Botticelli made this painting on the description of a painting by Apelles, a Greek painter of the Hellenistic Period. Apelles' works have not survived, but Lucian recorded details of one in his On Calumny:

On the right of it sits Midas with very large ears, extending his hand to Slander while she is still at some distance from him. Near him, on one side, stand two women—Ignorance and Suspicion. On the other side, Slander is coming up, a woman beautiful beyond measure, but full of malignant passion and excitement, evincing as she does fury and wrath by carrying in her left hand a blazing torch and with the other dragging by the hair a young man who stretches out his hands to heaven and calls the gods to witness his innocence. She is conducted by a pale ugly man who has piercing eye and looks as if he had wasted away in long illness; he represents envy. There are two women in attendance to Slander, one is Fraud and the other Conspiracy. They are followed by a woman dressed in deep mourning, with black clothes all in tatters—she is Repentance. At all events, she is turning back with tears in her eyes and casting a stealthy glance, full of shame, at Truth, who is slowly approaching.it=L'opera è ispirata al celebre perduto dipinto di Appelle descritto dalli scrittore greco Luciano nel "De Calumnia" e da Leon Battista Alberti nel "De Pictura". La scena raffigura, da destra, il Re Mida mal consigliato dal Sospetto e dall'Ignoranza, il Livore come un uomo barbato col cappuccio, la Calunnia - con una face - che trascina il calunniato, la Frode e l'Insidia dietro di lei, e la Penitenza come una vecchia in abiti laceri che guarda alla Verità nuda e con lo sguardo levato al cielo.