Xicomecoatl

Xicomecoatl
Representation of Xicomecoatl done by the new Spanish painters Juan González and Miguel González. 1698
Nationality	Mexican
Other names	Chicomácatl
Occupation	Ruler of Cempoala
Era	Early 16th century

Xicomecoatl, Chicomácatl, or as he was referred to as by the Spanish conquistador Bernal Díaz del Castillo, "Cacique Gordo" (in Spanish, Fat Cacique), was the ruler of the city of Cempoala while it was under control of the Mexica Empire.

He was known for his alliance with the Spanish captain Hernán Cortés, formed in early June of 1519, which made him one of the first allies of the Spanish during the conquest of the Mexica Empire.

Name and physical appearance

Several plants described in the Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis. Chicomácatl is the last one in this page (left to right)

Bernal Díaz del Castillo refers to the ruler of Cempoala as "Fat Cacique" in his book Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España (True history of the conquest of New Spain), due to his physical aspect. He was decribed as being overwhelmingly corpulent for the spaniards, and was likely tall. Díaz del Castillo writes:

"Let's stop joking around, and let's say how we got to the rooms, and the Fat Cacique came out to receive us next to the yard, and because he was very fat, that's how i'll call him, [...]"

The Spanish 16th century historian Francisco López de Gómara writes:

"These indians were very different from the rest they had seen, because they had taller bodies, [...] because Cortés wished to be very informed about the land and that great king Moctezuma, and the sire was very tough, though fat, when demanding points and asking questions."

Historians commonly refer to him as Xicomecoatl (pronounced [ʃiːkomekoːat͡ɬ]), but nobody knows for sure if this was his actual name. Chicomácatl is also one of the names used to refer to him. This name's origin is possibly from a plant used for medical purposes described in the Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis (in Latin, Little book of the Medicinal Herbs of the Indians).

Alliance with Spain

According to various chroniclers, Moctezuma II, tlatoani of Tenochtitlan, capital of the Mexica Empire, had forced the city of Cempoala into submission before making contact with the europeans, and forced its people into paying large tributes for the tlatoani. Cortés wrote to emperor Carlos I of Spain in his second relation letter, dated October 30th, 1520:

"And I left that province of Cempoal along with all the towns in the mound, which might be up to fifty thousand warriors and fifty towns and fortresses, very safe, peaceful and loyal vassals of your majesty as so far they have been and are, because they were subjects of that sire Muteezuma, and according to what I was informed, they were forced into being so, and not too long ago."

Meeting Cortés

Xicomecoatl met Cortés in early June of 1520. Upon hearing about the news about the "towers" or "temples" that had arrived at the sea that were filled with strange foreign men who were now going to the capital, Xicomecoatl sent 12 ambassadors to meet these new people and welcome them into Cempoala. They accepted the offer and went to the city the following day using the ambassadors to guide them into the city, sending half of them back into Cempoala to tell Xicomecoatl that they were going in peace.

When first arriving at the city, the spaniards were amazed by its size, as it was the first city of high importance they had seen during their travels. Cortés and some of his soldiers decied to name this city after Seville, while others named it "Villa-viciosa" (Busy-town). Díaz del Castillo Wrote:

"And as we were entering between the houses, as we saw such a big city, because we haven't seen any bigger, we were very amazed about it, and as we saw how busy it was, filled with men and women in the streets coming out to see us, we praised God because of the lands we had discovered."

"Hernán Cortés enters Zempoala and is received by the Cacique Gordo" by Juan González and Miguel González. 1698

Xicomecoatl and Cortés finally met in the main square of Cempoala, outside the palace of the city. There, Cortés and Xicomecoatl hugged each other as a sign of friendship. Xicomecoatl offered them a large place to reside during their stay in the city. He offered them food, such a cornbread and "plums", as Díaz del Castillo wrote (possibly referring to prickly pear fruit?). They began to give each other gifts, such as jewelry, clothes and gold. Cortés, along side his translators and interpreters, Doña Marina (also known as La Malinche) and Gerónimo de Aguilar, told the ruler that they would return the favor by helping them with whatever they wanted:

"And Cortés told him, with Doña Marina and Aguilar, that we would pay him with favors, because we are vassals of a great sire, whom is the emperor Don Carlos, who rules over many kingdoms and states, and he sent us to solve grievances, to punish the evil, and to stop the sacrifice of any more souls."

Acording to Díaz del Castillo, upon hearing these claims, XIcomecoatl began to complain about Moctezuma, claiming that his people used to live in peace and freedom before he forced them into submission, and now they had to pay tributes to him, and that he took almost all of the city's gold and jewelry, and there was nothing they could do about it because they feared that he would kill them all if they tried. Other members of the court described that all the lands around belonged to Moctezuma, and though most of them had their own ruler, they were all vassals of the tlatoani, and some were treated like slaves for him. Cortés stated that he understood the the ruler perfectly, and they would do something to help.

After complaining, Xicomecoatl told Cortés about Moctezuma's allies and enemies, a simple description of how Tenochtitlan looked and where it was, and how the Republic of Tlaxcallan was the empire's worst enemy, alongside Huexotzinco and other places, and suggested that if he wanted to bring him down, he could try to make an alliance with those places, according to the Francisco López de Gómara. However, Díaz del Castillo claims that the idea of the rebellion against Moctezuma wasn't suggested until long after this meeting took place.

Court of Cempoala, where Cortés and Xicomecoatl first met

This meeting would begin an alliance between the Spanish Empire and Cempoala that would become a turning point in the conquest of the Mexica Empire.

The alliance

Hernán Cortés

Xicomecoatl showed himself to be very friendly to the spaniards. The morning after the meeting took place, he gave them 400 workers, or tlamemehs, to help them with any tasks they desired, which suprised the europeans.

Soon after the meeting, Cortés decided to go to the city of Quiahuiztlan. According to Francisco López de Gómara, he had planned to go to this city before he arrived at Cempoala, but he stayed in the city for 15 days. Díaz del Castillo claims this to be untrue, and that they actually went to Quiahuiztlan the day after receiving the tlamemehs from Cempoala. Whatever the case was, Cortés left Cempoala to get to Quiahuiztlan.

Initially, Cortés had his concerns about Quiahuiztlan due to the powerful fortifications of the city, but once they finally arrived, they found it to be completely empty. It took a while before Cortés finally got to see some people coming out. The first people who came to see Cortés were a group of 15 noblemen, who clarified that the city was empty because most people ran away from it upon receiving the news of the arrival of the spaniards, and would not come back until they knew who they were. After the calrification, they asked for forgiveness for not welcoming them before and made a large welcoming ceremony for them. Cortés, again, explained that they were vassals of Carlos I of Spain and gave a few gifts and jewelry to the people of the city, to which they responded by giving them food.

Xicomecoatl decided to follow Cortés into the city soon after he had left Cempoala, despite not telling him about it. Cortés received the news of the incoming arrival of Xicomecoatl during the welcoming ceremony, as he was talking to the members of Quiahuiztlan's court. He arrived shortly after the spaniards received the news, along side many other members of Cempoala's court. Upon his arrival, he continued to show complaints about Moctezuma, to which the ruler and court of Quiahuiztlan joined in. Supposedly, the complaints were so many, Xicomecoatl actually began to tear up in anger as he was trying to speak. He claimed that Moctezuma would ask for chldren and young women to be sacrificed or enslaved as tribute each year, and that Moctezuma's tribute collectors would sometimes even rape their women if they found them too beautiful, according to Díaz del Castillo. Cortés attempted to calm him and the other sires down, claiming that he would make sure to protect them.

City of Quiahuiztlan

While the spaniards and totonacs from Cempoala and Quiahuiztlan were having a discussion, the news came that a group of Moctezuma's tribute collectors had arrived at Quiahuiztlan, to which the sires responded with fear. Cortés initially did not know who the men were, and was confused because of the rather extreme reaction of the people upon seeing them. López de Gómara mentions 20 of them, while Díaz del Castillo mentions 5, who were being escorted by people from other totonac towns. Supposedly, they got so scared from the arrival of these men that they began to tremble. Immediately upon recieving the news, the rulers left Cortés alone and went as quickly as they could to the tribute collectors with the most valuable items they could get. Xicomecoatl and other rulers were then called upon by the collectors for an important meeting. Once they arrived to the place of the meeting, the collectors began to threat him and the other rulers with Moctezuma's forces, claiming that Moctezuma would not accept the spaniards being settled in his domains without his previous permission, and demanded for 20 people, men and women, to be given to them by the following morning, so they could be sacrificed to Huītzilōpōchtli, as punishment for allowing the spaniards in without permission, according to Díaz del Castillo. Cortés decided to try to understand the situation, asking Malinche about what was going on. Once he understood, he called Xicomecoatl and the other rulers and told them that the tlatoani would not worry about Cortés being in the territory because he was "friends with Moctezuma", and he wouldn't be upset about the presence of the spaniards.

Later, Cortés decided to demonstrate his loyalty of Xicomecoatl and the rest of the totonacs by ordering the arrest of the collectors to let Moctezuma know that such behavior would not be tolerated. He told Xicomecoatl about his plans, but he was very worried that if he did so, Moctezuma would attack the city, but Cortés managed to convince him and the arrest was made. All 5 of the collectors were arrested and brought to the court of Cempoala. According to López de Gómara, Cortés told XIcomecoatl:

"To show you what my men and I can do, send your men to punish and arrest those collectors from Mexico, because I'll be here with you, and Moteczuma won't be angry, because of my respect."

Upon the arrival of the prisoners, Xicomecoatl and many other members of the court suggested for all of them to be sacrificed, but Cortés told them that such measures wouldn't be necessary, and instead, he would personally imprison them. The prisoners were then sent to one of the rooms in which the spaniards were settled, which was used as a cell for them. Upon the arrests, Cortés ordered the people of Cempoala, Quiahuiztlan and the rest of the over 30 totonac cities in the empire to not pay tributes to Moctezuma anymore, and to begin a rebellion against him. Some court members of Cempoala continued showing concerns about the arrests, believing Moctezuma would kill them all, but he claimed that nothing would happen. The mission at first appeared to be a success, but Cortés had other plans. That same day, at midnight, Cortés made a meeting with several of his soldiers, and said, according to Díaz del Castillo:

"Look, free the two of them you find the most useful, and do it so that the other indians won't notice."

They snuck up to the cell of 2 of the 5 prisoners, where Cortés told them that he would help them flee from their prison as long as they obeyed his orders. They agreed, and he ordered them to go back to Tenochtitlan, and tell Moctezuma that the spaniards were not an enemy, but that they were, in fact, loyal to him and willing to become his allies. The prisoners agreed to send this message, and so, illegally, Cortés helped the prisoners flee. The following day, Xicomecoatl noticed the lack of 2 prisoners, which made him upset. Cortés pretended to be angered by this fact, to prevent the rise of suspicions. Upon this, Xicomecoatl suggested the rest of the prisoners to be sacrificed, but Cortés intervened again, suggesting the rest of the prisoners to be imprisoned within the Spanish ships ashore, arguing that they didn't deserve to be killed because they were only following orders of the emperor. They accpeted, and the prisoners were chained up and sent to the ships. Again, the prioners did not appear the next day. The court of Cempoala told Cortés that now Moctezuma would discover the conspiracy bacause the prisoners managed to flee, to which he continued to respond claiming that nothing would happen.

The news of the arrests of the collectors were heard in multiple places across the empire, and supposedly, it was in this moment when many totonacs began to believe the spaniards were gods, although it appears as though Xicomecoatl did not believe in such a thing. The arrests did however begin a massive alliance between the Spanish Empire and over 30 different totonac towns across the Mexica Empire that rose up against Moctezuma, and Cortés had made his first allies for the war. However, tensions would appear between Spain and Cempoala not long after.

Tensions rise

The Tizapancinca problem

Not long after the arrests, Xicomecoatl decided to ask Cortés for a favor related to a situation of "great emergency". He told Cortés that there was a town nearby called Tizapancinca, a dangerous barbarian town filled with mexica soldiers who were planning a conspiracy against Cortés and his men, and who had been also causing a lot of problems to the people of Cempoala, as they had ransacked the city in multiple occasions, and asked Cortés to do something about it. Cortés initially wanst sure if it would be a good idea to try to invade a land he doesn't know anything about, but eventually said to his men, according to Díaz:

"You know what, men? It seems as if we are famous in this lands for our efforts, and because of what these people saw what was done with Montezuma's collectors, they believe we are gods or something like their idols. I thought about how we can make them believe only one of us is needed to defeat those indian warriors that they say are in that enemy fortress town. Let's send Heredia the elder."

Using that soldier, Heredia, Cortés decided to make a demonstration of european weaponry, by taking Xicomecoatl and other members of the court to a nearby river and demonstrate how the arquebus works and how "they'll use it against the enemy", to elevate the Spanish reputation amongst the totonacs. Once Xicomecoatl and the rest were brought, Cortés claimed that that soldier would kill all of the mexica soldiers who were in that town. Then the gun was shot to the air, and the sires were amazed, and told other towns how they had a Teule (the word used by the totonacs to refer to the spaniards or gods, acoording to Díaz) that would destroy all of the mexica soldeirs of Tizapancinca. This likely helped elevate the reputation of the spaniards among the totonac people.

After they came back to Cempoala, Cortés said that he would go to that town in person and help the people himself, alongside some of his soldiers, asking for some tlamemehs to help carry the guns.

Two days later, Cortés marched towards Tizapancinca with 400 spaniards and about 2000 totonacs divided between 4 captains, It took 2 days to reach the town, but once they arrived, they didn't see what they expected.

According to Bernal Díaz del Castillo, once they were close to the entrance of the city, a group of 8 people came out crying and begging for mercy, asking "Why do you want to kill us? We haven't done anything wrong.". They then clarified the situation, explaining that it was possible that Xicomecoatl had sent the spaniards to the town because of conflicts they have had with Cempoala a long time ago over territorial disputes or other kinds of issues, Upon hearing this, Cortés ordered his men to stop the advance of the totonac soldiers that were sent with them, but once they found them, they were already sacking the town. This severely angered Cortés, who called upon the captains of the totonacs that were sent, and ordered them to return all of the stolen goods they got from the sacking, threatening them saying he would kill them all because of their acts if they didn't obey. The captains asked for forgiveness, and returned all of the stolen objects they got. Cortés then apologized to the people of Tizapancinca for the trouble, asked them to never sin, and went back to Cempoala. They arrived at the city the next day, where several huts were made, and Xicomecoatl was in one of them. He offered the spaniards food and asked for forgiveness because of the problems that occurred during their mission. He claimed that he understood he did the wrong thing by sending them to invade a peaceful town. Cortés accepted the apology and there they slept. The following morning they came back to the city.

Francisco López de Gómara mentions a different version of the story. Gómara claims that as Cortés began to approach the city of Tizapancinca, many mexica soldiers came out believing they would only fight the totonacs, but upon seeing the spaniards approaching, they began to run away back to their fortress, and after Cortés failed to take them out, he entered into the town by force, and as the forces from Spain and Cempoala were entering into the town, Cortés ordered that no civilians or innocents shall be killed. The forces of the town quickly surrendered and the mexica were expelled from the place, which made the Spanish reputation even higher. After their victory, Cortés went back to Villa Rica de la Vera cruz, where he celebrated his victory.

Díaz del Castillo denies such a battle taking place, openly criticizing Gómara's writings in his book:

"That [story] of Cingapacinga was the first entrance that Cortés made into New Spain, and it was not like the Chronicler Gómara said. [He said] that we killed and captured thousends of men in Cingapacinga. And look, the curious ones who are reading this, as well written as his chronicle is, not everything that he writes happened as he said it did."

"Cortés orders for the naos to sink, eats with Moctezuma's ambassadors" by Juan González and Miguel González. 1698

Pieces of gold found at Templo Mayor, Tenochtitlan

He sent a tribute to the king of Spain, which included multiple pieces of gold, shoes decorated with gold, silver and pearls, clothes made out of cotton with beatiful colors and paint, headdresses decorated with beautiful feathers, a pair of books (possibly referring to the Madrid Codex?), and more. The day after sending this tribute, Cortés ordered for his own ships to be destroyed, so in that way, those who did not want to follow him into Tenochtitlan wouldn't have any other options. Cortés then came back to Cempoala, eight or ten days after sinking the ships.

Whichever story is correct, tensions would continue to rise soon after Cortés returned to Cempoala.

Xicomecoatl's sexuality, the sacrifices and more

Most historians and chroniclers believe that Xicomecoatl did not have any women or children, but was instead openly homosexual, and had sexual relations with men, and he wasn't the only homosexual member of the court, as there were many others who also had sexual relations with men. In fact, homosexuality was described as being very common in Cempoala. Díaz del Castillo writes:

"[...] because they had men dressed up like women, who were going to gain in that damned job, [...] and according to what we were told and got to know, those priests were sons of sires, and did not have women, instead they had the damned job of sodomy, [...]"

Xicomecoatl's homosexuality wasn't tolerated by the catholic spaniards, who considered it a sin. However, this was the least of their concerns. Chroniclers like Bernal Díaz del Castillo and others describe that human sacrifices were highly common in Cempoala:

"[...] and everyday, they sacrificed three, four or five indians in front of us, and the hearts were offered to their idols, their blood plastered over the walls, and they cut off the legs, arms and thighs, [...]"

Díaz also claims that cannibalism was common in Cempoala too, and even says that he thinks he remembers how human flesh was sold in markets as steaks. The spaniards described being horrified by these practices, and Cortés would try to stop them.

Desecration of the temples

When Cortés returned to Cempoala, according to Díaz del Castillo, some of the city's noblemen told Cortés that they did not want the spaniards to leave, as they feared what Moctezuma would do to them without his protection. Therefore, to legitimize their alliance, Cortés suggested that the Spanish captians should now marry noblewomen of the city, to consider their alliance not only as a friendship, but a legitimate brotherhood. The people accepted, and Xicomecoatl offered eight women to the spaniards, 2 of which were relative to him: one of the women, later baptized with the name Doña Catalina, was Xicomecoatl's niece, and the other, later baptized with the name Doña Francisca, was the daughter of Xicomecoatl's nephew, Cuesco. Xicomecoatl offered the women, and told Cortés, according to Díaz del Castillo:

"Sir, these seven women are for your captains, and this, my own niece, is for you. She's the ruler of regions and vassals."

Cortés gladly accepted the women, but told Xicomecoatl that if they truly wanted to consider them their wives, they had to convert to cristianity and abandon their indigenous practices, and for their alliance to truly be a brotherhood, they had to stop the human sacrifices, prohibit sodomy, stop worshipping their gods and abandon the aztec religion as a whole, and if they did so, they would even give them Spanish provinces and lands. However, they refused to do so, arguing that the gods were the ones who brought happiness, health and wellbeing to everybody, and if they stopped the sacrifices and worship, a catastrophe worse than any sacrifice they could make would occurr. Cortés, upon receiving this answer, began to speak to his men:

"And after Cortés and all of us got such a loathed answer, and we had seen so much cruelty and foolishness, as I had mentioned before, we couldn't suffer them anymore. And then Cortés began to talk to us about it, and reminded us about good doctrines, and how could we do anything well without doing it in God's honour, and without removing the sacrifices they make for their idols?"

Templo de las Chimeneas, main temple of Cempoala

The spaniards then decided to begin the destruction of the representations of the aztec gods right in that moment. The spaniards got their weapons and armor, and ready to fight. Cortés gave the people of Cempoala an ultimatum, claiming that the idols must be destroyed. Xicomecoatl reacted instantly, and sent his soldiers to the main square of the city to protect the temples. The spaniards were now planning to get to the main temple of the city, which would prove to be difficult for them due to its height and fortifications. Xicomecoatl attempted to convince Cortés to stop, telling him that he understands his intentions, but that if they stop praising their gods everyone shall perish, including the spaniards. Cortés reacted violently to this claim, yelling that he had already ordered them to stop sacrificing people before, and that they were being fooled into sacrificing people for their idols, and ordered them to remove them themselves, otherwise the spaniards would do it instead, and also began to shout threats, claiming that he would kill all of the soldiers who were in the temple if they didn't get out of the way. The soldiers of Cempoala, tired of the Spanish threats, finally told the spaniards that they were not worthy of the gods, and therefore they could destroy those representations if they really wanted to, but it wouldn't be with their consent. Upon hearing this, the spaniards immediately rushed into the temple and began to destroy as many statues as they could find in it, throwing them down the stairs of the building as they crumbled. Many of the devout totonacs and priests who were watching the scene closed their eyes or started to cry, praying to the gods for forgiveness for allowing the destruction to happen. After a while, multiple soldiers got outside of the temple and got prepared to shoot their arrows and throw their spears at the spaniards, preparing to fight and kill them. Upon seeing this, Cortés immediately rushed to get to Xicomecoatl, and he was told that if he didn't order his soldiers to not shoot, he would kill him and everyone else around him. Xicomecoatl got up as soon as possible and ran in front of the soldiers, ordering them to not shoot or kill the spaniards. The soldiers obeyed him and stopped the attack. After this, Cortés decided to try to make peace again.

Peace restored

The following morning, Cortés ordered for the pieces of the crumbled statues to be burned and buried in "a place where they won't be found again". Some totonac people began to take the rest of the representations of the gods away from the temple. Cortés now claimed that Cempoala and Spain were officially allied as a brotherhood, and the rebellion against Moctezuma would be a success. He ordered for a representation of Mary, mother of Jesus, to be placed in the main temple, for all the blood in the temples to be cleaned, and for a wooden cross to be built in the main square. He also ordered the temple to be coverted into a catholic church, and for four priests to work as church fathers for it, under the supervision of a Spanish soldier named Juan de Torres de Córdova, and for an altar to be made. The next day, Fray Bartolomé de Olmedo did mass in the city, where the eight women previously offered by XIcomecoatl were baptized and given to the Spanish military captains.

This would be the end of the conflicts between Cortés and Xicomecoatl, but it wouldn't be the last conflict Cempoala would face,

Cortés left Cempoala to go to Tenochtitlan a few days after peace was restored. He asked him to take good care of the church and cross that were left in the city, and asked for 200 tlamamehs and 50 captains to defend himself during the travel to Tenochtitlan. He initially had planned to go directly to Tenochtitlan, and had been told to not go to Tlaxcallan by Moctezuma's ambassadors earlier, but XIcomecoatl and other members of the court suggested him to not listen to those ambassadors, since he could make an alliance with them to help with the rebellion. Cortés listened to this suggestion instead, and he left. The women he had offered to them had to stay, as the spaniards did not want them to be in danger during battles. Troughout the following months, Cortés sent several gifts to Xicomecoatl, such a clothes and a few pieces of gold.

Battle of Cempoala

Battle of Cempoala
Part of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
Area of Cempoala where the battle took place
Date May 27th 1520 Location Cempoala, Mexico 19°26′50.3″N 96°24′13.2″W Result Cempoala victory
Belligerents
Cempoala Spanish Empire	Colony of Cuba
Commanders and leaders
Xicomecoatl (WIA) Hernán Cortés	Pánfilo de Narváez (WIA) (POW)
Strength
266 Spanish Indigenous force unknown, but small	Between 550 to 750 Spanish: ~80 horsemen ~80 riflemen ~10 artillery
Casualties and losses
4 Spanish killed Many Spanish wounded Indigenous losses unknown	5 killed Many wounded

However, what Xicomecoatl didn't know is that Cortés was in trouble with the Spanish colony of Cuba. Previously in that year, the governor of Cuba, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, had ordered the arrest of Cortés after he set sail for the Yucatán Peninsula without his permission, and in March of 1520, he had sent another Spanish captain to capture him, that man being Pánfilo de Narváez. He arrived with 19 ships, carrying between 600 and 800 Spanish soldiers, around 1000 indigenous people from Cuba, about 10 artillery pieces, 80 rifles and 80 horses for the expedition. However, 50 men died before arriving at Mexico due to several storms, which caused the sinking of 6 ships. Narváez arrived in the 22nd of April, and decided to go to the city of Cempoala and install himself in a camp.

Narváez repeatedly claimed that Cortés was nothing but a liar and criminal who would betray the people of Mexico as soon as he gets what he wants. He also began to send messages to Moctezuma, claiming that Cortés was planning to kill him and take the empire for himself. Supposedly, many did believe Narváez and began to doubt Hernán's intentions, specially since Narváez was also a spaniard. However, Xicomecoatl stayed loyal to Cortés, claiming that he was not the type of person who would betray someone he's allied to.

According to Díaz del Castillo and Cortés, once Pánfilo arrived, he sacked the court, stealing Hernán's gifts and kidnapping the women who had been offered to his men. Xicomecoatl tried to stop him, stating that Cortés would kill him the moment he knew about what he was doing. Narváez ignored this and continued.

Cortés, who had arrived at Tenochtitlan in November 8th, 1519, upon receiving the news of Narváez being in Cempoala, decided to return to the city to defeat him, and left the troops that stayed in Tenochtitlan in charge of one of his soldiers, Pedro de Alvarado.

The battle began in the night of May 27th, 1520, but his force was small in comparison to Pánfilo's, only having 266 spaniards and a few Tlaxcaltecs. According to Díaz, Cortés, after arriving at Cempoala, ordered the capture of artillery weapons of Narváez, capturing 18 cannonballs. The mission was lead by a captain named Pizarro (not to be confused with Francisco Pizarro). Cortés found out Narváez was in one of the temples of the city thanks to a captured spy, Gonzalo Carrasco, so he ordered one of his captains, Gonzalo de Sandoval, with around 40 men, to capture him, and to kill him if necessary. This would be a dangerous task, due to the height of the temple, and the protection of it from other temples with soldiers in them.

Some tried to warn Narváez about Cortés going to the city, including Gonzalo, but at first, he did not believe the warnings about Hernán's arrival, believing that he wouldn't be willing to actually go to war with him just because "a fat indian" asked him to do it. Pánflo's troops failed to notice Cortés earlier due to the heavy rain of that night, but as soon as Pánfilo's soldiers noticed Hernán's troops approaching, they immediately warned Narváez about it.

As soon as Pánfilo received the news, he ordered for cannons to be shot at Hernán's troops, but they only had time to fire 4 times, out of which only one shot managed to hit the troops, killing 3 men.

Many horsemen attempted to charge against Pizarro's troops, but failed to push them back. 6 or 7 horsemen were defeated.

Narváez then ordered his riflemen to fire upon Pizarro's squadron, wounding 7 men.

Sandoval managed to successfully get to the temple where Narváez was settled, forcing him to divide his troops to fire against Sandoval's soldiers. It was then when the captured artillery began to be fired against the temple, forcing Narváez to get down from it. Hernán's pikemen rushed in to fight against the last remaining troops of Narváez.

The battle ended after some of Pánfilo's most important soldiers, like his second lieutenant, Fulano de Fuentes, and a captain, Rojas de Castilla la Vieja, were killed, and when Pánfilo de Narváez was stabbed in eye by one of Hernán's pikemen, leaving him badly wounded. He was captured soon after.

Pánfilo de Narváez

According to Díaz, upon being stabbed, Pánfilo shouted:

"Saint Mary, bless me! They have broken my eye!"

During the batlle, Xicomecoatl was stabbed by a soldier of Narváez as he was trying to hide in his palace. He was found after the battle ended, and Cortés, upon being notified about it, ordered for him to be taken to his room immediately for his wounds to be cured.

After Pánfilo's capture, he was held prisoner in Veracruz for 2 years for his crimes against the people of Cempoala. He was sent back to Cuba afterwards. Cortés then convinced the remaining troops of Narváez to join him and go to Tenochtitlan.

Despite being largely outnumbered, the battle was a success for Cortés, but it would have unexpected consecuences. During his absence, Pedro de Alvarado had ordered a massacre of civilians in Tenochtitlan, disobeying Cortés. This atrocity which would lead to the Battle of La Noche Triste taking place, in June 29th, 1520. Also, it turned out that one of Pánfilo's men had contracted smallpox before arriving at Mexico. During the battle, some of Hernán's men contracted the disease and carried it unintentionally to Tenochtitlan, leading to the deaths of millions of people in the consequent pandemic.

Later in the war

Xicomecoatl survived from his wounds and continued to support Cortés after the battle, sending reinforcements and support to Cortés after Noche Triste and the Battle of Otumba, upon receiving the news about the heavy casualties suffered by the spaniards as the result of those battles. His alliance became one of the most important ones throughout the course of the war, as it lead to Cortés knowing more about the land he was in, about the empire's enemies he could make alliances with, and offering multiple soldiers who protected him during his battles against Tlaxcallan, Cuba and other places. Facts such as when he died or what happened to him after the conquest are unknown.