Venetian Lagoon: Difference between revisions

Venetian Lagoon
Venetian Lagoon
	Aerial view of the Venetian Lagoon, showing many of the islands including Venice itself, center rear, with the bridge to the mainland
	Venetian Lagoon
Location	Venice, Veneto, Italy
Coordinates	45°24′47″N 12°17′50″E / 45.41306°N 12.29722°E
Primary outflows	Adriatic Sea
Basin countries	Italy
Surface area	550 square kilometres (210 sq mi)
Average depth	10.5 metres (34 ft)
Max. depth	21.5 metres (71 ft)
Surface elevation	3 m (9.8 ft)
Settlements	Venice, Campagna Lupia, Cavallino-Treporti, Chioggia, Codevigo, Jesolo, Mira, Musile di Piave, Quarto d'Altino, San Donà di Piave
Ramsar Wetland
Official name	Laguna di Venezia: Valle Averto
Designated	11 April 1989
Reference no.	423

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit Next edit →

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Revision as of 00:14, 15 September 2024

The Venetian Lagoon (Italian: Laguna di Venezia; Template:Lang-vec) is an enclosed bay of the Adriatic Sea, in northern Italy, in which the city of Venice is situated. Its name in the Italian and Venetian languages, Laguna Veneta (cognate of Latin lacus 'lake'), has provided the English name for an enclosed, shallow embayment of salt water: a lagoon.

Location

The island of Torcello seen from the Lagoon at low tide

The Venetian Lagoon stretches from the River Sile in the north to the Brenta in the south, with a surface area of around 550 square kilometres (212 square miles). It is around 8% land, including Venice itself and many smaller islands. About 11% is permanently covered by open water, or canals, as the network of dredged channels are called, while around 80% consists of mud flats, tidal shallows and salt marshes. The Lagoon is the largest wetland in the Mediterranean Basin.^[2]

It is connected to the Adriatic Sea by three inlets: Lido, Malamocco and Chioggia. Situated at one end of a largely enclosed sea, the lagoon is subject to large variations in its water level.^[3] The most extreme are the spring tides known as the acqua alta (Italian for "high water"), which regularly flood much of Venice.

The nearby Marano-Grado Lagoon, with a surface area of around 160 square kilometres (62 square miles), is the northernmost lagoon in the Adriatic Sea and is sometimes called the "twin sister of the Venice lagoon".

Development

The Lagoon of Venice is the most important survivor of a system of estuarine lagoons that in Roman times extended from Ravenna north to Trieste. In the fifth and sixth centuries, the Lagoon gave security to Romanised people fleeing invaders (mostly the Huns and the Lombards). Later, it provided naturally protected conditions for the growth of the Venetian Republic and its maritime empire. It still provides a base for a seaport, the Venetian Arsenal, and for fishing, as well as a limited amount of hunting and the newer industry of fish farming.

The Lagoon was formed about six to seven thousand years ago, when the marine transgression following the Ice Age flooded the upper Adriatic coastal plain.^[a] Deposition of river sediments compensated for the sinking coastal plain, and coastwise drift from the mouth of the Po tended to form sandbars that closed tidal inlets.

The present aspect of the Lagoon is the result of human intervention. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Venetian hydraulic projects designed to prevent the lagoon from turning into a marsh reversed the natural evolution of the Lagoon. Pumping of aquifers since the nineteenth century has increased subsidence. Many of the Lagoon's islands had originally been marshy, but a gradual drainage programme rendered them habitable. Many of the smaller islands are entirely artificial, while some areas around the seaport of the Mestre are also reclaimed islands. The remaining islands—-including those of the coastal strip (Lido, Pellestrina and Treporti)—-are essentially dunes.

Venice Lagoon has been inhabited from the most ancient times, but it was only during and after the fall of the Western Roman Empire that people coming from the Venetian mainland settled in numbers large enough to found the city of Venice. Today, the main cities inside the lagoon are Venice (at the centre of it) and Chioggia (at the southern inlet); Lido di Venezia and Pellestrina are inhabited as well, but they are considered part of Venice. However, most of the inhabitants of Venice, as well as its economic core (its airport and harbor), are on the western border of the lagoon, around the former towns of Mestre and Marghera. There are also two towns at the northern end of the lagoon: Jesolo (a famous sea resort) and Cavallino-Treporti.

Ecosystem

Food web diagram of the Venetian Lagoon^[5]^[6]

Bottlenose dolphins occasionally enter the lagoon, possibly for feeding.^[7]

The level of pollution in the lagoon has long been a concern^[8]^[9] The large phytoplankton and macroalgae blooms in the late 1980s proved particularly devastating.^[10]^[11] Researchers have identified the lagoon as one of the primary areas where non-indigenous species are introduced into the Mediterranean Sea.^[12]^[13]

Orange-brown grasses bend in the wind on Lazzaretto Nuovo. — Grasses on Lazzaretto Nuovo

Cruise ships crossing the Venetian Lagoon have contributed to air pollution, surface-water pollution, decreased water quality, erosion, and loss of landscape.^[14]

From 1987 to 2003, the Venice Lagoon was harmed by a reduction in nutrient inputs and by macroalgal biomasses caused by climate change, and by changes in the concentration and distribution of nitrogen, organic phosphorus and organic carbon in the upper sediments. At the same time, however, the seagrasses started a natural process of recolonization, helping to partially restore the pristine conditions of the marine ecosystem.^[15]

Islands

San Lazzaro degli Armeni, has been an important center of Armenian culture for around 300 years.

The Venice Lagoon is mostly included in the Metropolitan City of Venice, but the south-western area is part of the Province of Padua.

The largest islands or archipelagos by area, excluding coastal reclaimed land and the coastal barrier beaches:

Venice 5.17 km²
Sant'Erasmo 3.26 km²
Murano 1.17 km²
Chioggia 0.67 km²
Giudecca 0.59 km²
Mazzorbo 0.52 km²
Torcello 0.44 km²
Sant'Elena 0.34 km²
La Certosa 0.24 km²
Burano 0.21 km²
Tronchetto 0.18 km²
Sacca Fisola 0.18 km²
San Michele 0.16 km²
Sacca Sessola 0.16 km²
Santa Cristina 0.13 km²

Other inhabited islands include:

Notes

^ This geological history follows Brambati et al. (2003).^[4]

References

^ "Laguna di Venezia: Valle Averto". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
^ Poggioli, Sylvia (7 January 2008). "MOSE Project Aims to Part Venice Floods". Morning Edition (Radio program). NPR.
^ "Venice, Italy (1985–2003) - 25 Years of Landsat 5 - Landsat 5 showcase - Earth Watching". earth.esa.int. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
^ Brambati, Antonio; Carbognin, Laura; Quaia, Tullio; Teatini, Pietro & Tosi, Luigi (2003). "The Lagoon of Venice: Geological Setting, Evolution and Land Subsidence" (PDF). Episodes. 26 (3): 264–268. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2003/v26i3/020.
^ Heymans, J.J., Coll, M., Libralato, S., Morissette, L. and Christensen, V. (2014). "Global patterns in ecological indicators of marine food webs: a modelling approach". PLOS ONE, 9(4). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095845.
^ Pranovi, F., Libralato, S., Raicevich, S., Granzotto, A., Pastres, R. and Giovanardi, O. (2003). "Mechanical clam dredging in Venice lagoon: ecosystem effects evaluated with a trophic mass-balance model". Marine Biology, 143(2): 393–403. doi:10.1007/s00227-003-1072-1.
^ Ferretti, Sabrina; Bearzi, Giovanni. "Rare Report of a Bottlenose Dolphin Foraging in the Venice Lagoon, Italy" (PDF). Tethys Research Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
^ Grancini, Gianfranco & Cescon, Bruno (1971). "Observations of Dispersal Processes of Pollutants in Venice Lagoon and in the Po River Coastal Area". Liège Colloquium on Ocean Hydrodynamics. 2. Société Royale des Sciences de Liège: 99–110.
^ Lasserre, Pierre; Marzollo, Angelo, eds. (2000). The Venice Lagoon Ecosystem: Inputs and Interactions Between Land and Sea. Man and the Biosphere Series. Vol. 25. Paris: Parthenon. ISBN 978-92-3-103595-1.
^ Sfriso, A.; Pavoni, B.; Marcomini, A. & Orio, A. A. (1992). "Macroalgae, Nutrient Cycles, and Pollutants in the Lagoon of Venice". Estuaries. 15 (4): 517–528. doi:10.2307/1352394. JSTOR 1352394. S2CID 84000695.
^ Pranovi, Fabio; Da Ponte, Filippo & Torricelli, Patrizia (2007). "Application of Biotic Indices and Relationship with Structural and Functional Features of Macrobenthic Community in the Lagoon of Venice: An Example over a Long Time Series of Data" (PDF). Marine Pollution Bulletin. 54 (10): 1607–1618. Bibcode:2007MarPB..54.1607P. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.06.010. PMID 17698152. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2015.
^ Occhipinti-Ambrogi, Anna & Savini, Dario (2003). "Biological Invasions as a Component of Global Change in Stressed Marine Ecosystems". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 46 (5): 542–551. Bibcode:2003MarPB..46..542O. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00363-6. PMID 12735951.
^ Marchini, Agnese; Ferrario, Jasmine; Sfriso, Adriano & Occhipinti-Ambrogi, Anna (2015). "Current Status and Trends of Biological Invasions in the Lagoon of Venice, a Hotspot of Marine NIS Introductions in the Mediterranean Sea" (PDF). Biological Invasions. 17 (10): 2943–2962. Bibcode:2015BiInv..17.2943M. doi:10.1007/s10530-015-0922-3. hdl:10278/3661477. S2CID 17434132.
^ EJOLT. "Cruise Ships impacting Venetian Lagoon, Italy | EJAtlas". Environmental Justice Atlas. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ Sonia Ceoldo; Nicola Pellegrino; Adriano Sfriso (2014). "Natural Recovery and Planned Intervention in Coastal Wetlands: Venice Lagoon (Northern Adriatic Sea, Italy) as a Case Study". The Scientific World Journal. 2014 (Article ID 968618): 1–15. doi:10.1155/2014/968618. ISSN 1537-744X. OCLC 8255474034. PMC 4122138. PMID 25126611.

External links

[5] This geological history follows Brambati et al. (2003).^[4]

[1] "Laguna di Venezia: Valle Averto". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.

[2] Poggioli, Sylvia (7 January 2008). "MOSE Project Aims to Part Venice Floods". Morning Edition (Radio program). NPR.

[3] "Venice, Italy (1985–2003) - 25 Years of Landsat 5 - Landsat 5 showcase - Earth Watching". earth.esa.int. Retrieved 1 February 2019.

[4] Brambati, Antonio; Carbognin, Laura; Quaia, Tullio; Teatini, Pietro & Tosi, Luigi (2003). "The Lagoon of Venice: Geological Setting, Evolution and Land Subsidence" (PDF). Episodes. 26 (3): 264–268. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2003/v26i3/020.

[6] Heymans, J.J., Coll, M., Libralato, S., Morissette, L. and Christensen, V. (2014). "Global patterns in ecological indicators of marine food webs: a modelling approach". PLOS ONE, 9(4). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095845.

[7] Pranovi, F., Libralato, S., Raicevich, S., Granzotto, A., Pastres, R. and Giovanardi, O. (2003). "Mechanical clam dredging in Venice lagoon: ecosystem effects evaluated with a trophic mass-balance model". Marine Biology, 143(2): 393–403. doi:10.1007/s00227-003-1072-1.

[8] Ferretti, Sabrina; Bearzi, Giovanni. "Rare Report of a Bottlenose Dolphin Foraging in the Venice Lagoon, Italy" (PDF). Tethys Research Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.

[9] Grancini, Gianfranco & Cescon, Bruno (1971). "Observations of Dispersal Processes of Pollutants in Venice Lagoon and in the Po River Coastal Area". Liège Colloquium on Ocean Hydrodynamics. 2. Société Royale des Sciences de Liège: 99–110.

[10] Lasserre, Pierre; Marzollo, Angelo, eds. (2000). The Venice Lagoon Ecosystem: Inputs and Interactions Between Land and Sea. Man and the Biosphere Series. Vol. 25. Paris: Parthenon. ISBN 978-92-3-103595-1.

[11] Sfriso, A.; Pavoni, B.; Marcomini, A. & Orio, A. A. (1992). "Macroalgae, Nutrient Cycles, and Pollutants in the Lagoon of Venice". Estuaries. 15 (4): 517–528. doi:10.2307/1352394. JSTOR 1352394. S2CID 84000695.

[Pranovi-12] Pranovi, Fabio; Da Ponte, Filippo & Torricelli, Patrizia (2007). "Application of Biotic Indices and Relationship with Structural and Functional Features of Macrobenthic Community in the Lagoon of Venice: An Example over a Long Time Series of Data" (PDF). Marine Pollution Bulletin. 54 (10): 1607–1618. Bibcode:2007MarPB..54.1607P. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.06.010. PMID 17698152. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2015.

[13] Occhipinti-Ambrogi, Anna & Savini, Dario (2003). "Biological Invasions as a Component of Global Change in Stressed Marine Ecosystems". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 46 (5): 542–551. Bibcode:2003MarPB..46..542O. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00363-6. PMID 12735951.

[14] Marchini, Agnese; Ferrario, Jasmine; Sfriso, Adriano & Occhipinti-Ambrogi, Anna (2015). "Current Status and Trends of Biological Invasions in the Lagoon of Venice, a Hotspot of Marine NIS Introductions in the Mediterranean Sea" (PDF). Biological Invasions. 17 (10): 2943–2962. Bibcode:2015BiInv..17.2943M. doi:10.1007/s10530-015-0922-3. hdl:10278/3661477. S2CID 17434132.

[15] EJOLT. "Cruise Ships impacting Venetian Lagoon, Italy | EJAtlas". Environmental Justice Atlas. Retrieved 20 April 2020.

[16] Sonia Ceoldo; Nicola Pellegrino; Adriano Sfriso (2014). "Natural Recovery and Planned Intervention in Coastal Wetlands: Venice Lagoon (Northern Adriatic Sea, Italy) as a Case Study". The Scientific World Journal. 2014 (Article ID 968618): 1–15. doi:10.1155/2014/968618. ISSN 1537-744X. OCLC 8255474034. PMC 4122138. PMID 25126611.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[a]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[4]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Enclosed bay in which the city of Venice is situated}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
 {{Infobox body of water
 <!-- *** Heading *** -->
 | name               = Venetian Lagoon
 <!-- *** Image *** -->
-| image              = Venice and Porto di Lido as seen from the air.jpg
+| image              = Porto di Lido-San Nicolò.jpg
 | alt           =
 | caption            = Aerial view of the Venetian Lagoon, showing many of the islands including Venice itself, center rear, with the bridge to the mainland
@@ Line 31: / Line 32: @@
 | volume             =
 | residence_time     =
+|pushpin_map=Venetian Lagoon
 | shore              =
 | elevation          = {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on}}
 | frozen             =
 | islands            =
-| cities             = [[Venice]], [[Campagna Lupia]], [[Cavallino-Treporti]], [[Chioggia]], [[Codevigo]], [[Jesolo]], [[Mira]], [[Musile di Piave]], [[Quarto d'Altino]], [[San Donà di Piave]]
+| cities             = [[Venice]], [[Campagna Lupia]], [[Cavallino-Treporti]], [[Chioggia]], [[Codevigo]], [[Jesolo]], [[Mira, Veneto|Mira]], [[Musile di Piave]], [[Quarto d'Altino]], [[San Donà di Piave]]
 <!-- *** Website *** -->
 | website            =
@@ Line 44: / Line 46: @@
 | designation1_offname = Laguna di Venezia: Valle Averto
 | designation1_date = 11 April 1989
-| designation1_number = 423<ref>{{Cite web|title=Laguna di Venezia: Valle Averto|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/423|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}}
+| designation1_number = 423<ref>{{Cite web|title=Laguna di Venezia: Valle Averto|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/423|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>}}
 }}
-The '''Venetian Lagoon''' ({{lang-it|Laguna di Venezia}}; {{lang-vec|Łaguna de Venesia}}) is an enclosed bay of the [[Adriatic Sea]], in northern Italy, in which the city of [[Venice]] is situated. Its name in the [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Venetian language|Venetian]] languages, ''{{lang|vec|Laguna Veneta}}''—cognate of Latin ''{{lang|la|lacus}}'', "lake"—has provided the english name for an enclosed, shallow [[embayment]] of salt water, a [[lagoon]].
+The '''Venetian Lagoon''' ({{lang-it|Laguna di Venezia}}; {{lang-vec|Łaguna de Venesia}}) is an enclosed bay of the [[Adriatic Sea]], in [[northern Italy]], in which the city of [[Venice]] is situated. Its name in the [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Venetian language]]s, ''{{lang|vec|Laguna Veneta}}'' (cognate of Latin ''{{lang|la|lacus}}'' {{gloss|lake}}), has provided the English name for an enclosed, shallow [[embayment]] of salt water: a [[lagoon]].
 ==Location==
 [[File:Venice Lagoon December 9 2001.jpg|thumb|left|The Venetian Lagoon]]
 [[File:TorcelloLagune.jpg|thumb|left|The island of [[Torcello]] seen from the Lagoon at low tide]]
-The Venetian Lagoon stretches from the [[River Sile]] in the north to the [[Brenta (river)|Brenta]] in the south, with a surface area of around {{convert|550|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}}. It is around 8% land, including Venice itself and many smaller islands. About 11% is permanently covered by open water, or [[canal]], as the network of dredged channels are called, while around 80% consists of [[mud flat]]s, tidal shallows and [[salt marsh]]es. The lagoon is the largest [[wetland]] in the [[Mediterranean Basin]].<ref>{{cite news |author-link = Sylvia Poggioli |last = Poggioli |first = Sylvia |date = 7 January 2008 |url = https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=17855145 |title = MOSE Project Aims to Part Venice Floods |work = Morning Edition |type = Radio program |publisher = [[NPR]] }}</ref>
+The Venetian Lagoon stretches from the [[River Sile]] in the north to the [[Brenta (river)|Brenta]] in the south, with a surface area of around {{convert|550|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}}. It is around 8% land, including Venice itself and many smaller islands. About 11% is permanently covered by open water, or [[canal]]s, as the network of dredged channels are called, while around 80% consists of [[mud flat]]s, tidal shallows and [[salt marsh]]es. The Lagoon is the largest [[wetland]] in the [[Mediterranean Basin]].<ref>{{cite news |author-link = Sylvia Poggioli |last = Poggioli |first = Sylvia |date = 7 January 2008 |url = https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=17855145 |title = MOSE Project Aims to Part Venice Floods |work = Morning Edition |type = Radio program |publisher = [[NPR]] }}</ref>
-It is connected to the [[Adriatic Sea]] by three [[inlet]]s: [[Lido di Venezia|Lido]], [[Malamocco]] and [[Chioggia]]. Sited at the end of a largely enclosed sea, the lagoon is subject to high variations in water level,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earth.esa.int/web/earth-watching/landsat-25-years/landsat-5-showcase/cities/-/article/venice-italy-1985-2003-|title=Venice, Italy (1985-2003) - 25 Years of Landsat 5 - Landsat 5 showcase - Earth Watching|website=earth.esa.int|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref> the most extreme being the [[spring tide]]s known as the ''{{lang|it|[[Acqua Alta|acqua alta]]}}'' (Italian for "high water"), which regularly flood much of Venice.
+It is connected to the [[Adriatic Sea]] by three [[inlet]]s: [[Lido di Venezia|Lido]], [[Malamocco]] and [[Chioggia]]. Situated at one end of a largely enclosed sea, the lagoon is subject to large variations in its water level.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earth.esa.int/web/earth-watching/landsat-25-years/landsat-5-showcase/cities/-/article/venice-italy-1985-2003-|title=Venice, Italy (1985–2003) - 25 Years of Landsat 5 - Landsat 5 showcase - Earth Watching|website=earth.esa.int|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref> The most extreme are the [[spring tide]]s known as the ''{{lang|it|[[Acqua Alta|acqua alta]]}}'' (Italian for "high water"), which regularly flood much of Venice.
-The nearby [[Marano lagoon|Marano-Grado Lagoon]], with a surface area of around {{convert|160|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}}, is the northernmost lagoon in the Adriatic Sea and is called sometimes the "twin sister of the Venice lagoon".
+The nearby [[Marano lagoon|Marano-Grado Lagoon]], with a surface area of around {{convert|160|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}}, is the northernmost lagoon in the Adriatic Sea and is sometimes called the "twin sister of the Venice lagoon".
 ==Development==
-The Lagoon of Venice is the most important survivor of a system of [[Estuary|estuarine]] lagoons that in Roman times extended from [[Ravenna]] north to [[Trieste]]. In the sixth century, the Lagoon gave security to Romanised people fleeing invaders (mostly the [[Huns]]). Later, it provided  naturally protected conditions for the growth of the [[Venetian Republic]] and its [[Thalassocracy|maritime empire]]. It still provides a base for a [[seaport]], the [[Venetian Arsenal]], and for [[fishing]], as well as a limited amount of [[hunting]] and the newer industry of [[fish farming]].
+The Lagoon of Venice is the most important survivor of a system of [[Estuary|estuarine]] lagoons that in Roman times extended from [[Ravenna]] north to [[Trieste]]. In the fifth and sixth centuries, the Lagoon gave security to Romanised people fleeing invaders (mostly the [[Huns]] and the [[Lombards]]). Later, it provided naturally protected conditions for the growth of the [[Venetian Republic]] and its [[Thalassocracy|maritime empire]]. It still provides a base for a [[seaport]], the [[Venetian Arsenal]], and for [[fishing]], as well as a limited amount of [[hunting]] and the newer industry of [[fish farming]].
-The Lagoon was formed about six to seven thousand years ago, when the marine transgression following the [[Ice Age]] flooded the upper Adriatic coastal plain.{{#tag:ref|This geological history follows {{harvp|Brambati|Carbognin|Quaia|Teatini|2003}}.<ref>{{cite journal |first1 = Antonio |last1 = Brambati |first2 = Laura |last2 = Carbognin |first3 = Tullio  |last3 = Quaia |first4 = Pietro |last4 = Teatini |first5 = Luigi |last5 = Tosi |last-author-amp = yes |year = 2003 |title = The Lagoon of Venice: Geological Setting, Evolution and Land Subsidence |journal = [[Episodes (journal)|Episodes]] |volume = 26 |issue = 3 |pages = 264–268 |url = http://www.episodes.co.in/www/backissues/263/19Brambati.pdf |ref = harv }}</ref> |group=lower-alpha}} Deposition of river sediments compensated for the sinking coastal plain, and coastwise drift from the mouth of the [[Po River|Po]] tended to close tidal inlets with sand bars.
+The Lagoon was formed about six to seven thousand years ago, when the [[marine transgression]] following the [[Last Glacial Period|Ice Age]] flooded the upper Adriatic coastal plain.{{#tag:ref|This geological history follows {{harvp|Brambati|Carbognin|Quaia|Teatini|2003}}.<ref>{{cite journal |first1 = Antonio |last1 = Brambati |first2 = Laura |last2 = Carbognin |first3 = Tullio  |last3 = Quaia |first4 = Pietro |last4 = Teatini |first5 = Luigi |last5 = Tosi |name-list-style = amp |year = 2003 |title = The Lagoon of Venice: Geological Setting, Evolution and Land Subsidence |journal = [[Episodes (journal)|Episodes]] |volume = 26 |issue = 3 |pages = 264–268 |doi = 10.18814/epiiugs/2003/v26i3/020 |url = http://www.episodes.co.in/www/backissues/263/19Brambati.pdf |doi-access = free }}</ref> |group=lower-alpha}} Deposition of river sediments compensated for the sinking coastal plain, and coastwise drift from the mouth of the [[Po River|Po]] tended to form sandbars that closed tidal inlets.
+[[File:2001-NASA-Satellitenaufnahme Venedig.jpg|thumb|Venetian lagoon from above]]{{clear}}The present aspect of the Lagoon is the result of human intervention. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Venetian hydraulic projects designed to prevent the lagoon from turning into a marsh reversed the natural evolution of the Lagoon. Pumping of [[aquifer]]s since the nineteenth century has increased [[subsidence]]. Many of the Lagoon's islands had originally been marshy, but a gradual drainage programme rendered them habitable. Many of the smaller islands are entirely artificial, while some areas around the seaport of the [[Mestre]] are also reclaimed islands. The remaining islands—-including those of the coastal strip ([[Lido di Venezia|Lido]], [[Pellestrina]] and [[Treporti]])—-are essentially [[dune]]s.
-[[File:2001-NASA-Satellitenaufnahme Venedig.jpg|thumb|Venetian lagoon from above]]
-The present aspect of the Lagoon is due to human intervention. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Venetian hydraulic projects to prevent the lagoon from turning into a marsh reversed the natural evolution of the Lagoon. Pumping of [[aquifer]]s since the nineteenth century has increased [[subsidence]].  Originally many of the Lagoon's islands were marshy, but a gradual programme of drainage rendered them habitable.  Many of the smaller islands are entirely artificial, while some areas around the seaport of the [[Mestre]] are also reclaimed islands.  The remaining islands are essentially [[dune]]s, including those of the coastal strip ([[Lido di Venezia|Lido]], [[Pellestrina]] and [[Treporti]]).
-Venice Lagoon was inhabited from the most ancient times, but it was only during and after the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]]  that many people, coming from the [[Veneto|Venetian mainland]], settled in a number large enough to found the city of [[Venice]]. Today, the main cities inside the lagoon are Venice (at the centre of it) and [[Chioggia]] (at the southern inlet); [[Lido di Venezia]] and [[Pellestrina]] are inhabited as well, but they are part of Venice. However, the most part of the inhabitants of Venice, as well as its economic core, its airport and its harbor, stand on the western border of the lagoon, around the former towns of [[Mestre]] and [[Marghera]]. At the northern end of the lagoon, there is the town of [[Jesolo]], a famous sea resort; and the town of [[Cavallino-Treporti]].
+Venice Lagoon has been inhabited from the most ancient times, but it was only during and after the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]] that people coming from the [[Veneto|Venetian mainland]] settled in numbers large enough to found the city of [[Venice]]. Today, the main cities inside the lagoon are Venice (at the centre of it) and [[Chioggia]] (at the southern inlet); [[Lido di Venezia]] and [[Pellestrina]] are inhabited as well, but they are considered part of Venice. However, most of the inhabitants of Venice, as well as its economic core (its airport and harbor), are on the western border of the lagoon, around the former towns of [[Mestre]] and [[Marghera]]. There are also two towns at the northern end of the lagoon: [[Jesolo]] (a famous sea resort) and [[Cavallino-Treporti]].
 ==Ecosystem==
+[[File:Food web of the Venice lagoon.png|thumb|upright=1| {{center|[[Food web]] diagram of the Venetian Lagoon<ref>Heymans, J.J., Coll, M., Libralato, S., Morissette, L. and Christensen, V. (2014). "Global patterns in ecological indicators of marine food webs: a modelling approach". ''PLOS ONE'', '''9'''(4). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095845.</ref><ref>Pranovi, F., Libralato, S., Raicevich, S., Granzotto, A., Pastres, R. and Giovanardi, O. (2003). "Mechanical clam dredging in Venice lagoon: ecosystem effects evaluated with a trophic mass-balance model". ''Marine Biology'', '''143'''(2): 393–403. doi:10.1007/s00227-003-1072-1.</ref>}}]]
-Occasionally, [[bottlenose dolphin]]s enter the lagoon, possibly for feeding.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ferretti | first1 = Sabrina | last2 = Bearzi | first2 = Giovanni | title = Rare Report of a Bottlenose Dolphin Foraging in the Venice Lagoon, Italy | url = http://www.adriawatch.provincia.rimini.it/documenti/CETACEI/Ferretti_Bearzi.pdf | publisher = [[Tethys Research Institute]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402155709/http://www.adriawatch.provincia.rimini.it/documenti/CETACEI/Ferretti_Bearzi.pdf | archive-date = 2 April 2015 | url-status = dead | journal =  | access-date = 15 March 2015 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
+[[Bottlenose dolphin]]s occasionally enter the lagoon, possibly for feeding.<ref>{{Cite web| last1 = Ferretti | first1 = Sabrina | last2 = Bearzi | first2 = Giovanni | title = Rare Report of a Bottlenose Dolphin Foraging in the Venice Lagoon, Italy | url = http://www.adriawatch.provincia.rimini.it/documenti/CETACEI/Ferretti_Bearzi.pdf | publisher = [[Tethys Research Institute]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402155709/http://www.adriawatch.provincia.rimini.it/documenti/CETACEI/Ferretti_Bearzi.pdf | archive-date = 2 April 2015 | url-status = dead | access-date = 15 March 2015}}</ref>
-The level of pollution in the lagoon has long been a concern<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Grancini | first1 = Gianfranco | last2 = Cescon | first2 = Bruno | last-author-amp = yes | year = 1971 | title = Observations of Dispersal Processes of Pollutants in Venice Lagoon and in the Po River Coastal Area | journal = Liège Colloquium on Ocean Hydrodynamics | volume = 2 | pages = 99–110 | publisher = Société Royale des Sciences de Liège }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | editor1-last = Lasserre | editor1-first = Pierre | editor2-last = Marzollo | editor2-first = Angelo | year = 2000 | title = The Venice Lagoon Ecosystem: Inputs and Interactions Between Land and Sea | series = Man and the Biosphere Series | volume = 25 | location = Paris | publisher = Parthenon | isbn = 978-92-3-103595-1 }}</ref>{{to whom?|date=May 2019}} The large [[phytoplankton]] and [[macroalgae]] blooms of the late 1980s proved particularly devastating.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Sfriso | first1 = A. | last2 = Pavoni | first2 = B. | last3 = Marcomini | first3 = A. | last4 = Orio | first4 = A. A. | last-author-amp = yes | year = 1992 | title = Macroalgae, Nutrient Cycles, and Pollutants in the Lagoon of Venice | journal = Estuaries | volume = 15 | issue = 4 | pages = 517–528 | jstor = 1352394 | doi = 10.2307/1352394 }}</ref><ref name="Pranovi">{{Cite journal | last1 = Pranovi | first = Fabio | last2 = Da Ponte | first2 = Filippo | last3 = Torricelli | first3 = Patrizia | last-author-amp = yes | year = 2007 | title = Application of Biotic Indices and Relationship with Structural and Functional Features of Macrobenthic Community in the Lagoon of Venice: An Example over a Long Time Series of Data | journal = Marine Pollution Bulletin | volume = 54 | issue = 10 | pages = 1607–1618 | doi = 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.06.010 | pmid = 17698152 | url = https://arca.unive.it/retrieve/handle/10278/3815/19079/Pranovi%20et%20al_07_MPB.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151225024059/https://arca.unive.it/retrieve/handle/10278/3815/19079/Pranovi%20et%20al_07_MPB.pdf | archive-date = 25 December 2015 | url-status = live }}</ref>  Researchers have identified the lagoon as one of the primary areas where non-indigenous species are introduced{{by whom|date=May 2019}} into the [[Mediterranean Sea]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Occhipinti-Ambrogi | first1 = Anna | last2 = Savini | first2 = Dario | last-author-amp = yes | year = 2003 | title = Biological Invasions as a Component of Global Change in Stressed Marine Ecosystems | journal = Marine Pollution Bulletin | volume = 46 | issue = 5 | pages = 542–551 | doi = 10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00363-6 | pmid = 12735951 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10769699 }}
+The level of pollution in the lagoon has long been a concern<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Grancini | first1 = Gianfranco | last2 = Cescon | first2 = Bruno | name-list-style = amp | year = 1971 | title = Observations of Dispersal Processes of Pollutants in Venice Lagoon and in the Po River Coastal Area | journal = Liège Colloquium on Ocean Hydrodynamics | volume = 2 | pages = 99–110 | publisher = Société Royale des Sciences de Liège }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | editor1-last = Lasserre | editor1-first = Pierre | editor2-last = Marzollo | editor2-first = Angelo | year = 2000 | title = The Venice Lagoon Ecosystem: Inputs and Interactions Between Land and Sea | series = Man and the Biosphere Series | volume = 25 | location = Paris | publisher = Parthenon | isbn = 978-92-3-103595-1 }}</ref> The large [[phytoplankton]] and [[macroalgae]] blooms in the late 1980s proved particularly devastating.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Sfriso | first1 = A. | last2 = Pavoni | first2 = B. | last3 = Marcomini | first3 = A. | last4 = Orio | first4 = A. A. | name-list-style = amp | year = 1992 | title = Macroalgae, Nutrient Cycles, and Pollutants in the Lagoon of Venice | journal = Estuaries | volume = 15 | issue = 4 | pages = 517–528 | jstor = 1352394 | doi = 10.2307/1352394 | s2cid = 84000695 }}</ref><ref name="Pranovi">{{Cite journal | last1 = Pranovi | first1 = Fabio | last2 = Da Ponte | first2 = Filippo | last3 = Torricelli | first3 = Patrizia | name-list-style = amp | year = 2007 | title = Application of Biotic Indices and Relationship with Structural and Functional Features of Macrobenthic Community in the Lagoon of Venice: An Example over a Long Time Series of Data | journal = Marine Pollution Bulletin | volume = 54 | issue = 10 | pages = 1607–1618 | doi = 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.06.010 | pmid = 17698152 | bibcode = 2007MarPB..54.1607P | url = https://arca.unive.it/retrieve/handle/10278/3815/19079/Pranovi%20et%20al_07_MPB.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151225024059/https://arca.unive.it/retrieve/handle/10278/3815/19079/Pranovi%20et%20al_07_MPB.pdf | archive-date = 25 December 2015 | url-status = live }}</ref> Researchers have identified the lagoon as one of the primary areas where non-indigenous species are introduced into the [[Mediterranean Sea]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Occhipinti-Ambrogi | first1 = Anna | last2 = Savini | first2 = Dario | name-list-style = amp | year = 2003 | title = Biological Invasions as a Component of Global Change in Stressed Marine Ecosystems | journal = Marine Pollution Bulletin | volume = 46 | issue = 5 | pages = 542–551 | doi = 10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00363-6 | pmid = 12735951 | bibcode = 2003MarPB..46..542O | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10769699 }}
 </ref><ref>
 {{Cite journal
@@ Line 77: / Line 80: @@
  | last3 = Sfriso | first3 = Adriano
  | last4 = Occhipinti-Ambrogi | first4 = Anna
- | last-author-amp = yes | year = 2015
+ | name-list-style = amp | year = 2015
  | title = Current Status and Trends of Biological Invasions in the Lagoon of Venice, a Hotspot of Marine NIS Introductions in the Mediterranean Sea
  | journal = Biological Invasions
  | volume = 17 | issue = 10 | pages = 2943–2962
  | doi = 10.1007/s10530-015-0922-3
+| bibcode = 2015BiInv..17.2943M
-| hdl = 10278/3661477
+ | hdl = 10278/3661477
+ | s2cid = 17434132
  | url = https://iris.unive.it/bitstream/10278/3661477/3/Biological%20Invasions.pdf
+ | hdl-access = free
  }}
 </ref>
+[[File:2020-10-20 Lazzaretto Nuovo05.jpg|thumb|alt=Orange-brown grasses bend in the wind on Lazzaretto Nuovo. |Grasses on Lazzaretto Nuovo]]
+Cruise ships crossing the Venetian Lagoon have contributed to air pollution, surface-water pollution, decreased water quality, erosion, and loss of landscape.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ejatlas.org/conflict/cruise-ships-in-venetian-lagoon|title=Cruise Ships impacting Venetian Lagoon, Italy {{!}} EJAtlas|last=EJOLT|website=[[Environmental Justice Atlas]]|language=en|access-date=2020-04-20}}</ref>
+From 1987 to 2003, the Venice Lagoon was harmed by a reduction in nutrient inputs and by macroalgal biomasses caused by [[global climate change|climate change]], and by changes in the concentration and distribution of [[nitrogen]], organic [[phosphorus]] and [[organic carbon]] in the upper sediments. At the same time, however, the [[seagrass]]es started a natural process of recolonization, helping to partially restore the pristine conditions of the marine ecosystem.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Natural Recovery and Planned Intervention in Coastal Wetlands: Venice Lagoon (Northern Adriatic Sea, Italy) as a Case Study | doi = 10.1155/2014/968618 | journal = The Scientific World Journal | year = 2014 | volume = 2014 | issue = Article ID 968618 | author = Sonia Ceoldo |author2= Nicola Pellegrino | author3 =Adriano Sfriso | pages = 1–15 | pmid = 25126611 | pmc = 4122138 | oclc =  8255474034 |issn = 1537-744X | doi-access = free }}</ref>
 ==Islands==
+[[File:Venedig-lagune.png|thumb|The Venetian Lagoon Islands]]
+[[File:San Lazzaro degli Armeni, Venice aerial photo 2013.jpg|thumb|[[San Lazzaro degli Armeni]], has been an important center of Armenian culture for around 300 years.]]
 The Venice Lagoon is mostly included in the [[Metropolitan City of Venice]], but the south-western area is part of the [[Province of Padua]].
-[[File:Venedig-lagune.png|thumb|The Venetian Lagoon Islands]]
 The largest islands or archipelagos by area, excluding coastal reclaimed land and the coastal [[barrier beach]]es:
 *[[Venice]] 5.17&nbsp;km{{sup|2}}
@@ Line 99: / Line 112: @@
 *[[Mazzorbo]] 0.52&nbsp;km{{sup|2}}
 *[[Torcello]] 0.44&nbsp;km{{sup|2}}
-*[[Sant'Elena]] 0.34&nbsp;km{{sup|2}}
+*[[Sant'Elena (island)|Sant'Elena]] 0.34&nbsp;km{{sup|2}}
 *[[La Certosa]] 0.24&nbsp;km{{sup|2}}
 *[[Burano]] 0.21&nbsp;km{{sup|2}}
@@ Line 108: / Line 121: @@
 *[[Santa Cristina (island)|Santa Cristina]] 0.13&nbsp;km{{sup|2}}
-[[File:San Lazzaro degli Armeni, Venice aerial photo 2013.jpg|thumb|[[San Lazzaro degli Armeni]], has been an important center of Armenian culture for around 300 years.]]
 Other inhabited islands include:
 *[[Cavallino (Venice)|Cavallino]]
@@ Line 124: / Line 136: @@
 *[[San Pietro di Castello (island)|San Pietro di Castello]]
 *[[San Servolo]]
-*[[Santo Spirito (Venetian Lagoon)|Santo Spirito]]
+*[[Santo Spirito (island)|Santo Spirito]]
 *[[Sottomarina]]
 *[[Vignole]]
@@ Line 155: / Line 167: @@
 {{Islands of the Venetian Lagoon}}
 {{Portal bar|Geography|Islands|Italy}}
+{{Authority control}}
 [[Category:Venetian Lagoon| ]]
@@ Line 163: / Line 176: @@
 [[Category:Bays of the Adriatic Sea]]
 [[Category:Ramsar sites in Italy]]
+[[Category:Lagoons of Italy]]
+[[Category:7 Most Endangered Programme]]

v t e Islands of the Venetian Lagoon
Northern lagoon	Buel del Lovo Burano Crevan Cason Montiron Isola dei Laghi La Certosa La Cura Madonna del Monte Mazzorbo Mazzorbetto Monte dell'Oro Motta dei Cunicci Motta di San Lorenzo Murano Salina San Francesco del Deserto San Giàcomo in Paludo San Michele Lazzaretto Nuovo Santa Cristina Sant'Andrea Sant'Ariano Sant'Erasmo Torcello Vignole
Central group	Giudecca Sacca Fisola Sacca San Biagio San Giorgio Maggiore San Pietro di Castello San Secondo Sant'Elena Tronchetto Venice
Southern lagoon	Lazzaretto Vecchio Venice Lido Pellestrina Poveglia Sacca Sessola San Clemente San Giorgio in Alga San Lazzaro degli Armeni San Marco in Boccalama San Servolo Sant'Angelo della Polvere Santa Maria della Grazia Santo Spirito Sottomarina

Authority control databases
International	VIAF
National	Germany United States France BnF data Czech Republic Vatican Israel
Other	IdRef