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{{Short description|Kipchak Turkic language of the Altai Republic, Russia}}{{Expand Russian|date=July 2018}}
{{Short description|Kipchak Turkic language of the Altai Republic, Russia}}
{{Expand Russian|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name = Southern Altai
| name = Southern Altai
| altname = Oirot, Oyrot (before 1948)
| altname = Oirot, Oyrot (before 1948)
| nativename = тÿштÿк алтай тил
| nativename = {{lang|alt-Cyrl|тÿштÿк алтай тил}}, {{tlit|alt|tüştük altay til}}<br>{{lang|alt-Cyrl|ойрот тил}} (before 1948)
| states = [[Russia]]
| states = [[Russia]]
| region = [[Altai Republic]]
| region = [[Altai Republic]]
| speakers = 55,720
| speakers = 68,700
| date = 2010
| date = 2020
| ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab6.xls|title=Информационные материалы об окончательных итогах Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года|date=2010|publisher=[[Russian Federal State Statistics Service]]|access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref>
| ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab6_VPN-2020.xlsx|title=Информационные материалы об окончательных итогах Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года|date=2010|publisher=[[Russian Federal State Statistics Service]]|access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref>
| familycolor = Altaic
| familycolor = Altaic
| fam1 = [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]
| fam1 = [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]
| fam2 = [[Common Turkic languages|Common Turkic]]
| fam2 = [[Common Turkic languages|Common Turkic]]
| fam3 = [[Kipchak languages|Kipchak]]
| fam3 = [[Kipchak languages|Kipchak]]
| fam4 = Kyrgyz–Kipchak<ref name="Baskakov" /><ref name="Kormushin" /><ref>{{cite journal | last = Tekin | first = Tâlat |date=January 1989 | title = A New Classification of the Chuvash-Turkic Languages | journal = Erdem | volume = 5 | issue = 13 | pages = 129–139 | issn = 1010-867X}}</ref>
| fam4 = Kyrgyz–Kipchak<ref name="Baskakov" /><ref name="Kormushin" /><ref>{{cite journal | last = Tekin | first = Tâlat |date=January 1989 | title = A New Classification of the Chuvash-Turkic Languages | journal = Erdem | volume = 5 | issue = 13 | pages = 129–139 | doi = 10.32704/erdem.1989.13.129 | s2cid = 64344619 | issn = 1010-867X| url = https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/erdem/issue/44535/552413 }}</ref>
| iso2 = alt
| fam5 = Southern Altai Turkic
| iso2 = alt
| iso3 = alt
| glotto = sout2694
| iso3 = alt
| glottorefname = Southern Altai
| glotto = sout2694
| script = [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]
| image = Southern Altai language.png
| imagecaption = Southern Altai written in [[Cyrillic]] and [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] scripts
| dia1 = Southern Altai proper
| dia2 = [[Telengit language|Telengit]]
| dia3 = [[Teleut language|Teleut]]
| map = File:Altay.svg
| mapcaption = {{legend|#ffff00|Southern Altai}}
| map2 = Lang Status 60-DE.svg
| mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Southern Altay is classified as Definitely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]<ref>{{cite report |title=Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger |publisher=UNESCO |edition=3rd |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000187026 |date=2010 |page=49}}</ref>}}}}
}}
}}


'''Southern Altai''' (also known as Oirot, Oyrot, Altai and Altai proper) is a [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] language spoken in the [[Altai Republic]], a [[Federal subjects of Russia|federal subject]] of [[Russia]] located in [[South Central Siberia|Southern Siberia]] on the border with [[Mongolia]] and [[China]]. The language has some mutual intelligibility with the [[Northern Altai language]], leading to the two being traditionally considered as a single language. According to modern classifications—at least since the middle of the 20th century—they are considered to be two separate languages.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Altai language|last=Nikolay Baskakov|author-link=Nikolai Baskakov (linguist)|publisher=Nauka|year=1958|location=Moscow}}</ref> Due to certain similarities with [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]], it has been grouped as the Kyrgyz–Kipchak subgroup with the [[Kypchak languages]] which is within the Turkic language family.<ref name="Baskakov">{{cite journal
'''Southern Altai''' (also known as Oirot, Oyrot, Altai and Altai proper) is a [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] language spoken in the [[Altai Republic]], a [[Federal subjects of Russia|federal subject]] of [[Russia]] located in [[South Central Siberia|Southern Siberia]] on the border with [[Mongolia]] and [[China]]. The language has some mutual intelligibility with the [[Northern Altai language]], leading to the two being traditionally considered as [[Altai languages|a single language]]. According to modern classifications—at least since the middle of the 20th century—they are considered to be two separate languages.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Altai language|last=Nikolay Baskakov|author-link=Nikolai Baskakov (linguist)|publisher=Nauka|year=1958|location=Moscow}}</ref>
| last = Baskakov
| first = N. A.
| author-link = Nikolai Baskakov (linguist)
| year = 1958
| title = La Classification des Dialectes de la Langue Turque d'Altaï
| journal = Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
| volume = 8
| pages = 9–15
| issn = 0001-6446
| language = fr
}}</ref><ref name="Kormushin">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Алтайский язык |trans-title=Altai language |author=Kormushin, I. V. |lang=ru |date=2018 |encyclopedia=Большая российская энциклопедия/[[Great Russian Encyclopedia]] Online |url=https://bigenc.ru/linguistics/text/5199785}}</ref>


[[File:WIKITONGUES- Dmitry speaking Altai.webm|thumb|A man speaking Southern Altai.]]
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Dmitry speaking Altai.webm|thumb|A man, named Dmitry, speaking Southern Altai.]]
The [[Altai languages#Modern Standard Altai Alphabet|written Altai]] is based on Southern Altai. According to some reports, however, it is rejected by Northern Altai children. Dialects include Altai Proper and Talangit.<ref>Raymond G. Gordon, Jr, ed. 2005. ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World''. 15th edition. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.</ref>
[[Altai languages#Modern Standard Altai Alphabet|Written Altai]] is based on Southern Altai. According to some reports, however, it is rejected by Northern Altai children. Dialects include Altai Proper and Talangit.<ref>Raymond G. Gordon, Jr, ed. 2005. ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World''. 15th edition. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.</ref>


== Classification ==
==References==
Southern Altai is a member of the Turkic language family. Within this family, there have been various attempts to classify Altai, and not all of them agree as to its position as it has a number of ambiguous characteristics.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schönig |first=Claus |author-link=Claus Schönig |date=1997 |title=A new attempt to classify the Turkic languages (1) |journal=Turkic Languages |volume=1 |pages=117–133}}</ref> Due to certain similarities with [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]], some scholars group Altai with the Kyrgyz–Kipchak subgroup of the [[Kypchak languages]].<ref name="Baskakov">{{cite journal |last=Baskakov |first=N. A. |author-link=Nikolai Baskakov (linguist) |year=1958 |title=La Classification des Dialectes de la Langue Turque d'Altaï |journal=Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae |language=fr |volume=8 |pages=9–15 |issn=0001-6446}}</ref><ref name="Kormushin">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Алтайский язык |encyclopedia=Большая российская энциклопедия/[[Great Russian Encyclopedia]] Online |url=https://bigenc.ru/linguistics/text/5199785 |date=2018 |lang=ru |trans-title=Altai language |author=Kormushin, I. V.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schönig |first=Claus |author-link=Claus Schönig |date=2007 |title=Some notes on Modern Kipchak Turkic (Part 1) |journal=Ural-altaische Jahrbücher |volume=21 |pages=170–202}}</ref>

== Geographic distribution ==
Southern Altai is primarily spoken in the Altai Republic, where it has official status alongside [[Russian language|Russian]].

=== Dialects ===
Baskakov identifies three dialects of Southern Altai, some of which have distinctive sub-varieties:<ref name="Baskakov" />

* Altai
** Maima (sub-variety)
* [[Telengit language|Telengit]]
** Telengit-Teles
** Chui
* [[Teleut language|Teleut]]

Some sources consider Telengit and Teleut to be distinct languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telengitsky yazyk {{!}} Malye yazyki Rossii |script-title=ru:Теленгитский язык {{!}} Малые языки России |trans-title=Telengit language {{!}} Minor languages of Russia |url=https://minlang.iling-ran.ru/lang/telengitskiy-yazyk |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=minlang.iling-ran.ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Teleutsky yazyk {{!}} Malye yazyki Rossii |script-title=ru:Телеутский язык {{!}} Малые языки России |trans-title=Teleut language {{!}} Minor languages of Russia |url=https://minlang.iling-ran.ru/lang/teleutskiy-yazyk |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=minlang.iling-ran.ru}}</ref>

== Phonology ==
Southern Altai has 8 vowels, which may be long or short, and 20 consonants, plus marginal consonants that occur only in loan words.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baskakov |first=N.A. |title=Tyurkskie yazyki |date=1997 |publisher=Kyrgyzstan |isbn=978-5-655-01214-1 |series=Jazyki mira / Rossijskaja Akademija Nauk, Institut Jazykoznanija. [Glav. red. koll.: V. N. Jarceva (otv. red.) ...] |location=Biškek |script-title=ru:Языки мира: тюркские языки |trans-title=Languages of the world: Turkic languages |chapter=Altaysky yazyk |script-chapter=ru:Алтайский язык |trans-chapter=Altai language |oclc=42579926 |editor=Institut Jazykoznanija}}</ref>

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Southern Altai vowels
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|High]]
|{{IPAlink|i}} &emsp; {{IPAlink|y}}
|{{IPAlink|ɯ}} &emsp; {{IPAlink|u}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Low]]
|{{IPAlink|e}} &emsp; {{IPAlink|ø}}
|{{IPAlink|a}} &emsp; {{IPAlink|o}}
|}

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Southern Altai consonants
!
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alveloar]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
|-
![[Plosive]]
|{{IPAlink|p}} &emsp; {{IPAlink|b}}
|{{IPAlink|t}} &emsp; {{IPAlink|d}}
| rowspan="2" |{{IPAlink|tʃ}} &emsp; {{IPAlink|ɟ}}
|{{IPAlink|k}} &emsp; {{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|{{IPAlink|q}}
|-
![[Affricate]]
|
|({{IPAlink|ts}})
|
|
|-
![[Fricative]]
|{{IPAlink|f}} &emsp; {{IPAlink|v}}
|{{IPAlink|s}} &emsp; {{IPAlink|z}}
|{{IPAlink|ʃ}} &emsp; {{IPAlink|ʒ}}
| colspan="2" |({{IPAlink|x}}) &emsp; {{IPAlink|ɣ}}
|-
![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPAlink|m}}
|{{IPAlink|n}}
|
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|-
![[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|{{IPAlink|r}}
|
|
|
|-
![[Approximant]]
|
|{{IPAlink|l}}
|{{IPAlink|j}}
|
|
|}
Phonemes in parentheses occur only in Russian [[loanword]]s.

== Writing system ==
{{Main|Altai languages#Orthography}}
Southern Altai employs a version of the Cyrillic alphabet with additional characters to represent sounds not found in Russian.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Russko-altaysky slovar. Tom 1: A-O |date=2015 |publisher=Nauchno-issledovatelsky institut altaistiki im. S.S. Surazakova |isbn=978-5-903693-23-8 |location=Gorno-Altaysk |script-title=ru:Русско-алтайский словарь. Том I: А – О |trans-title=Russian-Altai dictionary. Book I: A-O}}</ref>

{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | А а
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Б б
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | В в
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Г г
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Д д
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ј ј
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Е е
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ё ё
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ж ж
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | З з
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | И и
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Й й
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | К к
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Л л
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | М м
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Н н
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ҥ ҥ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | О о
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ӧ ӧ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | П п
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Р р
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | С с
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Т т
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | У у
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ӱ ӱ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ф ф
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Х х
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ц ц
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ч ч
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ш ш
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Щ щ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ъ ъ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ы ы
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ь ь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Э э
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{InterWiki|code = alt}}
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=alt Ethnologue entry for Southern Altai]
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=alt Ethnologue entry for Southern Altai]

{{InterWiki|code = alt}}


{{Turkic languages}}
{{Turkic languages}}
Line 50: Line 183:
[[Category:Turkic languages]]
[[Category:Turkic languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Russia]]
[[Category:Languages of Russia]]
[[Category:Languages written in Cyrillic script]]



{{turkic-lang-stub}}
{{turkic-lang-stub}}
{{Russia-stub}}
{{Russia-culture-stub}}

Latest revision as of 02:23, 20 November 2024

Southern Altai
Oirot, Oyrot (before 1948)
тÿштÿк алтай тил, tüştük altay til
ойрот тил (before 1948)
Southern Altai written in Cyrillic and Latin scripts
Native toRussia
RegionAltai Republic
Native speakers
68,700 (2020)[1]
Turkic
Dialects
Cyrillic
Language codes
ISO 639-2alt
ISO 639-3alt
Glottologsout2694
ELPSouthern Altai
  Southern Altai
Southern Altay is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger[5]

Southern Altai (also known as Oirot, Oyrot, Altai and Altai proper) is a Turkic language spoken in the Altai Republic, a federal subject of Russia located in Southern Siberia on the border with Mongolia and China. The language has some mutual intelligibility with the Northern Altai language, leading to the two being traditionally considered as a single language. According to modern classifications—at least since the middle of the 20th century—they are considered to be two separate languages.[6]

A man, named Dmitry, speaking Southern Altai.

Written Altai is based on Southern Altai. According to some reports, however, it is rejected by Northern Altai children. Dialects include Altai Proper and Talangit.[7]

Classification

[edit]

Southern Altai is a member of the Turkic language family. Within this family, there have been various attempts to classify Altai, and not all of them agree as to its position as it has a number of ambiguous characteristics.[8] Due to certain similarities with Kyrgyz, some scholars group Altai with the Kyrgyz–Kipchak subgroup of the Kypchak languages.[2][3][9]

Geographic distribution

[edit]

Southern Altai is primarily spoken in the Altai Republic, where it has official status alongside Russian.

Dialects

[edit]

Baskakov identifies three dialects of Southern Altai, some of which have distinctive sub-varieties:[2]

Some sources consider Telengit and Teleut to be distinct languages.[10][11]

Phonology

[edit]

Southern Altai has 8 vowels, which may be long or short, and 20 consonants, plus marginal consonants that occur only in loan words.[12]

Vowels

[edit]
Southern Altai vowels
Front Back
High i   y ɯ   u
Low e   ø a   o

Consonants

[edit]
Southern Altai consonants
Labial Alveolar Post-alveloar Velar Uvular
Plosive p   b t   d tʃ   ɟ k   ɡ q
Affricate (ts)
Fricative f   v s   z ʃ   ʒ (x)   ɣ
Nasal m n ŋ
Trill r
Approximant l j

Phonemes in parentheses occur only in Russian loanwords.

Writing system

[edit]
Main article: Altai languages § Orthography

Southern Altai employs a version of the Cyrillic alphabet with additional characters to represent sounds not found in Russian.[13]

А а Б б В в Г г Д д Ј ј Е е
Ё ё Ж ж З з И и Й й К к Л л
М м Н н Ҥ ҥ О о Ӧ ӧ П п Р р
С с Т т У у Ӱ ӱ Ф ф Х х Ц ц
Ч ч Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Информационные материалы об окончательных итогах Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года". Russian Federal State Statistics Service. 2010. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
  2. ^ a b c Baskakov, N. A. (1958). "La Classification des Dialectes de la Langue Turque d'Altaï". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae (in French). 8: 9–15. ISSN 0001-6446.
  3. ^ a b Kormushin, I. V. (2018). "Алтайский язык" [Altai language]. Большая российская энциклопедия/Great Russian Encyclopedia Online (in Russian).
  4. ^ Tekin, Tâlat (January 1989). "A New Classification of the Chuvash-Turkic Languages". Erdem. 5 (13): 129–139. doi:10.32704/erdem.1989.13.129. ISSN 1010-867X. S2CID 64344619.
  5. ^ Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (Report) (3rd ed.). UNESCO. 2010. p. 49.
  6. ^ Nikolay Baskakov (1958). The Altai language. Moscow: Nauka.
  7. ^ Raymond G. Gordon, Jr, ed. 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 15th edition. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
  8. ^ Schönig, Claus (1997). "A new attempt to classify the Turkic languages (1)". Turkic Languages. 1: 117–133.
  9. ^ Schönig, Claus (2007). "Some notes on Modern Kipchak Turkic (Part 1)". Ural-altaische Jahrbücher. 21: 170–202.
  10. ^ "Telengitsky yazyk | Malye yazyki Rossii" Теленгитский язык | Малые языки России [Telengit language | Minor languages of Russia]. minlang.iling-ran.ru. Retrieved 2023-05-23.
  11. ^ "Teleutsky yazyk | Malye yazyki Rossii" Телеутский язык | Малые языки России [Teleut language | Minor languages of Russia]. minlang.iling-ran.ru. Retrieved 2023-05-23.
  12. ^ Baskakov, N.A. (1997). "Altaysky yazyk" Алтайский язык [Altai language]. In Institut Jazykoznanija (ed.). Tyurkskie yazyki Языки мира: тюркские языки [Languages of the world: Turkic languages]. Jazyki mira / Rossijskaja Akademija Nauk, Institut Jazykoznanija. [Glav. red. koll.: V. N. Jarceva (otv. red.) ...] Biškek: Kyrgyzstan. ISBN 978-5-655-01214-1. OCLC 42579926.
  13. ^ Russko-altaysky slovar. Tom 1: A-O Русско-алтайский словарь. Том I: А – О [Russian-Altai dictionary. Book I: A-O]. Gorno-Altaysk: Nauchno-issledovatelsky institut altaistiki im. S.S. Surazakova. 2015. ISBN 978-5-903693-23-8.
[edit]
Southern Altai edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


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