. Safety considerations require redundancy in the gearshift and transmission sensors and in the vehicle communication network.[1]

Park by wire

[edit]
Not to be confused with Parking brake.

A park by wire system engages the parking pawl of a transmission using electrical means, without the traditional mechanical system which involves linkages between the gear shifter and the transmission. Park-by-wire can be considered a part of a shift by wire system, as it shifts the transmission into park mode.[1] The main components of a park by wire system include the driver interface which could be a lever, switch, or knob; an electronic control unit; and actuators which are capable of driving the parking pawl into and out of the locking position with the parking gear of the transmission.[2][better source needed]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Harald Naunheimer; et al. (2011), "9.1.3 Shift-by-Wire", Automotive Transmissions: Fundamentals, Selection, Design and Application (Second ed.), Springer, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16214-5, ISBN 978-3-642-16213-8
  2. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). ricardo.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 September 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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