S5 0014+81
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2014) |
| S5 0014+81 | |
|---|---|
 Artist's impression of a hyperluminous quasar similar to S5 0014+81 surrounded by a thick accretion disc with two powerful jets | |
| Observation data (Epoch ) | |
| Constellation | Cepheus |
| Right ascension | 00h 17m 08.5s |
| Declination | +81° 35′ 08″ |
| Redshift | 3.366[citation needed] |
| Distance | 12.1 billion[citation needed] |
| Type | Quasar |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 16.5[citation needed] |
| Notable features | Hyperluminous quasar, biggest known black hole |
| Other designations | |
| 6C B0014+8120, Q0014+813[citation needed] | |
| See also: Quasar, List of quasars | |
S5 0014+81 is a distant, compact, hyperluminous, broad-absorption line quasar or blazar located near the high declination region of the constellation Cepheus, near the North Equatorial Pole.
Characteristics
The object is a quasar, the most energetic subclass of objects known as active galactic nuclei, produced by the rapid accretion of matter by a central supermassive black hole, changing the gravitational energy to light energy that can be visible in cosmic distances. In the case of S5 0014+81 it is one of the most luminous quasars known, powering up light equivalent to over 1041 watts,[1] equal to an absolute bolometric magnitude of -31.5. If the quasar was at the distance of 100 light-years it would appear in the sky as bright as the Sun despite being 63 million times more distant. The quasar's luminosity is therefore about 3 x 1014 (300 trillion) times the Sun,[2] or over 25 thousand times as luminous as all the 100 to 400 billion stars of the Milky Way Galaxy combined,[3] making it one of the most powerful objects in the universe. However, because of its huge distance of 12.1 billion light-years it is not visible to the naked eye and hence must be studied by larger telescopes. The central black hole of the quasar devours an extremely huge amount of matter, equivalent to 4000 solar masses of material every year.
The quasar is also a very strong source of gamma-rays, X-rays, down to radio waves. The quasar is located at a distance where the observed redshift of quasars and stars are extremely identical, making the two objects difficult to distinguish using the standard spectroscopic redshift and the photometric redshift determination, and hence must be treated by other special techniques to successfully determine the nature of the object.
The quasar's designation, S5, is from the Fifth Survey of Strong Radio Sources, 0014+81 was its coordinates in epoch B1950.0. It also has the other designation 6C B0014+8120, from the Sixth Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources by Cambridge University.[citation needed]
The host galaxy of S5 0014+81 is a giant elliptical starburst galaxy, with the apparent magnitude of 24.
Supermassive black hole
Like other quasars, S5 0014+81 hosts a supermassive black hole in its center, which may be responsible for the quasar activity of the galaxy.
In 2009, a team of astronomers using the Swift Spacecraft used the luminosity output of S5 0014+81 to measure the mass of the central black hole. To their surprise, they found out that the central black hole of S5 0014+81 is actually 10,000 times more massive than the black hole at the center of our galaxy, or equivalent to 40 billion solar masses.[4] This makes it one of the most massive black holes ever discovered, more than six times the value of the black hole of Messier 87, which was thought to be the largest black hole for almost 60 years, and was coined to be an "ultramassive" black hole. Using the formula for the Schwarzschild radius, this black hole has the diameter of 236.7 billion kilometres, or 47 times the distance from the Sun to Pluto, and has the mass equivalent to four Large Magellanic Clouds. What is even more astounding is that the monstrous black hole exists so early in the universe, at only 1.6 billion years after the Big Bang. This suggests that supermassive black holes grow up very quickly.
However, there are some cautions about the study. First, the method used was actually an indirect method of calculation, and not Keplerian orbital estimation; the latter being a more precise estimate. It is unlikely for a quasar as luminous as S5 0014+81, which will just outshine the stars within its vicinity, thereby making estimates very inaccurate. Second, the spectra used is actually a long spectra, not accounting for the observed parameters. Third, the quasar is surrounded by a large accretion disc, a few parsecs in size, and it shines at 40% of its Eddington luminosity, the maximum luminosity through which radiation pressure is strong enough to blow up the disc away from the gravitational influence of the central black hole, so the observed characteristics are unknown due to intervening dust and gases. However, the possibility of an ultramassive black hole has not been ruled out entirely, since only a black hole of that mass can account for the observed power output of the quasar.
References
- ^ 1.2 x 1041 watts. Kuhr, H.; Liebert, J. W.; Strittmatter, P. A.; Schmidt, G. D.; et al. (15 December 1983). "The most luminous quasar - S5 0014+81". Astrophysical Journal. Bibcode:1983ApJ...275L..33K. doi:10.1086/184166.
- ^ Solar luminosity is 3.846 × 1026 watts. "Sun Facts". nasa.gov. 14 January 2015.
- ^ The Milky Way absolute visual magnitude is -20.6. Huchra, John P. (2009). "The Properties Of Galaxies". harvard.edu. Harvard-Smithsonian Center For Astrophysics. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
- ^ Ghisellini, G.; et al. (14 Jul 2009). "The blazar S5 0014+813: a real or apparent monster?". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 399 (1): L24–L28. arXiv:0906.0575. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.399L..24G. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2009.00716.x.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) 17:53:24 GMT.
Notes
External links
- QSO S5 0014+81 Beobachtungen zu Eduard's Astropage, 29th Oct. 2009 Template:De icon